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Beam Forming

Beamforming is a spatial filtering technique used in sensor arrays to enhance signals from desired directions and suppress signals from other directions. It works by applying delay and phase shifts to sensor signals to effectively steer the response of the array. There are two main types of beamformers - single sensor beamformers that use reflectors or aperture size to direct signals, and sensor array beamformers that combine signals from multiple sensors. Sensor array beamformers can form narrow beams to focus on signals from specific directions, allowing applications like radar, sonar, communications and radio astronomy to determine the direction of incoming signals.

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134 views

Beam Forming

Beamforming is a spatial filtering technique used in sensor arrays to enhance signals from desired directions and suppress signals from other directions. It works by applying delay and phase shifts to sensor signals to effectively steer the response of the array. There are two main types of beamformers - single sensor beamformers that use reflectors or aperture size to direct signals, and sensor array beamformers that combine signals from multiple sensors. Sensor array beamformers can form narrow beams to focus on signals from specific directions, allowing applications like radar, sonar, communications and radio astronomy to determine the direction of incoming signals.

Uploaded by

husnain_inayat8610
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Beamforming

A brief introduction

Brian D. Jeffs
Associate Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Brigham Young University
October 2004
References

„ Barry D. Van Veen and Kevin Buckley, “Beamforming: A Versatile


Approach to Spatial Filtering,” IEEE ASSP Magazine, April 1988, pp.
4-24,
‰ This is a nice tutorial. Good introduction to the topic, including several
classical adaptive beamforming techniques.
„ Harry L. Van Trees, Optimum Array Processing. Part IV of
Detection, Estimation and Modulation Theory, Wiley Interscience,
New York, 2002.
‰ An exhaustive and thorough reference book.
Beamforming is Spatial Filtering
„ Sensors in any wave propagation medium (acoustic,
electromagnetic) can form a response pattern with
higher sensitivity in desired directions.

Pencil beam response, Pencil beam response,


no windowing Hamming window
Two Types of Beamformers
„ Method 1: Single sensor with directional response due to
reflector, aperture size, baffles, pipes, etc.

Green Bank Telescope,


National Radio
Astronomy Observatory,
West Virginia.
100 m clear aperture.
Largest fully steerable
antenna in the world.
Two Types of Beamformers (cont.)
„ Method 2: Sensor arrays. Used in SONAR, RADAR,
communications, medical imaging, radio astronomy, etc.

Line array of directional sensors


Westerbork Synthesis Array
Radio Telescope, (WSRT)
the Neterlands.

(Thanks to ASTRON for these images)


A WSRT Image Made with Beamforming
and Array Processing Techniques

„ WSRT 49 cm (612
MHz) image of 2
Mpc radio galaxy
DA240
„ Symmetric ionized
gas jets ejected
from black hole in
central core.

(Thanks to ASTRON for these images)


The Uniform Line Array
Signal source of interest x0(t)

s(t) d
x1(t)

x2(t)
θ τ x(t)

xm (t ) = s (t − mτ )

•••
d
τ = sin θ
c (M-1)τ xM(t)
Delay-Sum Beamformer (broadband)
x0(t)
„ When Τ = τ, the
δ(t-[M-1]Τ) × channels are all time
w0 aligned for a signal
x1(t)
δ(t-[M-2]Τ) × from direction θ.
w1 M −1
x2(t) y (t ) = ∑ wm xm (t − [ M − m − 1]Τ)
δ(t-[M-3]Τ) × m =0
+
w2
„ wm are beamformer
weights.
•••

„ Gain in direction θ is
Σwm. Less in other
xM-1(t)
δ(t) × directions due to
wM-1 incoherent addition.
Similarity to FIR filter
s(t) x0(t)
× „ Let Τ=0 (steer beam
w0 to broadside).
δ(t-τ)
× „ Represent signal
δ(t-τ) w1 delay across array as
× a delay line.
+ y(t)
δ(t-τ) w2
„ Sample: x[n] = x0(nT) .
„ Looks like an FIR filter!
δ(t-τ)
„ y[n]=x[n] * w[n]
× „ Design w with FIR
wM-1 methods!
Narrowband Beamformer
„ Narrowband assumption: Let s(t) be bandpass with
BW << c / (M-1)d Hz.
„ This means the phase difference between upper and lower band
edges for propagation across the entire array is small, e.g. < π/10
radians.
„ Most communications signals fit this model.
„ If signal is not narrowband, bandpass filter it and build a new
beamformer for each subband.
„ Sample the array x[n] = x(nT),
[ ] T
x[n] = 1, e − jξ ,L , e − j ( M −1)ξ s[n], ξ =
2π f 0 d
c
sin θ .
„ We can now eliminate time delays and use complex weights, w =
[w0, . . . , wM-1]T, to both steer (phase align) and weight (control beam
shape).
Narrowband Phased Array
x0[n]
×
w0
x1[n]
×
w1
x2[n]
× y[n] = wHx[n]
+
w2
[
w = α 0 , α1e − jς
, L, α M −1e ],
− j ( M −1)ς T

2π f 0 d
•••

ς= sin θ 0 ,
c
α m = amplitude weight for sensor m,
xM-1[n] f 0 = bandpass center frequency, Hz,
×
θ 0 = direction of max response.
wM-1
Beam Response Plots

„ Fix w and plot |y[n]|


as a function of
signal arrival angle,
θ.
„ Design α to control
sidelobe levels.
FFT Implementation
„ Suppose you want to form many beams at once, in different
directions.
„ Example: SONOR towed line array forms beams to look in many
directions at once for simple direction finding. If beam k steered to
θk, has strongest signal, we assume source is in that direction.

yk [n] = w kH x[n], „ Now let ζk = k2π/M and

= [α , α e ],
− jς k − j ( M −1)ς k T
solve for θk .
wk 0 1 , L , α M −1e „ This looks like a DFT
2π f 0 d across sensor channels!
ςk = sin θ k . This can be written :
c „ Frequency = Direction!
M −1
yk [n] = ∑ α m xm [n] e − jmς k .
m =0
FFT Multiple Beamformer Diagram
x0[n]
yθ0[n]

x1[n]
yθ1[n]
M point
x2[n]
FFT yθ2[n]
Window
across m
(multiply)
for each
by α
time sample
•••

n.

xM-1[n]
yθ(M-1)[n]

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