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The way we are

Reading and vo cab u lary The art of b eauty

1 SPEAKING Read the things that people do to change

their appearance. Why do they do them? What other
things do they do?
put on weight w ear make-up get a tattoo
pierce lips, tongues, eyebrows shave their heads
stretch their necks with metal rings go on a diet
have cosm etic surgery spray themselves w ith fake tan

2 Read the article about beauty in different cultures.

Which things in exercise 1 are mentioned? Why do
people do them?

STRATEGY

Guessing the meaning of unknown words

When you come across a new word, there are several
things that you can do to help you guess the meaning:
1 Use the context. Looking at words before and after
the unknow n w ord and identifying the part of
speech (noun, verb, etc.) o f the word can help you to
understand the meaning.
2 Understand a word through its different parts.
You may already kn ow on e or more parts o f the word.
sun + shine = sunshine
3 Use your own language. Som etim es the English word or
part of the word is similar in your own language.
English = norm Dutch = norm Czech = norm a
Polish = norm a

3 Read the strategy. Then guess the meaning of the

underlined words in the text. What helped you to
guess: the context, understanding the different
parts or your own language?
igerian teenager Happiness F.dem had just one aim

4 Read the text again and answer the questions.

N in life: to put on weight. So she spent six months in a
‘fattening room' where her daily routine was to sleep, eat and
1 W h at did Happiness Edem w ant to do?
grow fat. She went in a trim 60 kg, but came out weighing
5 twice that. In some parts of Africa, being fat is desirable
2 W h at kind o f images of beauty do w e see in the media?
because it symbolizes attractiveness in women and power
3 W h a t is th e traditional im age of Egyptian w om en
and prosperity in men. However, in magazines and in the
in paintings?
media we are bombarded with images of slim, blonde-
4 W h a t significance do tattoos have in Borneo and
haired and sun-tanned women or handsome, blue-eyed and
N e w Zealand?
io broad-shouldered young men. Where are the short-sighted,
5 W h a t d o the people o f M yanm ar consider elegant? middle-aged models? Is one idea of physical beauty really
6 W o uld you ever consider doing any o f the things more attractive than another?
in the text?
Ideas about physical beauty change over time and different
7 W h ich things w ou ld you never d o ? W h y ?
periods o f history reveal different views of beauty,
8 W h a t is th e ideal o f beauty in your culture?
is particularly of women. Egyptian paintings often show
slender dark-haired women as the norm, while one of the
Describing appearance earliest representations of women in art in Europe is a
5 Study the highlighted adjectives in the text. Which carving of an overweight female. This is the Venus ofHohle
ones have a positive meaning, which a negative one
Fels and it is more than 35,000 years old. In the early 1600s,
2 0 artists like Peter Paul Rubens also painted plump, pale-
and which can have both meanings?
skinned women who were thought to be the most stunning
examples of female beauty at that time. In Elizabethan
England, pale skin was still fashionable, but in this period it
was because it was a sign of wealth: the make-up to achieve
2 5 this look was expensive, so only rich people could afford it.

4 The way we are

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Vocabulary: describing appearance, personality, fashion and style; position Speaking: discussing ideals of beauty; speculating; discussing
Grammar: present simple and present continuous: speculating: verb patterns fashion
Writing: an informal email

6 Choose one word that you cannot use to complete

each sentence.
1 Most of m y fem ale friends g o to the gym and keep fit
to look trim / slim / handsom e.
2 Happiness Edem w en t to a 'fattening room' because
she w anted to be p lu m p / slen d er / overw eig ht.
3 There aren't m any photos of stunning / unattractive /
fat m odels in magazines.
4 Som e cultures m ay find different forms o f body
modification u gly / slender / unattractive.
5 W o m en tend to spend more m oney than men on their
general appearance in order to look o v e rw e ig h t/
beautiful / attractive.
6 M en usually w ear suits because th ey w an t to look
e le g an t / h an d so m e / ugly.

insight Compound adjectives: appearance

7 Match the words in the circles to make compound

adjectives. Check your answers in the text.

W ithin different cultures around the world, there is a -shouldered

huge variation in what is considered beautiful. Traditional blonde
-aged -haired
customs, like tattooing, head-shaving, piercing or other blue short
-tanned
kinds of body modification can express status, identity pale middle
-eyed -sighted
or beliefs. In Borneo, for instance, tattoos are like a diary 30 broad sun
-skinned
because they are a written record of all the important events
and places a man has experienced in his life. For New
Zealand's Maoris they reflect the persons position in society.
In western society, where tattoos used to he considered a
sign o f rebellion, the culture is changing and they are now a 35 8 How many compound adjectives can you make with
very popular form of body art. the words below?
For Europeans, the tradition of using metal rings to stretch
a girl's neck may be shocking, but the Myanmar people
consider women with long, thin necks more elegant. In
Indonesia, the custom of sharpening girls' teeth to points 40
dark fair
might seem strange to other cultures, but it is perfectly -sighted -skinned
straight long
acceptable elsewhere to straighten children's teeth with -haired -eyed
blue green far
braces. Body piercing, dieting, cosmetic surgery or the use
of fake tan might be seen as ugly and unattractive by some
cultures, but they are commonplace in many others. 45

It appears that through the ages and across different cultures,

people have always changed their bodies and faces for a
wide variety of reasons. Does this mean that underneath 9 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Use the adjectives in
the tattoos, rings and piercings, we're all beautiful in our exercises 5,7 and 8 to make sentences about people
own way? 50
you know.

