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WinRunner Interview Questions
1) How you used WinRunner in your project?
Ans. Yes, I have been WinRunner for creating automates scripts for GUI, functional
and regression testing of the AUT.
2) Explain WinRunner testing process?
Ans.
WinRunner testing process involves six main stages:
i. Create GUI Map File so that WinRunner can recognize the GUI objects in the
application being tested
ii. Create test scripts by recording, programming, or a combination of both. While
recording tests, insert checkpoints where you want to check the response of the
application being tested.
iii. Debug Test: run tests in Debug mode to make sure they run smoothly
iv. Run Tests: run tests in Verify mode to test your application.
v. View Results: determines the success or failure of the tests.
vi. Report Defects: If a test run fails due to a defect in the application being tested,
you can report information about the defect directly from the Test Results window.
3) What in contained in the GUI map?
Ans.WinRunner stores information it learns about a window or object in a GUI Map.
When WinRunner runs a test, it uses the GUI map to locate objects. It reads an
object’s description in the GUI map and then looks for an object with the same
properties in the application being tested. Each of these objects in the GUI Map file
will be having a logical name and a physical description. There are 2 types of GUI
Map files.
i. Global GUI Map file: a single GUI Map file for the entire application
ii. GUI Map File per Test: WinRunner automatically creates a GUI Map file for each
test created.
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4) How does WinRunner recognize objects on the application?
Ans.
WinRunner uses the GUI Map file to recognize objects on the application. When
WinRunner runs a test, it uses the GUI map to locate objects. It reads an object’s
description in the GUI map and then looks for an object with the same properties in
the application being tested.
5) Have you created test scripts and what is contained in the test scripts?
Ans.
Yes I have created test scripts. It contains the statement in Mercury Interactive’s
Test Script Language (TSL). These statements appear as a test script in a test
window. You can then enhance your recorded test script, either by typing in
additional TSL functions and programming elements or by using WinRunner’s visual
programming tool, the Function Generator.
6) How does WinRunner evaluates test results?
Ans.
Following each test run, WinRunner displays the results in a report. The report
details all the major events that occurred during the run, such as checkpoints, error
messages, system messages, or user messages. If mismatches are detected at
checkpoints during the test run, you can view the expected results and the actual
results from the Test Results window.
7) Have you performed debugging of the scripts?
Ans.
Yes, I have performed debugging of scripts. We can debug the script by executing
the script in the debug mode. We can also debug script using the Step, Step Into,
Step out functionalities provided by the WinRunner.
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8) How do you run your test scripts?
Ans.
We run tests in Verify mode to test your application. Each time WinRunner
encounters a checkpoint in the test script, it compares the current data of the
application being tested to the expected data captured earlier. If any mismatches are
found, WinRunner captures them as actual results.
9) How do you analyze results and report the defects?
Ans.
Following each test run, WinRunner displays the results in a report. The report
details all the major events that occurred during the run, such as checkpoints, error
messages, system messages, or user messages. If mismatches are detected at
checkpoints during the test run, you can view the expected results and the actual
results from the Test Results window. If a test run fails due to a defect in the
application being tested, you can report information about the defect directly from
the Test Results window. This information is sent via e-mail to the quality assurance
manager, who tracks the defect until it is fixed.
10) What is the use of Test Director software?
Ans.
TestDirector is Mercury Interactive’s software test management tool. It helps quality
assurance personnel plan and organize the testing process. With TestDirector you
can create a database of manual and automated tests, build test cycles, run tests,
and report and track defects. You can also create reports and graphs to help review
the progress of planning tests, running tests, and tracking defects before a software
release.
11) How you integrated your automated scripts from TestDirector?
Ans When you work with WinRunner, you can choose to save your tests directly to
your TestDirector database or while creating a test case in the TestDirector we can
specify whether the script in automated or manual. And if it is automated script then
TestDirector will build a skeleton for the script that can be later modified into one
which could be used to test the AUT.
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12) What are the different modes of recording?
Ans. There are two type of recording in WinRunner.
i. Context Sensitive recording records the operations you perform on your application
by identifying Graphical User Interface (GUI) objects.
ii. Analog recording records keyboard input, mouse clicks, and the precise x- and ycoordinates
traveled by the mouse pointer across the screen.
13) What is the purpose of loading WinRunner Add-Ins?
Ans. Add-Ins are used in WinRunner to load functions specific to the particular addin
to the memory. While creating a script only those functions in the add-in selected
will be listed in the function generator and while executing the script only those
functions in the loaded add-in will be executed else WinRunner will give an error
message saying it does not recognize the function.
14) What are the reasons that WinRunner fails to identify an object on the GUI?
Ans.WinRunner fails to identify an object in a GUI due to various reasons.
i. The object is not a standard windows object.
ii. If the browser used is not compatible with the WinRunner version, GUI Map Editor
will not be able to learn any of the objects displayed in the browser window.
15) What do you mean by the logical name of the object.
Ans. An object’s logical name is determined by its class. In most cases, the logical
name is the label that appears on an object.
16) If the object does not have a name then what will be the
logical name?
Ans. If the object does not have a name then the logical name could be the attached
text.
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17) What is the different between GUI map and GUI map files?
Ans.The GUI map is actually the sum of one or more GUI map files. There are two modes
for organizing GUI map files.
i. Global GUI Map file: a single GUI Map file for the entire application
ii. GUI Map File per Test: WinRunner automatically creates a GUI Map file for each
test created. GUI Map file is a file which contains the windows and the objects
learned by the WinRunner with its logical name and their physical description.
18) How do you view the contents of the GUI map?
Ans. GUI Map editor displays the content of a GUI Map. We can invoke GUI Map
Editor from the Tools Menu in WinRunner. The GUI Map Editor displays the various
GUI Map files created and the windows and objects learned in to them with their
logical name and physical description.
19) When you create GUI map do you record all the objects of specific
objects?
Ans.
If we are learning a window then WinRunner automatically learns all the objects in
the window else we will we identifying those object, which are to be learned in a
window, since we will be working with only those objects while creating scripts.
20) What is the purpose of set_window command?
Ans. Set_Window command sets the focus to the specified window. We use this
command to set the focus to the required window before executing tests on a
particular window.
Syntax: set_window(, time); The logical name is the logical name of the window and
time is the time the execution has to wait till it gets the given window into focus.
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21) How do you load GUI map?
Ans. We can load a GUI Map by using the GUI_load command.
Syntax: GUI_load();
22) What is the disadvantage of loading the GUI maps through start up scripts?
Ans.1.If we are using a single GUI Map file for the entire AUT then the memory used
by the GUI Map may be much high.
2.If there is any change in the object being learned then WinRunner will not be able
to recognize the object, as it is not in the GUI Map file loaded in the memory. So we
will have to learn the object again and update the GUI File and reload it.
23) How do you unload the GUI map?
Ans. We can use GUI_close to unload a specific GUI Map file or else we call use
GUI_close_all command to unload all the GUI Map files loaded in the memory.
Syntax: GUI_close(); or GUI_close_all;
24) What actually happens when you load GUI map?
Ans. When we load a GUI Map file, the information about the windows and the
objects with their logical names and physical description are loaded into memory. So
when the WinRunner executes a script on a particular window, it can identify the
objects using this information loaded in the memory.
25) What is the purpose of the temp GUI map file?
Ans. While recording a script, WinRunner learns objects and windows by itself. This
is actually stored into the temporary GUI Map file. We can specify whether we have
to load this temporary GUI Map file should be loaded each time in the General
Options.
26) What is the extension of gui map file?
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Ans.
The extension for a GUI Map file is “.gui”.
27) How do you find an object in an GUI map.
Ans.
The GUI Map Editor is been provided with a Find and Show Buttons.
i. To find a particular object in the GUI Map file in the application, select the object
and click the Show window. This blinks the selected object.
ii. To find a particular object in a GUI Map file click the Find button, which gives the
option to select the object. When the object is selected, if the object has been
learned to the GUI Map file it will be focused in the GUI Map file.
28) What different actions are performed by find and show button?
Ans. 1.To find a particular object in the GUI Map file in the application, select the
object and click the Show window. This blinks the selected object.
