Pamantasan ng Cabuyao

College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021

MODULE
REVIEW OF ALGEBRA AND
1 TRIGONOMETRY

INTRODUCTION

Technically a student coming into a Calculus class is supposed to know both Algebra and
Trigonometry. The reality is often much different however. Most students enter a Calculus class
woefully unprepared leading to a much worse scenario of having trouble with grasping and
absorbing the topics and failing to complete the Calculus course.
This module will be devoted to review the students about Algebra and Trigonometry which
are absolutely vital to a calculus course. This chapter is not inclusive in the algebra and
trigonometry skills that are needed to be successful in a Calculus course. It only includes those
topics that most students are particularly deficient in.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this module the students should be able to:

1. review basic arithmetic operations;

2. review the division of Algebraic Expressions;
3. review Exponential and Logarithm Equations;
4. review different operations and their inverses;
5. review how to manipulate Formulae and Solve equations;
6. review trigonometric functions, evaluation of trigonometric functions and the unit circle;
7. recall and practice how to solve trigonometric equations;
8. work on problem whose answers were always the “standard” angles; and
9. work on problem whose answers were not “standard” angles and calculator is needed.

1.1] ALGEBRA

1.1.1. Definition

Algebra is one of the broad parts of mathematics, together with number theory, geometry and
analysis. In its most general form, algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for
manipulating these symbols; it is a unifying thread of almost all of mathematics. [Wikipedia]

PRE-CHECK 1

Solve the following equations for the unknown x

1
1. (𝑥 − 3) + 𝑥 = 17 + 3(4 − 𝑥)
2
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College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021

5 2
2. =
𝑥 𝑥−3

𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1 𝑥+1
3. =
𝑥+1 𝑥 2 −3𝑥

𝑥 2 −1 𝑥+5
4. =
𝑥+1 8

1 1
5. Determine 𝑥 4 + if x = 2 - 1
𝑥4 2− 1
2− 1
2−2−⋯

6. 4𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 3 = 0

7. log4(x2−2x)=log4(5x−12)

8. log(6x)−log(4−x)=log(3)

9. log3(25−x2)=2

−4
𝑧 12 𝑦 −1 𝑥 −3
10. Simplify: 4 ( )
𝑧 9 𝑦 4 𝑥 −8

ANSWERS IN PRE-CHECK 1

1. 61/9 2. 5 3. (3 + √13)/2 4. 13/7 5. 1

4𝑦 20⁄
6. -3, 1/4 7. 3, 4 8. 4/3 9. + 4 10.
1.1.1. Definition 𝑥 20 𝑧 12

1.1.2. The Basic Arithmetic Operations: PMDAS or BODMAS

PEMDAS is an acronym for the words parenthesis, exponents, multiplication, division, addition,
subtraction. Given two or more operations in a single expression, the order of the letters in
PEMDAS tells you what to calculate first, second, third and so on, until the calculation is complete
(study.com). This operation is very important in solving algebraic expressions. Let's consider the
examples below.

Example: Evaluate these expressions.

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College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021

1.1.3. Indices (Powers)

What is an exponent?

The base a raised to the power of n is equal to the multiplication of a, n times:

a n = a × a × ... × a where a is the base and n is the exponent.

Example:

31 = 3

32 = 3 × 3 = 9

33 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27

34 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81

35 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 243

Below is the list of the rules of exponent.

a0 = 1 𝑎𝑛
= an-m
𝑎𝑚
1 1
a-n = 𝑎𝑛 and = an (an)m = amn
𝑎−𝑛

𝑚
a1/2 = √𝑎 and a1/m = √𝑎 (ab)m = ambm

an ・am = am+n a 𝑎𝑚
( 𝑏 )m = 𝑏𝑚
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College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
Example:

15𝑥(𝑦𝑧 2 )3
a. Simplify
3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 𝑧 8

15𝑥(𝑦𝑧 2 )3 15𝑦
Solution: = 5𝑥 1−4 𝑦 3−2 𝑧 2(3)−8 = 5𝑥 −3 𝑦 1 𝑧 −2 =
3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 𝑧 8 𝑥 3𝑧 2

b. Expand (3x2 + 7y2)(5x2 – 6y2)

Solution:

To solve this equation, we will have to use the FOIL (First-Outer-Inner-Last) Method and apply
the rules of exponent.

