Umair Saifullah

20pgec03

ASSIGNMENT OF UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION (EC 513)

UNIT III

A. Very short answered questions. (Answer in 1_2 lines only.)

Ans. “bits per second per Hertz,” or "bits/s/Hz"

2. Which digital modulation technique is one of the most efficient for BW?

Ans. Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM [bits/s/Hz >10])

3. Write down two applications of channel coding?

Ans. Channel coding is often used in digital communication systems to protect the digital
information from noise and interference and reduce the number of bit errors

4. Define redundancy.

Ans. The inclusion of extra components which are not strictly necessary to functioning, in case of
failure in other components.

5. What is the distance between 1001011 and 1010001?

Ans.

6. Write down the formula of code rate.

Ans. The code rate is k/n. Block code: k message bits encoded to n code bits.

7. What is constraint length?

Ans. The constraint length (symbolized by the letter K) is an integer that specifies the "memory" of
the code. For instance, each output of a K=3 encoder actually depends on 3 bits, the current
incoming bit and the 2 previous ones. k, denotes the “length” of the convolutional encoder.

8. What are guard bands?

Ans. A guard band is a narrow frequency range that separates two ranges of wider frequency. This
ensures that simultaneously used communication channels do not experience interference, which
would result in decreased quality for both transmissions.

B. Long answered questions. (Answer in 1 page or lesser.)

Ans. OFDM is a specialised FDM having the constraint that the sub-streams in which the main signal
is divided, are orthogonal to each other. Orthogonal signals are signals that are perpendicular to
each other. A main property of orthogonal signals is that they do not interfere with each other.
When any signal is modulated by the sender, its sidebands spread out either side. A receiver can
successfully demodulate the data only if it receives the whole signal. In case of FDM, guard bands
are inserted so that interference between the signals, resulting in cross-talks, does not occur.
However, since orthogonal signals are used in OFDM, no interference occurs between the signals
even if their sidebands overlap. So, guard bands can be removed, thus saving bandwidth. The criteria
that needs to be maintained is that the carrier spacing should be equal to the reciprocal of the
symbol period.

In order that OFDM works, there should be very accurate synchronization between the
communicating nodes. If frequency deviation occurs in the sub-streams, they will not be orthogonal
any more, due to which interference between the signals will occur.

OFDM is used in the following area −

 Wi-Fi
 DSL internet access
 4G wireless communications
 digital television
 radio broadcast services

2. Describe the Channel coding and interleaving System model.

Ans. Channel coding, also known as forward error control coding (FECC), is a process of detecting
and correcting bit errors in digital communication systems. Channel coding enables the receiver to
detect and correct errors, if they occur during transmission due to noise, interference and fading.
Interleaving is a tool that is used to enhance existing error correcting codes so that they can be used
to perform burst error corrections as well. During interleaving, the message symbols are arranged
over multiple code blocks by the interleaver before sending over network channels. Due to this, long
burst noise sequences are spread out among multiple blocks. When the decoder rearranges the
blocks, the errors appear as independent random errors or burst errors with short lengths. The
decoder is able to correct the errors using the error correcting algorithm.

There are two types of interleaving

3. If a bit word 1011 is to be transmitted. Construct the even parity seven bit hamming code for this
word.

Ans.
4. Explain convolution code encoder with an example and make its state and output table.

Ans.
5. Describe cyclic prefix, write its advantages and disadvantages.

Ans. Cyclic prefix refers to the prefixing of a symbol, with a repetition of the end. The receiver is
typically configured to discard the cyclic prefix samples, but the cyclic prefix serves two purposes:

• It provides a guard interval to eliminate intersymbol interference from the previous symbol.

• It repeats the end of the symbol so the linear convolution of a frequency-selective multipath
channel can be modelled as circular convolution, which in turn may transform to the frequency
domain via a discrete Fourier transform. This approach accommodates simple frequency domain
processing, such as channel estimation and equalization.

For the cyclic prefix to serve its objectives, it must have a length at least equal to the length of the
multipath channel.

Advantages of Cyclic Prefix (CP):

➨Guard symbol helps in reducing effect of ISI.

➨Cyclic prefix is inserted in guard interval to suppress ACI (adjacent channel interference) and to
retain orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers.

➨It helps in time synchronization of the packet using correlation technique at the receiver

Disadvantages of Cyclic Prefix (CP):

➨Cyclic prefix based OFDM packet need more power to transmit due to increase in overall
bandwidth.

➨CP based OFDM packet takes more time for transmission. Hence it increases overall latency of
useful payload transmission carried by OFDM subcarriers.

6. Explain any TWO in brief

A) Spectral efficiency.

B) Hamming Code

C) Difference between FDM and OFDM

Ans.

B)

Hamming Code

Hamming code is a block code that is capable of detecting up to two simultaneous bit errors and
correcting single-bit errors. It was developed by R.W. Hamming for error correction.
In this coding method, the source encodes the message by inserting redundant bits within the
message. These redundant bits are extra bits that are generated and inserted at specific positions in
the message itself to enable error detection and correction. When the destination receives this
message, it performs recalculations to detect errors and find the bit position that has error.

Encoding a message by Hamming Code

The procedure used by the sender to encode the message encompasses the following steps −

 Step 1 − Calculation of the number of redundant bits.

 Step 2 − Positioning the redundant bits.

 Step 3 − Calculating the values of each redundant bit.

C) Difference between FDM and OFDM:

S.NO FDM OFDM

OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division

2. In FDM, Guard band is required. While in OFDM, Guard band is not compulsory.

3. The spectral efficiency of FDM is low. While the spectral efficiency of OFDM is high.

4. The effect of interference in FDM is face down. The effect of interference in OFDM is trivial.

There is no relationship exist between the carriers There is exist the relationship between the carriers
5. in FDM. in OFDM.

In FDM, Bandwidth(B) is committed to the different In OFDM, Single data source attaches all the sub-
6. sources. channels.

7. FDM supports low data rate. While OFDM gives higher data rate.

Carriers in FDM are loosely arranged and much Carriers in OFDM are densely arranged and close
8. aside from each other to each other.
 Applications of FDM are in radio and satellite Applications of OFDM are in LTE technologies and
9. communication. broadband internet.