2.To find a particular object in a GUI Map file click the Find button, which gives the
option to select the object. When the object is selected, if the object has been
learned to the GUI Map file it will be focused in the GUI Map file.
29) How do you identify which files are loaded in the GUI map?
Ans.The GUI Map Editor has a drop down “GUI File” displaying all the GUI Map files
loaded into the memory.
30) How do you modify the logical name or the physical
description of the objects in GUI map?
Ans.You can modify the logical name or the physical description of an object in a
GUI map file using the GUI Map Editor.
31) When do you feel you need to modify the logical name?
Ans. Changing the logical name of an object is useful when the assigned logical
name is not sufficiently descriptive or is too long.
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32) When it is appropriate to change physical description?
Ans. Changing the physical description is necessary when the property value of an
object changes.
33) How WinRunner handles varying window labels?
Ans. We can handle varying window labels using regular expressions. WinRunner
uses two “hidden” properties in order to use regular expression in an object’s
physical description. These properties are regexp_label and regexp_MSW_class.
i. The regexp_label property is used for windows only. It operates “behind the
scenes” to insert a regular expression into a window’s label description.
ii. The regexp_MSW_class property inserts a regular expression into an object’s
MSW_class. It is obligatory for all types of windows and for the object class object.
34) What is the purpose of regexp_label property and regexp_MSW_class
property?
Ans. The regexp_label property is used for windows only. It operates “behind the
scenes” to insert a regular expression into a window’s label description.
The regexp_MSW_class property inserts a regular expression into an object’s
MSW_class. It is obligatory for all types of windows and for the object class object.
35) How do you suppress a regular expression?
Ans. We can suppress the regular expression of a window by replacing the
regexp_label property with label property.
36) How do you copy and move objects between different GUI map files?
Ans. We can copy and move objects between different GUI Map files using the GUI
Map Editor. The steps to be followed are: i. Choose Tools > GUI Map Editor to open
the GUI Map Editor.
ii. Choose View > GUI Files.
iii. Click Expand in the GUI Map Editor. The dialog box expands to display two GUI
map files simultaneously.
iv. View a different GUI map file on each side of the dialog box by clicking the file
names in the GUI File lists.
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v. In one file, select the objects you want to copy or move. Use the Shift key and/or
Control key to select multiple objects. To select all objects in a GUI map file, choose
Edit > Select All.
vi. Click Copy or Move.
vii. To restore the GUI Map Editor to its original size, click Collapse.
37) How do you select multiple objects during merging the
files?
Ans. Use the Shift key and/or Control key to select multiple objects. To select all
objects in a GUI map file, choose Edit > Select All.
38) How do you clear a GUI map files?
Ans. We can clear a GUI Map file using the “Clear All” option in the GUI Map Editor.
39) How do you filter the objects in the GUI map?
Ans. GUI Map Editor has a Filter option. This provides for filtering with 3 different types
of options.
i. Logical name displays only objects with the specified logical name.
ii. Physical description displays only objects matching the specified physical description.
Use any substring belonging to the physical description.
iii. Class displays only objects of the specified class, such as all the push buttons.
40) How do you configure GUI map?
a. When WinRunner learns the description of a GUI object, it does not learn all its
properties. Instead, it learns the minimum number of properties to provide a unique
identification of the object.
b. Many applications also contain custom GUI objects. A custom object is any object
not belonging to one of the standard classes used by WinRunner. These objects are
therefore assigned to the generic “object” class.
c. If a custom object is similar to a standard object, you can map it to one of the
standard classes. You can also configure the properties WinRunner uses to identify a
custom object during Context Sensitive testing. The mapping and the configuration
you set are valid only for the current WinRunner session
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LoadRunner Interview Questions
1. What is load testing?
Load testing is to test that if the application works fine with the loads that
result from large number of simultaneous users, transactions and to
determine weather it can handle peak usage periods.
2. What is Performance testing? -
Timing for both read and update transactions should be gathered to
determine whether system functions are being performed in an acceptable
timeframe. This should be done standalone and then in a multi user
environment to determine the effect of multiple transactions on the timing of
a single transaction.
3. Did u use LoadRunner? What version? Yes.
Version 7.2.
4. Explain the Load testing process? -
Step 1: Planning the test. Here, we develop a clearly defined test plan to
ensure the test scenarios we develop will accomplish load-testing
objectives. Step 2: Creating Vusers. Here, we create Vuser scripts that
contain tasks performed by each Vuser, tasks performed by Vusers as a
whole, and tasks measured as transactions. Step 3: Creating the scenario.
A scenario describes the events that occur during a testing session. It
includes a list of machines, scripts, and Vusers that run during the scenario.
We create scenarios using LoadRunner Controller. We can create manual
scenarios as well as goal-oriented scenarios. In manual scenarios, we define
the number of Vusers, the load generator machines, and percentage of
Vusers to be assigned to each script. For web tests, we may create a goaloriented
scenario where we define the goal that our test has to achieve.
LoadRunner automatically builds a scenario for us.
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Step 4: Running the scenario.
We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks
simultaneously. Before the testing, we set the scenario configuration and
scheduling. We can run the entire scenario, Vuser groups, or individual
Vusers.
Step 5: Monitoring the scenario.
We monitor scenario execution using the LoadRunner online runtime,
transaction, system resource, Web resource, Web server resource, Web
application server resource, database server resource, network delay,
streaming media resource, firewall server resource, ERP server resource, and
Java performance monitors. Step 6: Analyzing test results. During scenario
execution, LoadRunner records the performance of the application under
different loads. We use LoadRunner’s graphs and reports to analyze the
application’s performance.
5. When do you do load and performance Testing? -
We perform load testing once we are done with interface (GUI) testing.
Modern system architectures are large and complex. Whereas single user
testing primarily on functionality and user interface of a system component,
application testing focuses on performance and reliability of an entire system.
For example, a typical application-testing scenario might depict 1000 users
logging in simultaneously to a system. This gives rise to issues such as what
is the response time of the system, does it crash, will it go with different
software applications and platforms, can it hold so many hundreds and
thousands of users, etc. This is when we set do load and performance testing.
6. What are the components of LoadRunner? -
The components of LoadRunner are The Virtual User Generator, Controller,
and the Agent process, LoadRunner Analysis and Monitoring, LoadRunner
Books Online.
7. What Component of LoadRunner would you use to record a Script? -
The Virtual User Generator (VuGen) component is used to record a script. It
enables you to develop Vuser scripts for a variety of application types and
communication protocols.
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8. What Component of LoadRunner would you use to play Back the
script in multi user mode? -
The Controller component is used to playback the script in multi-user mode.
This is done during a scenario run where a vuser script is executed by a
number of vusers in a group.
9. What is a rendezvous point? -
You insert rendezvous points into Vuser scripts to emulate heavy user load on
the server. Rendezvous points instruct Vusers to wait during test execution
for multiple Vusers to arrive at a certain point, in order that they may
simultaneously perform a task. For example, to emulate peak load on the
bank server, you can insert a rendezvous point instructing 100 Vusers to
deposit cash into their accounts at the same time.
10. What is a scenario? -
A scenario defines the events that occur during each testing session. For
example, a scenario defines and controls the number of users to emulate, the
actions to be performed, and the machines on which the virtual users run
their emulations.
11. Explain the recording mode for web Vuser script? - We use VuGen to
develop a Vuser script by recording a user performing typical business
processes on a client application. VuGen creates the script by recording the
activity between the client and the server. For example, in web based
applications, VuGen monitors the client end of the database and traces all the
requests sent to, and received from, the database server. We use VuGen to:
Monitor the communication between the application and the server; Generate
the required function calls; and Insert the generated function calls into a
Vuser script.
12. Why do you create parameters? - Parameters are like script variables.
They are used to vary input to the server and to emulate real users. Different
sets of data are sent to the server each time the script is run. Better simulate
the usage model for more accurate testing from the Controller; one script can
emulate many different users on the system.
13. What is correlation? Explain the difference between automatic
correlation and manual correlation? - Correlation is used to obtain data
which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by
nested queries.