First: (3x2 + 7y2)(5x2 – 6y2) : (3x2)(5x2) = 15x2+2 = 15x4

Outer: (3x2 + 7y2)(5x2 – 6y2) : (3x2)(-6y2) = - 18x2y2

Inner: (3x2 + 7y2)(5x2 – 6y2) : (7y2)(5x2) = 35x2y2

Last: (3x2 + 7y2)(5x2 – 6y2) : (7y2)(-6y2) = - 42y2+2 = - 42y4

Therefore, the answer to this problem is 15x4 - 18x2y2 + 35x2y2 - 42y4 or 15x4 + 17x2y2 - 42y4.

c. Expand (x + 4y2)3

Solution:

To solve this equation, we will have to use the Pascal’s triangle. Pascal's triangle is a triangular
array constructed by summing adjacent elements in preceding rows. Pascal's triangle contains
the values of the binomial coefficient. It is named after the 17th century French mathematician,
Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662).

Since the exponent of the given equation is 3, we will use the pattern the fourth row and simplify
the expression.

(x + 4y2)3 = 1 (x)3(4y2)0 + 3 (x)2(4y2)1 + 3 (x)1(4y2)2 + 1 (x)0(4y2)3

= x3 + 12x2y2 + 48xy4 + 64
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1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
1.1.4. Common Mistakes

In solving algebraic expressions, there are times when students tend to commit careless
mistakes or has confused idea on the rules of algebra. Below is the illustration of some common
mistakes and the correct rule that should be applied.

1.1.5. Division of Algebraic Expressions

Providing the denominator (i.e. the bottom bit) of a division contains no +’s or −’s, the division
itself is usually straightforward to carry out.

Example:

𝟒𝒂𝟑 −𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟐 + 𝟔𝒂
a.
𝟐𝒂
Solution:
𝟒𝒂𝟑 −𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟐 + 𝟔𝒂 𝟒𝒂𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟐 𝟔𝒂
= − + = 𝟐𝒂𝟑−𝟏 − 𝟓𝒂𝟐−𝟏 + 𝟔𝒂𝟏−𝟏 = 𝟐𝒂𝟐 − 𝟓𝒂 + 𝟔
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂

𝟖𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟑 −𝟖𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝟔𝒙
b.
𝟐𝒙

Solution:
𝟖𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟑 −𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙 𝟖𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟑 𝟖𝒙𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝒙
= − + = 𝟒𝒙𝟒−𝟏 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐−𝟏 + 𝟖𝒙𝟏−𝟏 = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟖
𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙

1.1.6. Exponential Functions and Logarithms

An exponent is another name for a power or index. Exponents can be used to create
exponential functions:

y = ax ( a > 0 : a ≠ 0 , 1) .
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
In this context, a is called the base of the exponential function. Commonly used bases are 10
and the exponential constant e ≈ 2.71828:

y = 10x y = ex

The function with the exponential constant e as its base is so important in mathematics, science
and engineering that it is referred to as the exponential function, all others being subordinate.

Related to exponential functions are logarithms. If we express a number N as a power of a,

i.e. N = ax then the power is defined to be the (base a ) logarithm of N :

x = logaN ( log of N to the base a )

Note that because of the importance of the exponential constant, logarithms to base e are given
the special name of natural logarithms and denoted by ln ( ) .