10 SPEAKING Work in groups. Discuss the statements.

1 The W estern ideal of beauty is not beautiful.
2 Our society puts too m uch emphasis on appearance.

Vocabulary bank Describing hair page 134

The way we are 5

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1 B ■ G ram m ar and listening A ppearance and survival

Hide-and-seek
Today, in the last in our series on wildlife, ’we’re looking at animals and their appearance. Why are polar
bears white? Why do leopards have spots? Why do zebras have stripes? 2lt’s all about survival.
Wild animals spend half their life looking for something to eat and the other half trying not to get eaten!
Life is just one long game of hide-and-seek. Luckily for them, the way they look usually helps them. The
zebra is a very good example.
3Zebras usually travel in large groups. Imagine 4a hundred zebras are moving together across the
savannah. 5The herd is getting bigger and bigger. A lioness is lying under a tree, watching and waiting.
The zebras are getting nearer, but they’re running very close together. 6The lioness sees a big mass of
black and white stripes, so it’s impossible for her to attack a single zebra. She’s very annoyed, but what
can she do? 7The animals on the savannah are always trying to hide from her. Breakfast must wait.
But do zebras’ stripes confuse other zebras like they confuse lions? No, they don’t. Actually, they often
help zebras to recognize each other. Every zebra has a different pattern of stripes and zoologists
believe this is how zebras know who is who in the group. A mother zebra always recognizes her
foal among the crowd because its stripes are just a little different from the others.

Present simple and present continuous

1 SPEAKING Look at the photos and describe the animals.
How can their appearance help them to survive?

2 Read the text and answer the questions.

1 H o w d o zebras travel?
2 W h y can't th e lioness attack an individual zebra?
3 H o w does a m other zebra recognize her foal?

3 Study sentences 1-7 in the text. Which ones are in the present simple and which are in the
present continuous? Match sentences 1-7 to rules a-g. Then find more examples in the text.
We use the present simple:
a to talk about routines or habits,
b to talk about facts and general truths.
c with verbs that describe states: believe, have, know, like, need, think, see, seem , want, understand, etc.
We use the present continuous:
d to talk about actions happening now.
e to talk about tem porary situations,
f to talk about changing or developing situations,
g to describe an irritating habit, usually with always.
Time expressions:
Present simple: always, every day, often, regularly, usually, som etim es, hardly ever, n e v e r,. . .
Present continuous: right now , a t the m om ent, this w e e k ,. ..

W e often use the present continuous tense w hen w e describe photos.

Reference and practice 1.1 W orkbook page 104

6 The way we are

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1B
4 Use the prompts to make questions in the present simple or present continuous tense.
Then match questions 1-7 to answers a-g.
1 W h y / le o p a r d s / h a v e / s p o ts a Because the ice w here th ey live is melting,
2 W h at / the leopard in the photo / hunt for b It's hunting for its dinner,
3 H o w / a zebra's stripes / help it to survive c So that their enem ies can't see them,
4 W h y / p o la r b e a rs / b e c o m e / a n d So that the animals th ey are hunting can't
endangered species see them coming.
5 W h y / a tree frog / bright blue e They help to confuse its enemies,
6 H o w / peacocks / attract / a mate f It's w arning its enem ies that it's dangerous,
7 W h y / stick insects / look like / sticks g They usually show off their feathers.

5 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Mimicry
Animal survival is a fascinating and complex subject.
As these photos 1 (show),
nature usually 2 (play) tricks
on us. Two insects 3 (sit) on a
flower. They both 4 (look) like
bees, but one of them 5 (not
be) a real bee. It 6 (imitate) a
bee in order to protect itself from possible predators.
The real bee on the left7....................................
(have) a sting, which it uses as a weapon to attack
its enemies. However, the hover fly on the right
8 (not be) dangerous.
It’s completely harmless. This imitation of one
species by another often 9 .......................
(happen) in nature and is called mimicry. Animals
10 (copy) the appearance,
actions or sounds of another animal and this
11 (help) them to survive.

6 1.01 Listen to an interview about humans and survival and

answer the questions.
1 H o w does Dr Walker describe the boy's appearance and personality?
2 H o w does Dr Walker describe the girl's appearance and personality?

7 1.01 Listen again and answer the questions.

1 W h at is the boy doing w hile he's walking?
2 H o w is the girl walking?
3 W h at is she doing w hile she's walking?
4 H o w do'streetw ise'people usually act?
5 W h at does the girl need to be careful about?
6 W h at does the boy do w hich people m ight find aggressive?

8 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Look at the photo and use the

questions below to describe one person to your partner.
Can your partner identify the person you are describing?
1 W h at does the person look like?
2 W h at are th ey doing?
3 W h at do you think their personality is like?
4 Are th ey streetwise? W h y / w h y not?
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