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14. How do you find out where correlation is required? Give few
examples from your projects? - Two ways: First we can scan for
correlations, and see the list of values which can be correlated. From this we
can pick a value to be correlated. Secondly, we can record two scripts and
compare them. We can look up the difference file to see for the values which
needed to be correlated. In my project, there was a unique id developed for
each customer, it was nothing but Insurance Number, it was generated
automatically and it was sequential and this value was unique. I had to
correlate this value, in order to avoid errors while running my script. I did
using scan for correlation.
15. Where do you set automatic correlation options? - Automatic correlation
from web point of view can be set in recording options and correlation tab.
Here we can enable correlation for the entire script and choose either issue
online messages or offline actions, where we can define rules for that
correlation. Automatic correlation for database can be done using show
output window and scan for correlation and picking the correlate query tab
and choose which query value we want to correlate. If we know the specific
value to be correlated, we just do create correlation for the value and specify
how the value to be created.
16. What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web Vuser script?
- Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a
parameter.
17. When do you disable log in Virtual User Generator, When do you
choose standard and extended logs? - Once we debug our script and
verify that it is functional, we can enable logging for errors only. When we
add a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. Standard Log
Option: When you select
Standard log, it creates a standard log of functions and messages sent during
script execution to use for debugging. Disable this option for large load
testing scenarios. When you copy a script to a scenario, logging is
automatically disabled Extended Log Option: Select
extended log to create an extended log, including warnings and other
messages. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy
a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. We can specify which
additional information should be added to the extended log using the
Extended log options.
18.
19. How do you debug a LoadRunner script? - VuGen contains two options to
help debug Vuser scripts-the Run Step by Step command and breakpoints.
The Debug settings in the Options dialog box allow us to determine the extent
of the trace to be performed during scenario execution..
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20. How do you write user defined functions in LR? Give me few functions
you wrote in your previous project? - Before we create the User Defined
functions we need to create the external
library (DLL) with the function. We add this library to VuGen bin directory.
Once the library is added then we assign user defined function as a
parameter. The function should have the following format: __declspec
(dllexport) char* <function name>(char*, char*)Examples of user defined
functions are as follows:GetVersion, GetCurrentTime, GetPltform are some of
the user defined functions used in my earlier project.
21. What are the changes you can make in run-time settings? - The Run
Time Settings that we make are: a) Pacing - It has iteration count. b) Log -
Under this we have Disable Logging Standard Log and c) Extended Think
Time - In think time we have two options like Ignore think time and Replay
think time. d) General - Under general tab we can set the vusers as process
or as multithreading and whether each step as a transaction.
22. How do you perform functional testing under load? - Functionality under
load can be tested by running several Vusers concurrently. By increasing the
amount of Vusers, we can determine how much load the server can sustain.
23. What is Ramp up? How do you set this? - This option is used to gradually
increase the amount of Vusers/load on the server. An initial value is set and a
value to wait between intervals can be
specified. To set Ramp Up, go to ‘Scenario Scheduling Options’
24. What is the advantage of running the Vuser as thread? - VuGen
provides the facility to use multithreading. This enables more Vusers to be
run per
generator. If the Vuser is run as a process, the same driver program is loaded
into memory for each Vuser, thus taking up a large amount of memory. This
limits the number of Vusers that can be run on a single
generator. If the Vuser is run as a thread, only one instance of the driver
program is loaded into memory for the given number of
Vusers (say 100). Each thread shares the memory of the parent driver
program, thus enabling more Vusers to be run per generator.
25. If you want to stop the execution of your script on error, how do you
do that? - The lr_abort function aborts the execution of a Vuser script. It
instructs the Vuser to stop executing the Actions section, execute the
vuser_end section and end the execution.
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26. What is the relation between Response Time and Throughput? - The
Throughput graph shows the amount of data in bytes that the Vusers received
from the server in a second. When we compare this with the transaction
response time, we will notice that as throughput decreased, the response
time also decreased. Similarly, the peak throughput and highest response
time would occur approximately at the same time.
27. Explain the Configuration of your systems? - The configuration of our
systems refers to that of the client machines on which we run the Vusers. The
configuration of any client machine includes its hardware settings, memory,
operating system, software applications, development tools, etc. This system
component configuration should match with the overall system configuration
that would include the network infrastructure, the web server, the database
server, and any other components that go with this larger system so as to
achieve the load testing objectives.
28. How do you identify the performance bottlenecks? - Performance
Bottlenecks can be detected by using monitors. These monitors might be
application server monitors, web server monitors, database server monitors
and network monitors. They help in finding out the troubled area in our
scenario which causes increased response time. The measurements made are
usually performance response time, throughput, hits/sec, network delay
graphs, etc.
29. If web server, database and Network are all fine where could be the
problem? - The problem could be in the system itself or in the application
server or in the code written for the application.
30. How did you find web server related issues? - Using Web resource
monitors we can find the performance of web servers. Using these monitors
we can analyze throughput on the web server, number of hits per second that
occurred during scenario, the number of http responses per second, the
number of downloaded pages per second.
31. How did you find database related issues? - By running “Database”
monitor and help of “Data Resource Graph” we can find database related
issues. E.g. You can specify the resource you want to measure on before
running the controller and than you can see database related issues
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32. How did you plan the Load? What are the Criteria? - Load test is
planned to decide the number of users, what kind of machines we are going
to use and from where they are run. It is based on 2 important documents,
Task Distribution Diagram and Transaction profile.
33. What does vuser_init action contain? - Vuser_init action contains
procedures to login to a server.
34. What does vuser_end action contain? - Vuser_end section contains log off
procedures.
35. What is think time? How do you change the threshold? - Think time is
the time that a real user waits between actions. Example: When a user
receives data from a server, the user may wait several seconds to review the
data before responding. This delay is known as the think time. Changing the
Threshold: Threshold level is the level below which the recorded think time
will be ignored. The default value is five (5) seconds. We can change the think
time threshold in the Recording options of the Vugen.
36. What is the difference between standard log and extended log? - The
standard log sends a subset of functions and messages sent during script
execution to a log. The subset depends on the Vuser type Extended log sends
a detailed script execution messages to the output log. This is mainly used
during debugging when we want information about: Parameter substitution.
Data returned by the server. Advanced trace.
37. Explain the following functions: - lr_debug_message - The
lr_debug_message function sends a debug message to the output log when
the specified message class is set. lr_output_message - The
lr_output_message function sends notifications to the Controller Output
window and the Vuser log file. lr_error_message - The lr_error_message
function sends an error message to the LoadRunner Output window.
lrd_stmt - The lrd_stmt function associates a character string (usually a SQL
statement) with a cursor. This function sets a SQL statement to be processed.
lrd_fetch - The lrd_fetch function fetches the next row from the result set.
38. Throughput - If the throughput scales upward as time progresses
and the number of Vusers increase, this indicates that the bandwidth
is sufficient. If the graph were to remain relatively flat as the number of
Vusers increased, it would
be reasonable to conclude that the bandwidth is constraining the volume of
data delivered.
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39. Types of Goals in Goal-Oriented Scenario - Load Runner provides you
with five different types of goals in a goal oriented scenario:
1. The number of concurrent Vusers
2. The number of hits per second
3. The number of transactions per second
4. The number of pages per minute
40. Analysis Scenario (Bottlenecks): In Running Vuser graph correlated with
the response time graph you can see that as the number of Vusers increases,
the average response time of the check itinerary transaction very gradually
increases. In other words, the average response time steadily increases as
the load
increases. At 56 Vusers, there is a sudden, sharp increase in the average
response
time. We say that the test broke the server. That is the mean time before
failure (MTBF). The response time clearly began to degrade when there
were more than 56 Vusers running simultaneously.
41. What is correlation? Explain the difference between automatic
correlation and manual correlation? - Correlation is used to obtain data
which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by
nested queries. Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of
duplicate values and also optimizing the code (to avoid nested queries).
Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be
application server specific. Here values are replaced by data which are
created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate
is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate.
42. Where do you set automatic correlation options? - Automatic correlation
from web point of view, can be set in recording options and correlation tab.
Here we can enable correlation for the entire script and choose either issue
online messages or offline actions, where we can define rules for that
correlation. Automatic correlation for database, can be done using show
output window and scan for correlation and picking the correlate query tab
and choose which query value we want to correlate. If we know the specific
value to be correlated, we just do create correlation for the value and specify
how the value to be created.