Because logs are by definition indices, we can use the rules for combining indices to determine
the so-called laws of logarithms:

Example:

𝑥 3𝑦4
a. Expand 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )
𝑧2
Solution:
𝑥 3𝑦4
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑥 3 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑦 4 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑧 2 )
𝑧2
= 3𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 + 4𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑦 − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑧

b. Write 4ln ( x ) + 6ln ( y + z ) − 3ln ( y ) as a single logarithm

Solution:
4ln(x) + 6ln(y + z) − 3ln(y) = ln (x)4 + ln (y + z)6 − ln(y)3
𝑥 4 (𝑦+𝑧)6
= ln ( )
𝑦3
Since the natural logarithm (ln) is also equal to logarithm to the base 10, the answer
is also equal to
𝑥 4 (𝑦+𝑧)6
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )
𝑦3
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College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
1.1.7. Operations and their Inverses

Listed below are the common operations use in solving algebraic expressions as well as their
inverses.

1.1.8. Manipulating Formulae and Solving Equations

In manipulating formula, one will need to use the above operations and their inverses. As a review,
let us consider the examples below.

Example:

a. For the equation y = 2e x, solve for x.

Solution:
The equation involves an exponential function so to solve for x, we need to use its inverse
which is the logarithmic function. But before that, let us divide both sides by 2 first
y = 2ex
𝑦
= ex
2
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
Then apply the logarithmic function
𝑦
ln ( ) = ln (ex)
2
𝑦
ln ( ) = x
2
𝑦
We now have the answer x = ln ( ).
2
b. Determine t when 100.5t = 8
Solution:
Applying the rules of logarithm on both sides

100.5t = 8

ln (100.5t) = ln(8)

0.5t ln (10) = ln(8)

𝑙𝑛8
0.5t =
𝑙𝑛10

𝑙𝑛8 2𝑙𝑛8
t= or t =
0.5𝑙𝑛10 𝑙𝑛10

EXERCISE 1.1:

Simplify each expression.

a. (3 x2) (5 x4)

b. (4 x y) (7 x2 y3)

c. (−3ab) (− 4a2 b) (ab2)2

d. (x + 3) (x − 4) (x + 5)

e. (2 x − 1) (x2 − 3 x + 7)

6𝜋𝑟ℎ2 +18𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
f.
3𝜋𝑟ℎ

g. 3log10x + 2log10y − 4log10z

1
h. 2log10(x+y) – 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑧
2

i. Solve for x: 52x = 125

j. Solve for x: 42x+1 = 64

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College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021

1.2] TRIGONOMETRY

1.2.1. Definition

Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships between side lengths and
angles of triangles. The field emerged in the Hellenistic world during the 3rd century BC from
applications of geometry to astronomical studies. [Wikipedia]

PRE-CHECK 2: TRIGONOMETRY

1. The angle that the line of sight to the object makes with the horizontal is above the eye of the
observer.

2. A triangle with no equal side is known as ___.

3. What is the quadrant of A, if Sec A is positive and Csc A is negative?

4. How many diagonals are there in a polygon of 20 sides?

5. It is a line that extends from one vertex of a triangle perpendicular to the opposite side.

6. If Tan A = 1/3 and Cot B = 4, then Tan (A+B) is equal to ___.

7. In a right triangle ABC with angle A equal to 90°, find angle B and C so that sin(B) = cos(B).

8. The lengths of side AB and side BC of a scalene triangle ABC are 12 cm and 8 cm
respectively. The size of angle C is 59°. Find the length of side AC.

9. From the top of a 200 meters high building, the angle of depression to the bottom of a second
building is 20 degrees. From the same point, the angle of elevation to the top of the second
building is 10 degrees. Calculate the height of the second building.

10. The area of a right triangle is 50. One of its angles is 45°. Find the lengths of the sides and
hypotenuse of the triangle.

