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Matlab Assignment

A Butterworth filter is a signal processing filter invented by Stephen Butterworth in 1930 that has a maximally flat frequency response in the passband. The order of the filter determines the rate at which its frequency response rolls off to zero in the stopband. Butterworth filters are known for having the sharpest roll-off possible without causing peaking in the frequency response. The document then provides the general formulas for Butterworth filters of odd and even order and describes an experiment using MATLAB to analyze waveforms, calibrate a low pass Butterworth filter, and eliminate noise from a signal by reducing the cutoff frequency and increasing the filter order.

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69 views9 pages

Matlab Assignment

A Butterworth filter is a signal processing filter invented by Stephen Butterworth in 1930 that has a maximally flat frequency response in the passband. The order of the filter determines the rate at which its frequency response rolls off to zero in the stopband. Butterworth filters are known for having the sharpest roll-off possible without causing peaking in the frequency response. The document then provides the general formulas for Butterworth filters of odd and even order and describes an experiment using MATLAB to analyze waveforms, calibrate a low pass Butterworth filter, and eliminate noise from a signal by reducing the cutoff frequency and increasing the filter order.

Uploaded by

Royapuram Peter
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Introduction

A Butterworth filter is a signal processing filter with a frequency response in the passband that is
as flat as possible. As a result, the Butterworth filter is sometimes referred to as a "maximally flat
magnitude filter." Stephen Butterworth, a British engineer and physicist, invented it in 1930 in
his paper "On the Theory of Filter Amplifiers."
The Butterworth filter's frequency response is flat in the passband (i.e., a bandpass filter) and
rolls off to zero in the stopband. The order of the filter determines the rate of roll-off response.
The order of the filter is determined by the number of reactive elements used in the circuit.
Butterworth filters are known as maximally flat filters because they have the sharpest roll-off
possible for a given order without causing peaking in the Bode plot. The second-order
Butterworth filter is a two-pole filter with a damping ratio of 0.707. Because Butterworth filters
do not have peaking, they are used in control systems. A filter's requirement to eliminate all
peaking is conservative. Allowing some peaking may be advantageous because it allows for
equivalent attenuation in the lower frequencies with less phase lag, as shown in Table 9.1.
Nonetheless, the Butterworth filter is an obvious choice for organising the many poles of higher-
order filters found in control systems.

Butterworth filters have a general formula that is dependent on whether the order is odd or even.
The formula for odd orders is

(The symbol Π indicates a series of products, similar to the way Σ indicates a sum.) M indicates
filter order. For example, a fifth-order Butterworth filter is

For even order the formula is


f=100Hz, fs=200Hz, N=3

(i) Sinusoidal signal with additional noise.


(ii) IIR LPF filter Design.
(iii) Filter the signal with noise
(iv) Result Analysis
(v) Direct realization of Butterworth equivalent filter.

Given that the analog prototype of the frequency-domain transfer function H(s) for a
Butterworth filter is:
(vi) By reducing the cut-off frequency, Wc=5, and increasing the number of orders, N =60 we
are able to optimize the signal

Wc=5
N=30
Conclusion

It can be concluded that MATLAB is an effective tool in analysing waveforms and signals, which enables
the user to precisely calibrate and analyse until the desired output is achieved. In this experiment, it can
be concluded that for Butterworth’s low pass IIR filter, noise can be eliminated by reducing the cut-off
frequency and also by increasing the number of orders. Finally, the code is also simple and easy to use,
which eases the signal monitoring process.

Reference

[1] Forester W. Isen. DSP for MATLABTM and LabVIEWTM .

[2] John G. Prokis. Dimitris G. Manolakis. Digital Signal Processing. Fourth Edition. 2007

[3] James H. McClellan. Ronald W. Schafer. Mark A. Yoder. Signal Processing First. 2003

[4] Stephen Boyd. Lieven Vandenberghe. Convex Optimization. 2004

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