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43. What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web vuser script?
- Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a
parameter.
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SilkTest Interview Questions
1) What is SilkTest?
Ans. SilkTest is a software testing automation tool developed by Segue Software,
Inc.
2) What is the Segue Testing Methodology?
Ans. Segue testing methodology is a six-phase testing process:
1. Plan - Determine the testing strategy and define specific test requirements.
2. Capture - Classify the GUI objects in your application and build a framework
for running your tests.
3. Create - Create automated, reusable tests. Use recording and/ or
programming to build test scripts written in Segue's 4Test language.
4. Run - Select specific tests and execute them against the AUT.
5. Report - Analyze test results and generate defect reports.
6. Track - Track defects in the AUT and perform regression testing.
3) What is SilkTest Host?
Ans. SilkTest Host is a SilkTest component that manages and executes test scripts.
SilkTest Host usually runs on a separate machine different than the machine where
AUT (Application Under Test) is running.
4) What is SilkTest Agent?
Ans. SilkTest Agent is a SilkTest component that receives testing commands from
the SilkTest Host and interacts with AUT (Application Under Test) directly. SilkTest
Agent usually runs on the same machine where AUT is running.
5) What is 4Test?
Ans. 4Test is a test scripting language used by SilkTest to compose test scripts to
perform automated tests. 4Test is an object-oriented fourth-generation language. It
consists of 3 sets of functionalities:
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1. A robust library of object-oriented classes and methods that specify how a
testcase can interact with an application’s GUI objects.
2. A set of statements, operators and data types that you use to introduce
structure and logic to a recorded testcase.
3. A library of built-in functions for performing common support tasks.
6) What is the DOM browser extension?
Ans. Document Object Model (DOM) browser extension is a SilkTest add-on
component for testing Web applications. DOM browser extension communicates
directly with the Web browser to recognize, categorize and manipulate objects on a
Web page. It does this by working with the actual HTML code, rather than relying on
the visual pattern recognition techniques currently employed by the Virtual Object
(VO) extension.
7) What is the VO browser extension?
Ans. Virtual Object (VO) browser extension is a SilkTest add-on component for
testing Web applications. VO browser extersion uses sophisticated pattern
recognition techniques to identify browser-rendered objects. The VO extension sees
Web pages as they appear visually; it does not read or recognize HTML tags in the
Web application code. Instead, the VO extension sees the objects in a Web page; for
example, links, tables, images and compound controls the way that you do,
regardless of the technology behind them.
8) Is there any problem in using scripts created on v6.0 to 6.5 or higher
versions?
Ans. Moving from lower to higher version should not be a problem.... This is a
general statement and cannot be true at all instances. I faced problems with scripts
working in 6.5 not running in 7.0 because some of the recognition patterns used
each changed. And in some situations, finally landed two paths of the script to
perform same action based on version. PS: Did not encounter any problems from 6.0
to 6.5.
9) What is SilkTest project?
Ans. A SilkTest project is a collection of files that contains required information
about a test project.
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10) How to create a new SilkTest project?
Ans.
1. Run SilkTest.
2. Select Basic Workflow bar.
3. Click Open Project on the Workflow bar.
4. Select New Project.
5. Double click Create Project icon in the New Project dialog box
6. One the Create Project dialog box, enter your project name, and your project
description.
7. Click OK.
8. SilkTest will create a new subdirectory under SilkTest project directory, and
save all files related to the new project under that subdirectory.
11) Is There any function for word count of web page is available in the
SilkTest?
Ans. You can use Clipboard functions. Get All the contents by Ctrl+a & ctrl+C. Then
parse the List of string ...
12) What is a SilkTest Testplan?
Ans. The SilkTest testplan is an outline that provides a framework for the software
testing process and serves as the point of control for organizing and managing your
test requirements. A testplan consists of two distinct parts: an outline, which is a
formatted description of the test requirements, and statements, which are used to
connect the testplan to SilkTest scripts and testcases that implement the test
requirements.
13) What's the best way to create a new test script?
Ans. In Automation; creating test scripts involves basically two step:
1. Creating Test Data for all test cases.
2. Writing scripts for automating the test cases.
The first steps, is the outcome of analysis of what all data is required for all of your
testcases to be executed. These all should be collected and scripts to be written so
that TEST DATA is ready.
The second steps, is basically the test case execution steps automation.
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14) How to get button caption?
Ans. Use GetCaption () method......
14)How to close unexpected window?
Ans. If Order Request window is a popup.
Following code closes the active browser window if it is a popup:
[-] !(if Browser.ComboBox("#1").exists())
[ ] Browser.SetActive()
[ ] Browser.typekeys("")
15)What are the types of text lines in a testplan file?
Ans. A testplan file contains text lines. There are 5 types of text lines in a testplan
file:
1. Comment - Marked in green color: Providing commentary information.
2. Group descriptiton - Marked in black color: Providing descriptions for groups
of tests. Tests in a testplan can be grouped into multiple levels of groups.
3. Test description - Marked in blue color: Providing descriptions for individual
test.
4. Testplan statement - Marked in dark red color: Providing relations to link
scripts, testcases, test data, closed sub testplans or an include file to the
testplan.
5. Testplan statement - Marked in dark red color: Providing relations to link
scripts, testcases, test data, closed sub testplans or an include file to the
testplan.
6. Open subplan file marker - Marked in magenda color: Providing relations to
link sub testplans to be included in a master testplan.
16)What are the default testplan attributes?
Ans. SilkTest offers you 3 predefined default attributes:
1. Category: The type of testcase or group of testcases. For example, you can
use this attributes to categorize your test groups as "Boundary value tests",
"Navagation tests", etc.
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2. Component: The name of the application modules to be tested.
3. Developer: The name of the QA engineer assigned to develop the testcase or
group of testcases.
17) How to maintain recovery system?
Ans. In your TestCaseExit () function you can incorporate like
If condition == 1
do this
If condition == 2
do that
18) How to define new testplan attributes?
Ans.
1. Make sure your test project is open.
2. Click Testplan/Define Attributes menu. The Define Attributes dialog box shows
up. You should see 3 predefined default attributes: Category, Component,
and Developer.
3. Click the New button. The New Attribute dialog box shows up.
4. Enter a name for your new attribute. For example: "Level" to indicate the
complexity level of test cases.
5. Select an attribute type: Normal, Edit, or Set.
6. Click OK.
19)How to assign attribute values to test cases?
Ans.
1. Make sure your testplan is open.
2. Click on the test case for which you want to assign an attribute value.
3. Click Testplan/Detail menu. The Testplan Details dialog box shows up.
4. Click the Test Attribute tab.
5. Click the Component field. The dropdown list shows up with all values of
"Component".
6. Select one of the values in the dropdown list.
7. Click OK.
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20)How to assign attribute values to test cases?
Ans.
1. Make sure your Web browser is active and showing your Web application
home page. Do not minimize this Web page window.
2. Make sure your test project is open.
3. Click File/New menu. The New dialog box shows up.
4. Select the Test Frame radio button.
5. Click OK. The New Test Frame dialog box shows up with a list all active Web
applications.
6. Select your Web application.
7. Enter a test frame name. For example: HomeFrame.inc.
8. Review the window name. It should be the HTML title your Web application.
You can rename it, if needed.
9. Click OK to close the New Test Frame dialog box.
10. Click File/Save menu. HomeFrame.inc.
21)What is stored in a test frame?
Ans. A test frame is a text file, which records the following types of information for a
Web application:
1. Comment: Commentary information.
2. wMainWindow: A string constant to identify your application's home page.
3. Home page window: An object of class BrowserChild window that holds
application home page.
4. sLocation: The URL of the your application's home page.
5. sUserName and dPassword: User name and password if needed to login to
your Web application.
6. BrowserSize: A pair of values to indicate the size of the browser window.
7. Home page objects: A list of all objects on the home page, such as
HtmlImage, HtmlText, HtmlLinks, etc.
22) What is the syntax of UI object identifier used by DOM extension?