ANSWERS IN PRE-CHECK 2

1. angle of elevation 2. scalene 3. IV 4. 170 5. altitude

6. 7/11 7. 45o 8. 14.0 9. 2.969 10. 10√2

1.2.2. Angle, Measurements & Conversions

1 revolution = 360 degrees

1 revolution = 2π radians

1 revolution = 400 grads

 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
1 revolution = 6400 mils

2 revolution = 6400 gons

Examples:

a. The radius of a circle is r = 10 cm. Find the length of an arc that subtends an angle
of 1.4 radians at the center of the circle.

Solution:

To find the length of an arc, we will use the

formula s = r𝜃. Let us now substitute all the
given variables:
s = r𝜃
s = 10 (1.4)
s = 14 rads

b. A cyclist is moving along a circular path of

radius 18m. How much distance does he travel
if he makes a total of 4 revolutions?

Solution:

Again, since we were asked to find the ‘distance’ traveled by making total of 4 revolutions,
we will use the formula s = r𝜃. Take note that 4 revolutions is equal to 4(2𝜋) = 8𝜋 radians. Let
us now substitute all the given variables:
s = r𝜃
s = 18 (8𝜋)
s = 144𝜋 rads

1.2.3. The Unit Circle

The "Unit Circle" is a circle with a radius of 1. Being so

simple, it is a great way to learn and talk about lengths
and angles. The center is put on a graph where the x
axis and y axis cross, so we get this neat arrangement
here.
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College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
1.2.4. Sine, Cosine and Tangent

Because the radius is 1, we can directly measure sine,

cosine and tangent using this unit circle.

 What happens when the angle, θ, is 0°?

Answer: cos 0° = 1, sin 0° = 0 and tan 0° = 0

 What happens when θ is 90°?

Answer: cos 90° = 0, sin 90° = 1 and tan 90° is

undefined

1.2.5. Relations between two angles (A & B)

Given two angles A and B, we have the following relations
between them:

Complementary angles → A + B = 90°

Supplementary angles → A + B = 180°
Explementary angles → A + B = 360°

Example:

a. One angle is 20deg less than thrice its supplement. What are the angles?

Solution:

Let us assume the variable x as the ‘angle’, thus its supplement is equal to 180-x. We
can now transform the above statement into an equation.
x = 3(180o-x) – 20o
x = 540o – 3x – 20o
x = 520o – 3x
4x = 520o
x = 130o
Therefore, the angle that we are looking for is equal to 130o.

b. The measure of two complementary angles are (2x - 7)° and (x + 4)°. Find the value of x.
Solution:
According to the problem, (2x - 7)° and (x + 4)°, are complementary angles’ so we get;

(2x - 7)° + (x + 4)° = 90°

2x - 7° + x + 4° = 90°
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
2x + x - 7° + 4° = 90°

3x - 3° = 90°

3x - 3° + 3° = 90° + 3°or, 3x = 93°

x = 93°/3°

x = 31°

Therefore, the value of x = 31°.

1.2.6. Trigonometric identities

In proving trigonometric identities, we can choose to simplify only one side or both sides as long
as in the end, both identities will prove to be equal.

Example:

a. Prove that (1 - sin A)/(1 + sin A) = (sec A - tan A)2

Solution:
1 − sin A
= (sec A - tan A)2
1 + sin A

Multiplying both numerator and denominator with its conjugate,

(1 − sin A)(1− sin A)
= (sec A - tan A)2
(1 + sin A)(1− sin A)
(1 − 2sin A+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 A)
= (sec A - tan A)2
1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 A
and since we know that 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 A = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 A,

(1 − 2sin A+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 A)
= (sec A - tan A)2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 A

1 2sinA 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 A
− 2 + = (sec A - tan A)2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 A 𝑐𝑜𝑠 A 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 A

1 1 sinA sinA 2
−2( )( )+( ) = (sec A - tan A)2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 A 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 A – 2secAtanA + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 A = (sec A - tan A)2

(sec A - tan A)2 = (sec A - tan A)2

 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
b. Prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
Solution:
We will start with the right-hand side. We will re-write everything in terms of sin x and
cos x and simplify. We will again run into the Pythagorean identity, sin2x + cos2x = 1.
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
1
( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
+
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
( )
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = ( )( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥

1.2.7. Solutions to Oblique Triangles

SINE LAW: COSINE LAW:

1.2.8. Areas of Triangles

A. Given the base and height: Area = ½ bh
B. Given two sides and included angle: Area = ½ absinɵ
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
C. Given three sides: Area = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) where s =
2
𝑎𝑏𝑐
D. Triangle inscribed in a circle: Area =
4𝑟
E. Triangle circumscribing a circle: Area = rs
F. Triangle escribed in a circle: Area = r(s-a)

Example:

1. Determine the height h, of the drawing below:

 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
Solution:

First, let us find the angle ABC. Since the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is equal to
180o,

ABC = 180o – (72o18’ + 60o32’) = 47o10’

By Sine Law,

𝑐 500
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛60° 32′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛47° 10′

c = 593.62m

To find the height h, we just only need to use the sine function in the triangle BHA,

h = 593.62m (sin62° 5’)

h = 524.54m

2. Calculate the radius of the circle circumscribed in a triangle, where A = 45 °, B = 72 ° and a

= 20m.

Solution:

𝑎
= 2𝑅
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
20
R= = 14.14m
2sin45°

EXERCISES 1.2:

1. POQ is a straight line and OS stands on PQ. Find the value of x and the measure of
∠ POS, ∠ SOR and ∠ ROQ.
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
2. Prove that tan2x = csc2xtan2x – 1.
cosx
3. Prove that secx + tanx =
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+3 3+sinx

4. Prove that =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

5. The radius of a circle measures 25 m. Calculate the angle between the tangents to the circle,
drawn at the ends of a chord with a length of 36 m.

SUMMARY OF TOPIC/SECTION

1. Algebra is one of the broad parts of mathematics, together with number theory, geometry and
analysis.

2. PEMDAS is an acronym for the words parenthesis, exponents, multiplication, division, addition,
subtraction.

3. Exponent is the base 'a' raised to the power of n which is equal to the multiplication of a, n
times: an = a × a × ... × a where a is the base and n is the exponent. There are rules of
exponent that need to be considered when solving algebraic expressions.

4. Pascal's triangle is a triangular array constructed by summing adjacent elements in preceding

rows. It is used in expanding binomial raised to 'n' power.

5. An exponent is another name for a power or index. Exponents can be used to create
exponential functions y = ax (a > 0: a ≠ 0, 1). Commonly used bases are 10 and the exponential
constant e ≈ 2.71828: y = 10x, y = ex.

6. Related to exponential functions are logarithms. If we express a number N as a power of a, i.e.

N = ax then the power is defined to be the (base a) logarithm of N: x = logaN ( log of N to the base
a ). There are rules in logarithm that needs to be remembered.

7. Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships between side lengths and
angles of triangles.

8. The "Unit Circle" is a circle with a radius of 1. Being so simple, it is a great way to learn and
talk about lengths and angles.
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER SY 2020-2021
9. Given two angles A and B, we have the following relations between them, namely:
complementary (sum is 90o), supplementary (sum is 180o) and exemplementary (sum is 360o).

10. In proving trigonometric identities, we can choose to simplify only one side or both sides as
long as in the end, both identities will prove to be equal. Different trigonometric identities must be
considered in proving identities.

REFERENCES

1] Complementary and Supplementary Angles: Complementary Angles: Supplementary Angle.

(n.d.). Retrieved June 5, 2020, from https://www.math-only-math.com/complementary-and-
supplementary-angles.html

2] Oblique Triangle Word Problems. (2019, June 26). Retrieved June 5, 2020, from
https://www.superprof.co.uk/resources/academic/maths/trigonometry/oblique-triangle-word-
problems.html#chapter_solution-of-exercise-4

3] Degkuti, M. (2009). PDF.

4] Calculus 1. (2007). Retrieved June 5, 2020, from http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx

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