DBSHEP’S

DON BOSCO COLLEGE, PANAJI- GOA

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

2021-22

INDIVIDUAL COMPONENT

NAME: Dawson Collaco

ROLL NO: 14
CLASS: TYBBA
SEMESTER: 10th

SUBJECT: Computer Networks

TOPIC: Setting up Computer Networks

SUBMISSION DATE: 4/2/2022

1) The 802.11 architecture and protocol stack
802.11 networks can be used in two modes: infrastructure mode and ad-hoc mode-
Infrastructure mode uses an AP (Access Point) that is connected to the network. Clients send
and receive packets via the AP. Several APs can be connected to form an extended network.
Ad-hoc mode is a collection of computers connected to each other so that they can send
frames to each other. There’s no AP. The 802.11 physical layer corresponds to the OSI
physical layer, but the data link layer is split into multiple sublayers.

In 802.11 the MAC sublayer determines which channel gets to transmit next. The sublayer
above, the LLC (Logical Link Layer), hides the differences between the varying 802.11
versions for the network layer.

2) There are three different classes of frames used in the air:

 Data
 Control
 Management

Protocol Version: set to 00 for current versions of 802.11.

Type: can be one of data, control, or management, and the Subtype (e.g RTS or CTS). These
are set to 10 and 0000 in binary for a normal data field.

To DS and From DS: these bits indicate whether frames are coming or going from a network
connected to the AP (the network is called the distribution system).

More Fragments: this bit means that more fragments will follow.

Retry: this bit “marks a retransmission of a frame sent earlier”.

Power Management: this bit indicates that the sender is going into power-save mode.

More Data: this bit indicates that the sender has additional frames for the receiver.

Protected Frame: this bit indicates that the frame body has been encrypted for security.

Order: this “bit tells the receiver that the higher layer expects the sequence of frames to
arrive strictly in order”.

3) Advantages:-

Convenience

Wireless networks allows multiple users to connect through the same network. In a fraction
of seconds without any configurations, connections can be made through the router or a
hotspot technology. This ease of use and convenience is not present in the wired networks.
In a wired network, it takes more time to configure and allow access to multiple users.
Mobility

As long as you are in the range of a Wifi Access Point, with Wifi you can carry out your
regular works from anywhere you want especially with the mobile devices. You don't have
to always sit right in front of the computer to get internet access. Such works include, bank
transactions, email sending and checking work reports.

Productivity

Regardless of their location, staffs of a company can accomplish their assigned tasks with a
Wifi network. Users who connect to a Wifi network can experience different ranges of speed
as they move from one location to another. And also there are least chances of experiencing
technical glitches with the Wireless LAN. As a result staffs can be more engaged and be able
to deliver their timely targets and works, enhancing the overall productivity of the company.

Cost

Compared to a Wired network connection, Wireless networks offer significant advantages in

terms of cost and labour. Especially when installing a new Wifi network, you can cut down
the expenses in wiring and maintenance. Out of these the bigger expense comes under the
wiring part. Since very less number of wires are used here, it can save bigger amount in
companies overall budget.

Disadvantages:-

Security

Even though many encryption techniques are taken by the wireless networks, still the Wifi is
vulnerable to hacking. Due to its wireless nature it has high chances of being hacked
especially the Public Wifi networks. Since the Public Wifi networks are open for anyone,
hackers can impose their fake networking ID. Without consent users may connect to this
fake ID and fall into the category of cyber attack victims.

Range

Range offered by a Wifi network is limited, typically around 100-150 feet. While it is
sufficient for a normal home, it can actually be a problem for building structures. The
strength of a Wifi network will be reducing as you move away from the access point. Since
the building are multi-storeyed, the strength of the Wifi network can be varying at different
floors. This cloud weaken the company's workflow. The only way to overcome this is by
purchasing additional access points.
 Bandwidth

Many routers only allows 30 maximum devices to be connected. The bandwidth of the Wifi
network gets weaker as you add more devices. It is solely reserved for a single user. Most
often when the bandwidth gets limited users can experience slow speeds.

Speed

The speed of a Wifi connections are far slower than a wired connection (around 1-54 Mbps).
That is too just one device connected to the dedicated servers. This may look fine as long as
there are few devices connected to the network. The moment when there are more devices
connected, you could experience a drastic reduction in speed.

4) Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)

This method was developed to decrease the chances of collisions when two or more stations
start sending their signals over the datalink layer. Carrier Sense multiple access requires that
each station first check the state of the medium before sending.

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) –

The basic idea behind CSMA/CA is that the station should be able to receive while
transmitting to detect a collision from different stations. In wired networks, if a collision has
occurred then the energy of received signal almost doubles and the station can sense the
possibility of collision. In case of wireless networks, most of the energy is used for
transmission and the energy of received signal increases by only 5-10% if a collision occurs. It
can’t be used by the station to sense collision. Therefore CSMA/CA has been specially
designed for wireless networks.

These are three types of strategies:

InterFrame Space (IFS) – When a station finds the channel busy, it waits for a period of time
called IFS time. IFS can also be used to define the priority of a station or a frame. Higher the
IFS lower is the priority.
Contention Window – It is the amount of time divided into slots.A station which is ready to
send frames chooses random number of slots as wait time.
Acknowledgments – The positive acknowledgments and time-out timer can help guarantee a
successful transmission of the frame.

5) Setting up & configuration of Wireless LAN Connection

Step 1:
Open a web browser and enter 10.0.0.1 in the address line.
Press Tab in order to bypass the Username field and advance to the Password field.
The Enter Network Password window displays.
Enter the case-sensitive password Cisco, and press Enter.
Step 2:
The Express Setup window displays. You can use this window to configure some of the basic
parameters that are necessary to establish a wireless connection. Use the Express Setup
window on the AP 1200 in order to configure the acceptance of wireless client associations.

Step 3:
Enter the configuration parameters in the appropriate fields in the Express Setup window.

The configuration parameters include these parameters:

The host name of the AP
IP address configuration of the AP, if the address is a static IP
Default gateway
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) community string
Role in the radio network
SSID
This example configures these parameters:
IP address: 10.0.0.1
Host name: AP1200
SSID: Dawson123

Step 4:
Click Apply in order to save your settings.

Step 5:
Click Network Interfaces in the menu on the left in order to browse to the Network
Interfaces Summary page.
Select the radio interface that you want to use.
Click the Settings tab in order to browse to the Settings page for the radio interface.
Click Enable in order to enable the radio.
Leave all the other settings on the page with the default values.
Scroll down and click Apply at the bottom of the page in order to save the settings.

Step 6:
Choose Security > SSID Manager in the menu on the left.
The SSID Manager page displays.
Select the SSID that you created in Step 3 from the Current SSID List menu.
Under Authentication Settings, choose Open Authentication.
Leave all other parameters with their default values.
Click Apply at the bottom of the page.

Step 7:
Choose Security > Encryption Manager.
Click WEP Encryption under Encryption Modes, and choose Mandatory from the drop-down
menu.
Enter the encryption key for WEP in the Encryption Keys area.
The WEP encryption keys can be 40 bits or 128 bits in length.
Click Apply in order to save the settings.
Configuring the Wireless Client Adapter

Step 1:
Create a profile on the ADU for the client adapter.

The profile defines the configuration settings that the client adapter uses in order to connect
to the wireless network. You can configure a maximum of 16 different profiles on the ADU.
You can switch between the different configured profiles on the basis of your requirement.
Profiles enable you to use your client adapter in different locations, each of which requires
different configuration settings. For example, you may want to set up profiles to use your
client adapter at the office, at home, and in public areas, such as airports or hot spots.

Click the Profile Management tab on the ADU.

Click New.

Step 2:
Enter the name of the profile in the Profile Name field.
Enter the name of the client in the Client Name field.
The client name is used to identify the wireless client in the WLAN network. This
configuration uses the name Client 1 for the first client.
Under Network Names, enter the SSID that is to be used for this Profile.
The SSID is the same as the SSID that you configured in the AP.

Step 3:
Click the Security tab at the top of the window.
Click Pre-Shared Key (Static WEP) under Set Security Options.
Click Configure.
The Define Pre-Shared Keys window appears.
Click one of buttons in the Key Entry area in order to choose a key entry type.
Under Encryption Keys, enter the WEP key that is to be used for encryption of the data
packets.

Step 4:
Click OK in order to save the WEP key.

Step 5:
Complete these steps in order to set the authentication method to Open:
Click the Advanced tab at the top of the Profile Management window.
Be sure that Open is selected under 802.11 Authentication Mode.
Leave all the other settings with the default values.
Click OK.

Step 6:
Click Activate in order to enable this profile.