Ans. The DOM browser extension uses the following syntax for Web UI objects:
Browser.BrowserChild("page_title").html_class("object_tag")
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1. "page_title" is the title of the Web page, defined by the HTML
2. "object_tag" is the label of the HTML element. How a HTML element is labeled
depending on the type of HTML element.
23) How to add objects of other pages to a test frame?
Ans. If your Web application has pages other than the home page, you should also
record their page objects into the test frame:
1. Make sure your Web browser is active and showing another page of your Web
application.
2. Make sure SilkTest is running.
3. Click File/Open menu.
4. Select your test frame file. For example: HomeFrame.inc
5. Click OK to open the test frame.
6. Click Record/Window Declarations menu. The Record Window Declarations
dialog box shows up.
7. Click your Web application window. Web page objects are recorded in the
Record Window Declarations dialog box.
8. Press Ctrl+Alt to pause the recording.
9. Click "Paste to Editor" button. All recorded objects will be inserted into the
test frame.
10. Repeat this for other Web pages, if needed.
24) What is DefaultBaseState?
Ans. The DefaultBaseState is a starting point of test project from which the
Recovery System can automatically restart your test cases when test cases fail to
continue.
25)What is the standard flow of execution of a test case?
Ans.
1. Starting from the base state.
2. Drive the application to the state where the expected result should occur.
3. Verify the actual result against the expected result.
4. Declare the test case as passed or failed.
5. Return to the base state.
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26) How to record a test case?
Ans.
1. Run SilkTest.
2. Click Option/Runtime menu. The Runtime Options dialog box shows up.
3. Edit the Use Files field to include your test frame file and the exlorer.inc file.
For example: ...\HomeFrame.inc,extend\explorer.inc.
4. Make sure IE 5.x DOM is selceted.
5. Click OK to cloase the Runtime Optoins dialog box.
6. Open your test project.
7. Click Record/Testcase menu. The Record Testcase dialog box shows up.
8. Name your test case. For example: LoginTest.
9. Select DefaultBaseState in the Applicatin State dropdown list.
10. Click Start Recording button.The Record Testcase dialog closes. Your Web
application is will be automatically started by SilkTest, based on the
information in test frame file. SilkTest Editor window closes. The Record
Status dialog box shows up.
11. Continue to use your Web application. SilkTest records everything you did on
your application.
12. Click the "Done" button on the Recording Status dialog box to stop recording.
The Recording Status dialog box closes. The Record Testcase dialog box
shows up again.
13. Click Paste to Editor. SilkTest will insert the recorded acitivities as 4Test
satements into a script file. The Record Testcase dialog closes.
14. Click File/Save menu to save the script file. You can enter a script file name.
For example, LoginTest.t.
27) How to write a Masterplan?
Ans. You can run all your sub-plans using master plan approach. You just open new
plan file and call your subplan/testcase from this file. if you want to run subplan from
master plan then sysntax is like include: mysubplan.pln
28) How to define an object verification in a test case?
Ans. While recording a test case, you can define verification points to verify UI
objects:
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1. Make sure you are in the process of recording a testcase.
2. Make sure the Record Status dialog box is on the screen.
3. Make sure your recording reached the Web page that has the UI object you
want to verify.
4. Click the background (blank area) of the Web page. Do not click any objects
on the page.
5. Press Ctrl-Alt. The Verify Window dialog box shows up. All the objects on the
current Web page are listed on the Verify Window dialog box.
6. Select the object to be verified in the object list. Un-select all other objets.
7. Select the property to be verified in the property list. Un-select all other
properties.
8. Click OK to close the Verify Window dialog box.
9. Continue your recording.
29) How to run a test case from a test script file?
Ans. A test script file can store multiple test cases. You can run a testcase from a
test script file:
1. Open the test script file.
2. Select the test case in the test file.
3. Click Run/Testcase menu. The Run Testcase dialog box shows up.
4. Click the Run button. SilkTest starts to run the test case.
5. Do not touch mouse or keyboard, to avoid interrupting the test case
execution.
6. SilkTest finishes executing the testcase. The Restuls window shows up with
the execution result.
7. Review the execution result.
30) What's in the test result file?
Ans. Result sumary: The name of the script file. The name of the
testcase. The machine on which the tests ran. The starting time and
the total elapsed time. The number and percentage of testcases that
passed and failed. The total number of errors and warnings.
1. Result detail: List of errors and detailed information.
31)How to link an error in the result file to the script file?
Ans. Make sure the Result window is open with result file.
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1. Locate the error message in the result file.
2. Select the error message.
3. Click the Results/Goto Source menu. The original script file opens up showing
the place where the error was originated.
32) How to link an error in the result file to the script file?
Ans.
1. Make sure the Result window is open with result file.
2. Click Results/Pass/Fail Report. The Pass/Fail Report dialog box shows up.
3. Select an attribute on which you want the report to be based on. For
example: Component.
4. Click the Generate button.
5. SilkTest generates a report in the Pass/Fail Report dialog box.
6. You can print or export the report.
7. Click the Close button to close the Pass/Fail Report dialog box.
33) What is DBTester?
Ans. DBTester is a testing tool that allows you to access a database server directly
through ODBC drivers. If your application is a database driven application, you can
perform a test through the application UI, and verify data changes in the database
with DBTester without using the application UI.
34) What are the functions offered by DBTester?
Ans. DBTester offers 6 functions. You can use them directly in your test cases:
1. DB_Connect: Opens a database connection linking the data through the
specified OBDC DSN name. DB_Connect returns a connection handle which
can be used on other DBTester functions. SQL statements can be submitted
to the database. For example: con = DB_Connect("dsn=dsn_name")
2. DB_Disconnect: Closes the database connection represented by the speficied
connection handle. All resources related to this connect are also released. For
example: DB_Disconnect(con)
3. DB_ExecuteSql: Sends the specified SQL statement to the specified database
connection for execution. DB_ExecuteSql returns a query result handler which
can be used by the DB_FetchNext function. For example: res =
DB_ExecuteSql(con, "SELECT * FROM ...")
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4. DB_FetchNext: Retrieves the next row from the specified query result
handler. For example: DB_FetchNext(res, col1, col2, col3, ...)
5. DB_FetchPrevious: Retrieves the previous row from the specified query result
handler.
6. DB_FinishSql: Closes the specified query result handler. For example:
DB_FinishSql(res)
35) How to create group and sub group descriptions in a testplan?
Ans. In a testplan, each text line starting from column 0 represents a top level group
description. To create sub group description:
1. Move the cursor the next line below the top level group description.
2. Click Outline/Move Right.
3. The text line will be indented to the right to be come a sub group description.
36) How to define values for a testplan attribute?
Ans. You must define values for a testplan before using it:
1. Make sure your test project is open.
2. Click Testplan/Define Attributes menu. The Define Attributes dialog box shows
up. You should see 3 predefined default attributes and other attributes
defined by yourself.
3. Select an attribute. For example, "Component". The Values box should be
empty.
4. Enter a value in Add box. For example, "Catalog".
5. Click Add. Value "Catalog" should be inserted into the Values box.
6. Repeat the last two steps to add more values.
37) Where are the testplan attributes stored?
Ans. Testplan attributes are stored in the testplan initialization file, testplan.ini, in
SilkTest installation directory.
38) What is a test frame?
Ans. A test frame is a file that contains information about the application you are
testing. Information stored in a test frame will be used as references when SilkTest
records and executes testcases. A test frame is stored in an include file with file
extension .inc.
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39) How to specify a browser extension to a Web application?
Ans.
1. Run SilkTest.
2. Open Internet Explorer (IE).
3. Ener the URL of the Web application.
4. Leave the IE window with the Web application. Don't minimize the IE window.
5. To back to SilkTest window.
6. Select Basic Workflow bar.
7. Click Enable Externsions on the Workflow bar.
8. The Enable Extensions dialog will show up. Your Web application running in te
IE window will listed in the dialog box.
9. Select your Web application and click Select.
10. The Extension Settings dialog will show up. Click OK to enable the DOM
browser extension.
40) How to test your DefaultBaseState?
Ans.
1. Close your Web application and other Web browsers.
2. Make sure your test frame is open.
3. Click Run/Application State menu. The Run Application State dialog box shows
up with a list of states. One of them should be DefaultBaseState.
4. Select DefaultBaseState.
5. Click Run button. The Runtime Status dialog box shows up. And the Results
File dialog box shows up too.
6. You should see no error message in the results file.
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TestDirector Interview Question
1. Types of vies in Datastage Director?
2. Orchestrate Vs Datastage Parallel Extender?
3. What is an Exception ? What are types of Exception ?
4. What are Routines and where/how are they written and have you written any
routines before?
5. What are the command line functions that import and export the DS jobs?
6. How many types of database triggers can be specified on a table ? What are they
?
7. What is NLS in datastage? how we use NLS in Datastage ? what advantages in
that ?
at the time of ins. ..
8. What are types of Hashed File?
9. What are the datatypes a available in PL/SQL ?
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General Testing Interview Questions
1.What is 'Software Quality Assurance'?
Software QA involves the entire software development Process - monitoring and
improving the process, making sure that any agreed-upon standards and procedures
are followed, and ensuring that problems are found and dealt with. It is oriented to
'prevention'. (See the Books section for a list of useful books on Software Quality
Assurance.)
2.What is 'Software Testing'?
Testing involves operation of a system or application under controlled conditions and
evaluating the results (eg, 'if the user is in interface A of the application while using
hardware B, and does C, then D should happen'). The controlled conditions should
include both normal and abnormal conditions. Testing should intentionally attempt to
make things go wrong to determine if things happen when they shouldn't or things
don't happen when they should. It is oriented to 'detection'.
Organizations vary considerably in how they assign responsibility for QA and testing.
Sometimes they're the combined responsibility of one group or individual. Also
common are project teams that include a mix of testers and developers who work
closely together, with overall QA processes monitored by project managers. It will
depend on what best fits an organization's size and business structure.
3. What are some recent major computer system failures
caused by software bugs?
Media reports in January of 2005 detailed severe problems with a $170
million high-profile U.S. government IT systems project. Software
testing was one of the five major problem areas according to a report
of the commission reviewing the project. Studies were under way to
determine which, if any, portions of the project could be salvaged.
* In July 2004 newspapers reported that a new government welfare
management system in Canada costing several hundred million dollars
was unable to handle a simple benefits rate increase after being put
into live operation.
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* Millions of bank accounts were impacted by errors due to installation of
inadequately tested software code in the transaction processing system of
a major North American bank, according to mid-2004 news reports.
Articles about the incident stated that it took two weeks to fix all the
resulting errors, that additional problems resulted when the incident drew
a large number of e-mail phishing attacks against the bank's customers,
and that the total cost of the incident could exceed $100 million.
* A bug in site management software utilized by companies with a
significant percentage of worldwide web traffic was reported in May of
2004. The bug resulted in performance problems for many of the sites
simultaneously and required disabling of the software until the bug was
fixed.
* According to news reports in April of 2004, a software bug was
determined to be a major contributor to the 2003 Northeast blackout, the
worst power system failure in North American history. The failure involved
loss of electrical power to 50 million customers, forced shutdown of 100
power plants, and economic losses estimated at $6 billion. The bug was
reportedly in one utility company's vendor-supplied power monitoring and
management system, which was unable to correctly handle and report on
an unusual confluence of initially localized events. The error was found
and corrected after examining millions of lines of code.
* In early 2004, news reports revealed the intentional use of a software
bug as a counter-espionage tool. According to the report, in the early
1980's one nation surreptitiously allowed a hostile nation's espionage
service to steal a version of sophisticated industrial software that had
intentionally-added flaws. This eventually resulted in major industrial
disruption in the country that used the stolen flawed software.
* A major U.S. retailer was reportedly hit with a large government fine in
October of 2003 due to web site errors that enabled customers to view
one anothers' online orders.
* News stories in the fall of 2003 stated that a manufacturing company
recalled all their transportation products in order to fix a software problem
causing instability in certain circumstances. The company found and
reported the bug itself and initiated the recall procedure in which a
software upgrade fixed the problems.
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* In January of 2001 newspapers reported that a major European railroad
was hit by the aftereffects of the Y2K bug. The company found that many
of their newer trains would not run due to their inability to recognize the
date '31/12/2000'; the trains were started by altering the control system's
date settings.
* News reports in September of 2000 told of a software vendor settling a
lawsuit with a large mortgage lender; the vendor had reportedly delivered
an online mortgage processing system that did not meet specifications,
was delivered late, and didn't work.
* In early 2000, major problems were reported with a new computer
system in a large suburban U.S. public school district with 100,000+
students; problems included 10,000 erroneous report cards and students
left stranded by failed class registration systems; the district's CIO was
fired. The school district decided to reinstate it's original 25-year old
system for at least a year until the bugs were worked out of the new
system by the software vendors.
* In October of 1999 the $125 million NASA Mars Climate Orbiter
spacecraft was believed to be lost in space due to a simple data
conversion error. It was determined that spacecraft software used certain
data in English units that should have been in metric units. Among other
tasks, the orbiter was to serve as a communications relay for the Mars
Polar Lander mission, which failed for unknown reasons in December
1999. Several investigating panels were convened to determine the
process failures that allowed the error to go undetected.
* Bugs in software supporting a large commercial high-speed data
network affected 70,000 business customers over a period of 8 days in
August of 1999. Among those affected was the electronic trading system
of the largest U.S. futures exchange, which was shut down for most of a
week as a result of the outages.
* January 1998 news reports told of software problems at a major U.S.
telecommunications company that resulted in no charges for long distance
calls for a month for 400,000 customers. The problem went undetected
until customers called up with questions about their bills.
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4.Why is it often hard for management to get serious about quality
assurance?
Solving problems is a high-visibility process; preventing problems is
low-visibility. This is illustrated by an old parable: In ancient China
there was a family of healers, one of whom was known throughout the
land and employed as a physician to a great lord.
5.Why does software have bugs?
* Miscommunication or no communication - as to specifics of what an
application should or shouldn't do (the application's requirements).
* Software complexity - the complexity of current software
applications can be difficult to comprehend for anyone without
experience in modern-day software development. Multi-tiered
applications, client-server and distributed applications, data
communications, enormous relational databases, and sheer size of
applications have all contributed to the exponential growth in
software/system complexity.
* Programming errors - programmers, like anyone else, can make
mistakes.
* Changing requirements (whether documented or undocumented) -
the end-user may not understand the effects of changes, or may
understand and request them anyway - redesign, rescheduling of
engineers, effects on other projects, work already completed that may
have to be redone or thrown out, hardware requirements that may be
affected, etc. If there are many minor changes or any major changes,
known and unknown dependencies among parts of the project are
likely to interact and cause problems, and the complexity of
coordinating changes may result in errors. Enthusiasm of engineering
staff may be affected. In some fast-changing business environments,
continuously modified requirements may be a fact of life. In this case,
management must understand the resulting risks, and QA and test
engineers must adapt and plan for continuous extensive testing to
keep the inevitable bugs from running out of control - see 'What can
be done if requirements are changing continuously?' in Part 2 of the
FAQ. Also see information about 'agile' approaches such as XP, also in
Part 2 of the FAQ.
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* Time pressures - scheduling of software projects is difficult at best,
often requiring a lot of guesswork. When deadlines loom and the crunch
comes, mistakes will be made.

* egos - people prefer to say things like:
* * 'no problem'
* * 'piece of cake'
* * 'I can whip that out in a few hours'
* * 'it should be easy to update that old code'
* instead of:
* * 'that adds a lot of complexity and we could end up making a lot of
mistakes'
* * 'we have no idea if we can do that; we'll wing it'
* * 'I can't estimate how long it will take, until I take a close look at it'
* * 'we can't figure out what that old spaghetti code did in the first
place'
If there are too many unrealistic 'no problem's', the result is bugs.
* Poorly documented code - it's tough to maintain and modify code
that is badly written or poorly documented; the result is bugs. In many
organizations management provides no incentive for programmers to
document their code or write clear, understandable, maintainable
code. In fact, it's usually the opposite: they get points mostly for
quickly turning out code, and there's job security if nobody else can
understand it ('if it was hard to write, it should be hard to read').
* Software development tools - visual tools, class libraries, compilers,
scripting tools, etc. often introduce their own bugs or are poorly
documented, resulting in added bugs.
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6.How can new Software QA processes be introduced in an existing
organization?
* A lot depends on the size of the organization and the risks involved. For large
organizations with high-risk (in terms of lives or property) projects, serious
management buy-in is required and a formalized QA process is necessary.
* Where the risk is lower, management and organizational buy-in and QA
implementation may be a slower, step-at-a-time process. QA processes should be
balanced with productivity so as to keep bureaucracy from getting out of hand.
* For small groups or projects, a more ad-hoc process may be appropriate,
depending on the type of customers and projects. A lot will depend on team leads or
managers, feedback to developers, and ensuring adequate communications among
customers, managers, developers, and testers.
* The most value for effort will often be in (a) requirements management processes,
with a goal of clear, complete, testable requirement specifications embodied in
requirements or design documentation, or in 'agile'-type environments extensive
continuous coordination with end-users, (b) design inspections and code inspections,
and (c) post-mortems/retrospectives.
7.What is verification? validation?
* Verification typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans,
code, requirements, and specifications. This can be done with checklists, issues lists,
walkthroughs, and inspection meetings. Validation typically involves actual testing
and takes place after verifications are completed. The term 'IV & V' refers to
Independent Verification and Validation.
8.What is a 'walkthrough'?
* A 'walkthrough' is an informal meeting for evaluation or informational purposes.
Little or no preparation is usually required.
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9.What's an 'inspection'?
* An inspection is more formalized than a 'walkthrough', typically with 3-8 people
including a moderator, reader, and a recorder to take notes. The subject of the
inspection is typically a document such as a requirements spec or a test plan, and
the purpose is to find problems and see what's missing, not to fix anything.
Attendees should prepare for this type of meeting by reading thru the document;
most problems will be found during this preparation. The result of the inspection
meeting should be a written report.
10.What kinds of testing should be considered?
* Black box testing - not based on any knowledge of internal design or code. Tests
are based on requirements and functionality.
* White box testing - based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application's
code. Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths, conditions.
* Unit testing - the most 'micro' scale of testing; to test particular functions or code
modules. Typically done by the programmer and not by testers, as it requires
detailed knowledge of the internal program design and code. Not always easily done
unless the application has a well-designed architecture with tight code; may require
developing test driver modules or test harnesses.
* Incremental integration testing - continuous testing of an application as new
functionality is added; requires that various aspects of an application's functionality
be independent enough to work separately before all parts of the program are
completed, or that test drivers be developed as needed; done by programmers or by
testers.
* Integration testing - testing of combined parts of an application to determine if
they function together correctly. The 'parts' can be code modules, individual
applications, client and server applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is
especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems.
* Functional testing - black-box type testing geared to functional requirements of an
application; this type of testing should be done by testers. This doesn't mean that
the programmers shouldn't check that their code works before releasing it (which of
course applies to any stage of testing.)
* System testing - black-box type testing that is based on overall requirements
specifications; covers all combined parts of a system.
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* End-to-end testing - similar to system testing; the 'macro' end of the test scale;
involves testing of a complete application environment in a situation that mimics
real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications,
or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.
* Sanity testing or smoke testing - typically an initial testing effort to determine if a
new software version is performing well enough to accept it for a major testing
effort. For example, if the new software is crashing systems every 5 minutes,
bogging down systems to a crawl, or corrupting databases, the software may not be
in a 'sane' enough condition to warrant further testing in its current state.
* Regression testing - re-testing after fixes or modifications of the software or its
environment. It can be difficult to determine how much re-testing is needed,
especially near the end of the development cycle. Automated testing tools can be
especially useful for this type of testing.
* Acceptance testing - final testing based on specifications of the end-user or
customer, or based on use by end-users/customers over some limited period of time.
* Load testing - testing an application under heavy loads, such as testing of a web
site under a range of loads to determine at what point the system's response time
degrades or fails.
* Stress testing - term often used interchangeably with 'load' and 'performance'
testing. Also used to describe such tests as system functional testing while under
unusually heavy loads, heavy repetition of certain actions or inputs, input of large
numerical values, large complex queries to a database system, etc.
* Performance testing - term often used interchangeably with 'stress' and 'load'
testing. Ideally 'performance' testing (and any other 'type' of testing) is defined in
requirements documentation or QA or Test Plans.
* Usability testing - testing for 'user-friendliness'. Clearly this is subjective, and will
depend on the targeted end-user or customer. User interviews, surveys, video recording
of user sessions, and other techniques can be used. Programmers and testers are usually
not appropriate as usability testers.
* Install/uninstall testing - testing of full, partial, or upgrade install/uninstall
processes.
* Recovery testing - testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware
failures, or other catastrophic problems.
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* Failover testing - typically used interchangeably with 'recovery testing'
* Security testing - testing how well the system protects against unauthorized
internal or external access, willful damage, etc; may require sophisticated testing
techniques.
* Compatability testing - testing how well software performs in a particular
hardware/software/operating system/network/etc. environment.
* Exploratory testing - often taken to mean a creative, informal software test that is
not based on formal test plans or test cases; testers may be learning the software as
they test it.
* Ad-hoc testing - similar to exploratory testing, but often taken to mean that the
testers have significant understanding of the software before testing it.
* Context-driven testing - testing driven by an understanding of the environment,
culture, and intended use of software. For example, the testing approach for lifecritical
medical equipment software would be completely different than that for a
low-cost computer game.
* User acceptance testing - determining if software is satisfactory to an end-user or
customer.
* Comparison testing - comparing software weaknesses and strengths to competing
produts.
* Alpha testing - testing of an application when development is nearing completion;
minor design changes may still be made as a result of such testing. Typically done by
end-users or others, not by programmers or testers.
* Beta testing - testing when development and testing are essentially completed and final
bugs and problems need to be found before final release. Typically done by end-users or
others, not by programmers or testers.
* Mutation testing - a method for determining if a set of test data or test cases is
useful, by deliberately introducing various code changes ('bugs') and retesting with
the original test data/cases to determine if the 'bugs' are detected. Proper
implementation requires large computational resources.
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11.What are 5 common problems in the software development
process?
* Solid requirements - clear, complete, detailed, cohesive, attainable, testable
requirements that are agreed to by all players. Use prototypes to help nail down
requirements. In 'agile'-type environments, continuous coordination with
customers/end-users is necessary.
* Realistic schedules - allow adequate time for planning, design, testing, bug fixing,
re-testing, changes, and documentation; personnel should be able to complete the
project without burning out.
* Adequate testing - start testing early on, re-test after fixes or changes, plan for
adequate time for testing and bug-fixing. 'Early' testing ideally includes unit testing
by developers and built-in testing and diagnostic capabilities.
* Stick to initial requirements as much as possible - be prepared to defend against
excessive changes and additions once development has begun, and be prepared to
explain consequences. If changes are necessary, they should be adequately reflected
in related schedule changes. If possible, work closely with customers/end-users to
manage expectations. This will provide them a higher comfort level with their
requirements decisions and minimize excessive changes later on.
* Communication - require walkthroughs and inspections when appropriate; make
extensive use of group communication tools - e-mail, groupware, networked bugtracking
tools and change management tools, intranet capabilities, etc.; insure that
information/documentation is available and up-to-date - preferably electronic, not
paper; promote teamwork and cooperation; use protoypes if possible to clarify
customers' expectations.
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12.What is software 'quality'?
* Quality software is reasonably bug-free, delivered on time and within budget,
meets requirements and/or expectations, and is maintainable. However, quality is
obviously a subjective term. It will depend on who the 'customer' is and their overall
influence in the scheme of things.
* Management/accountants/testers/salespeople, future software maintenance
engineers, stockholders, magazine columnists, etc. Each type of 'customer' will have
their own slant on 'quality' - the accounting department might define quality in terms
of profits while an end-user might define quality as user-friendly and bug-free.
13.What is 'good code'?
* 'Good code' is code that works, is bug free, and is readable and maintainable.
Some organizations have coding 'standards' that all developers are supposed to
adhere to, but everyone has different ideas about what's best, or what is too many
or too few rules. There are also various theories and metrics, such as McCabe
Complexity metrics. It should be kept in mind that excessive use of standards and
rules can stifle productivity and creativity. 'Peer reviews', 'buddy checks' code
analysis tools, etc. can be used to check for problems and enforce standards. For C
and C++ coding, here are some typical ideas to consider in setting rules/standards;
these may or may not apply to a particular situation:
* Minimize or eliminate use of global variables.
* Use descriptive function and method names - use both upper and lower case, avoid
abbreviations, use as many characters as necessary to be adequately descriptive
(use of more than 20 characters is not out of line); be consistent in naming
conventions.
* Use descriptive variable names - use both upper and lower case, avoid
abbreviations, use as many characters as necessary to be adequately descriptive
(use of more than 20 characters is not out of line); be consistent in naming
conventions.
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* Function and method sizes should be minimized; less than 100 lines of code is
good, less than 50 lines is preferable.
* Function descriptions should be clearly spelled out in comments preceding a
function's code.
* Organize code for readability.
* Use whitespace generously - vertically and horizontally.
* Each line of code should contain 70 characters max.
* One code statement per line.
* Coding style should be consistent throught a program (eg, use of brackets,
indentations, naming conventions, etc.)
* In adding comments, err on the side of too many rather than too few comments; a
common rule of thumb is that there should be at least as many lines of comments
(including header blocks) as lines of code.
* No matter how small, an application should include documentaion of the overall
program function and flow (even a few paragraphs is better than nothing); or if
possible a separate flow chart and detailed program documentation.
* Make extensive use of error handling procedures and status and error logging.
* For C++, to minimize complexity and increase maintainability, avoid too many
levels of inheritance in class heirarchies (relative to the size and complexity of the
application). Minimize use of multiple inheritance, and minimize use of operator
overloading (note that the Java programming language eliminates multiple
inheritance and operator overloading.)
* For C++, keep class methods small, less than 50 lines of code per method is
preferable.
* For C++, make liberal use of exception handlers.
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14.What is 'good design'?
* 'Design' could refer to many things, but often refers to 'functional design' or
'internal design'. Good internal design is indicated by software code whose overall
structure is clear, understandable, easily modifiable, and maintainable; is robust with
sufficient error-handling and status logging capability; and works correctly when
implemented. Good functional design is indicated by an application whose
functionality can be traced back to customer and end-user requirements.For
programs that have a user interface, it's often a good idea to assume that the end
user will have little computer knowledge and may not read a user manual or even
the on-line help; some common rules-of-thumb include:
* The program should act in a way that least surprises the user
* It should always be evident to the user what can be done next and how to exit
* The program shouldn't let the users do something stupid without warning them.
15.What is SEI? CMM? CMMI? ISO? IEEE? ANSI? Will it help?
* SEI = 'Software Engineering Institute' at Carnegie-Mellon University; initiated by
the U.S. Defense Department to help improve software development processes.
* CMM = 'Capability Maturity Model', now called the CMMI ('Capability Maturity Model
Integration'), developed by the SEI. It's a model of 5 levels of process 'maturity' that
determine effectiveness in delivering quality software. It is geared to large
organizations such as large U.S. Defense Department contractors. However, many of
the QA processes involved are appropriate to any organization, and if reasonably
applied can be helpful. Organizations can receive CMMI ratings by undergoing
assessments by qualified auditors.
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* Level 1 - characterized by chaos, periodic panics, and heroic efforts required by
individuals to successfully complete projects. Few if any processes in place;
successes may not be repeatable.
* Level 2 - software project tracking, requirements management, realistic planning,
and configuration management processes are in place; successful practices can be
repeated.
* Level 3 - standard software development and maintenance processes are
integrated throughout an organization; a Software Engineering Process Group is is in
place to oversee software processes, and training programs are used to ensure
understanding and compliance.
* Level 4 - metrics are used to track productivity, processes, and products. Project
performance is predictable, and quality is consistently high.
* Level 5 - the focus is on continouous process improvement. The impact of new
processes and technologies can be predicted and effectively implemented when
required.
at Level 1, the most problematical key process area was in Software Quality
Assurance.
* ISO = 'International Organisation for Standardization' - The ISO 9001:2000
standard (which replaces the previous standard of 1994) concerns quality systems
that are assessed by outside auditors, and it applies to many kinds of production and
manufacturing organizations, not just software. It covers documentation, design,
development, production, testing, installation, servicing, and other processes. The
full set of standards consists of: (a)Q9001-2000 - Quality Management Systems:
Requirements; (b)Q9000-2000 - Quality Management Systems: Fundamentals and
Vocabulary; (c)Q9004-2000 - Quality Management Systems: Guidelines for
Performance Improvements. To be ISO 9001 certified, a third-party auditor assesses
an organization, and certification is typically good for about 3 years, after which a
complete reassessment is required. Note that ISO certification does not necessarily
indicate quality products - it indicates only that documented processes are followed.
Also see http://www.iso.ch/ for the latest information. In the U.S. the standards can
be purchased via the ASQ web site at http://e-standards.asq.org/
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* IEEE = 'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' - among other things,
creates standards such as 'IEEE Standard for Software Test Documentation'
(IEEE/ANSI Standard 829), 'IEEE Standard of Software Unit Testing (IEEE/ANSI
Standard 1008), 'IEEE Standard for Software Quality Assurance Plans' (IEEE/ANSI
Standard 730), and others.
* ANSI = 'American National Standards Institute', the primary industrial standards
body in the U.S.; publishes some software-related standards in conjunction with the
IEEE and ASQ (American Society for Quality).
* Other software development/IT management process assessment methods besides
CMMI and ISO 9000 include SPICE, Trillium, TickIT, Bootstrap, ITIL, MOF, and CobiT.
16.What is the 'software life cycle'?
* The life cycle begins when an application is first conceived and ends when it is no
longer in use. It includes aspects such as initial concept, requirements analysis,
functional design, internal design, documentation planning, test planning, coding,
document preparation, integration, testing, maintenance, updates, retesting, phaseout,
and other aspects.
17.Will automated testing tools make testing easier?
* Possibly For small projects, the time needed to learn and implement them may not
be worth it. For larger projects, or on-going long-term projects they can be valuable.
* A common type of automated tool is the 'record/playback' type. For example, a
tester could click through all combinations of menu choices, dialog box choices,
buttons, etc. in an application GUI and have them 'recorded' and the results logged
by a tool. The 'recording' is typically in the form of text based on a scripting
language that is interpretable by the testing tool. If new buttons are added, or some
underlying code in the application is changed, etc. the application might then be
retested by just 'playing back' the 'recorded' actions, and comparing the logging
results to check effects of the changes. The problem with such tools is that if there
are continual changes to the system being tested, the 'recordings' may have to be
changed so much that it becomes very time-consuming to continuously update the
scripts. Additionally, interpretation and analysis of results (screens, data, logs, etc.)
can be a difficult task. Note that there are record/playback tools for text-based
interfaces also, and for all types of platforms.
* Another common type of approach for automation of functional testing is 'datadriven'
or 'keyword-driven' automated testing, in which the test drivers are
separated from the data and/or actions utilized in testing (an 'action' would be
something like 'enter a value in a text box').
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Test drivers can be in the form of automated test tools or custom-written testing
software. The data and actions can be more easily maintained - such as via a
spreadsheet - since they are separate from the test drivers. The test drivers 'read'
the data/action information to perform specified tests. This approach can enable
more efficient control, development, documentation, and maintenance of automated
tests/test cases.
* Other automated tools can include:
* Code analyzers - monitor code complexity, adherence to standards, etc.
* Coverage analyzers - these tools check which parts of the code have been
exercised by a test, and may be oriented to code statement coverage, condition
coverage, path coverage, etc.
* Memory analyzers - such as bounds-checkers and leak detectors.
* Load/performance test tools - for testing client/server and web applications under
various load levels.
* Web test tools - to check that links are valid, HTML code usage is correct, clientside
and server-side programs work, a web site's interactions are secure.
Other tools - for test case management, documentation management,
bug reporting, and configuration management.
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