Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles �

4. Conjugate angles are two angles which One whole

a + b + c + d + 51° = 360°
add up to 360° .
39 + b + 92° + 51° + 141° = turn angle
°
360 °
For example, 140° and 220° are conjugate
323° + b = 360°
angles. 140° is conjugate of 220° or vice b= 360° - 323°
versa. = 37 °
5. Two angles at a point are conjugate ········"•'''' ., ..,, .. , ........... ....... .
angles. ,-";
T? '1���1.i�11- �� i11_ 1:<:�r.�3.ti�! .�r.3.����� -�.-1

a+ b = 360'
�
Angle a and angle b are supplementary angles.
If the difference between angles a and bis 64° ,
.............................. ............... ........................
Tr v
questions 10 and 11 in Formative Practice 8.1
calculate the possible values of angle a and
. .. ........ .. .. ............. ··-··· .......... ....... .................................................... .
.,

angle b.
8.1.5 Solve problems Involving Solution:
complementary angles, If a> b
supplementary angles and
conjugate angles a+ b = 180° CD+--{ Supplementary angles)
a - b = 64° @

CD + @: 2a = 244° - Variable b can be

eliminated by adding
244 0
G) and Q).
a= = 1220 '--------_,
2
Substitute a = 122° into CD
122° + b = 180 °
b = 180° - 122°
= 58 °
In the diagram above, the angles a and 51°
are complementary angles. Given a and d Then, a= 122° and b = 58° .
are supplementary angles and the conjugate
angle of c is 268° . Calculate the angles of a, b, If a< b,
c and d. then, a = 58 ° and b = 122° .
Solution:
n + 51° = 90° "' ( Complementary angles]
a= 90° - 51°
= 39°
8.1.6 Geometrical constructions
a + d = 180 °
•c-------<( Supplementary angles J
Geometrical constructions are precise drawings
a= 39°
of geometrical figures by using geometry set
such as a pair of compasses and a ruler or
39° + d = 180° geometry software.
d = 180° - 39° (i) Constructing line segments
= 141°

c + 268 ° = 360° c ( Conjugate angles J Construct a line segment MN with a length

C = 360 - 268
° °

= 92° of 6 cm using only a ruler and a pair of

compasses.

1031►
 Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles �

O Draw a line that joins R to the point of 8.1.7 Construct angles and angle
intersection constructed in Step E). bisectors

1. By using the concept of angle properties in

an equilateral triangle, angle of 60° can be
constructed using only a pair of compasses
0 and a ruler.
Q
2. Some of the angles can be constructed
using only a pair of compasses and a ruler,
p� starting from the construction of 60° , 90°
. .... , ...... . and the construction of angle bisectors .
?.°" ............ _TrJ_<J_�est.i�n...��. .i.n._J:1��-111a_t��-�--�-ac_ti_��--8'.�,,,,

Alternat;ue Method
Starting from line QR, construct a line PQ such
A set square and a ruler can also be used to that LPQR = 60° .
construct parallel lines. Q-------R

Solution:
O Draw a long arc from Q intersecting QR.
Mark the point of intersection as A.
p

Steps of the construction using a set square

and a ruler:
O Adjust one of the 8 Adjust the ruler on
sides of the set other side of the set
square on line PQ. square.

E) Without moving the ruler, slide the set square

along the side of the ruler so that the side of the
set square is parallel to PQ and passes through f) Keeping the same distance on the
R. Then, draw a line passing through R. compasses, construct an arc from A
intersecting the arc constructed in Step 0-
Mark the point of intersection as P.

In the
construction of I
I
parallel lines I
I

using a pair of .
I
I

compasses and

'P �'o
a ruler, we are
actually drawing
E) Draw a line segment that joins point Q to
a parallelogram.
PQRS is a parallelogram. In Chapter 9, students
point P.
will learn about parallelograms in detail.

1071►
 � Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles

f) Keeping the same distance on the

er ft compasses, construct an arc from A
intersecting the long arc constructed in
Step 0- Mark the point of intersection as B.

!.a Thus, LPQR is 60 ° .

. . .. ,,. ,.,,,.,, ,. , ...... . . .. . ..... .,. E) Keeping the same distance on the
<"'�. ...... __ _Try question 21 in Formative Practi��---8.1 compasses, construct an arc from B
intersecting the long arc constructed in
Step 0- Mark the point of intersection as P.
Common mistake 1

In the construction of LPQR = 60° , we are

actually constructing an equilateral triangle.
Q A R

O Draw a line segment that joins point Q to

point P.
A R

PQA is an equilateral triangle.

Starting from line QR, construct a line PQ such Q A R

that LPQR = 120° .
Thus, LPQR is 120° .
Q R

Solution:
O Draw a long arc from Q intersecting QR.
e
Mark the point of intersection as A.

. ........ . ........ .......... ...................... .............. ..........

?- ........ Try_q�esti°.r1__ 2_ 1 __ i_n_F'<>�_ 111at_iv_e_tracti_ce 8._ I_....... .
A R

◄1108
 Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles �

E) Draw a line that joins point O to point M.

In the construction of LPQR = 120° , we are

l
actually drawing two angles of 60° adjacently.

Thus, LPOM and LMOQ are equal.

Construct the angle bisector of LPOQ.

vilJlljil!!)
In the construction of angle bisector of
Solution: LPOQ, we are actually drawing a symmetrical
line of a kite.
O Draw a long arc from O · intersecting
the two arms of the angle, OP and OQ.
Mark the intersection points as A and B
respectively.

p
OAMB is a kite. In Chapter 9, students will learn
about kites in detail.

8 With the same distance on the compasses, Some angles that can be constructed using only
construct two arcs from A and B respectively a pair of compasses and a ruler are:
so that the two arcs intersect. Mark the
point of intersection as M. Angle of 30° :
I
I
I
I
I

1091►
 � Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles

f) Construct an angle bisector of the

.,
'Tl Angle of 90° :
0 second angle of 60° to get an angle of 90°
(60° + 30°).
8 Construct an angle bisector of 30° to get an
1 angle of 75 ° (60° + 15 °).

Angle of 150° :

The construction of perpendicular line can be p

used to construct an angle of go 0 • For example,
we can construct point R so that LRPQ = go0
by extending line PQ followed by constructing .......................................... ............ .................................................... ········ .............. ..
a perpendicular line to PQ at point P. uestion 21 in Forrnativ_e, Practice 8.1
. .. _ _Try q

p Q p Q 1 Alternat;ve Method

O Construct an angle of 120° by constructing

two angles of 60° adjacently.
� 8 Construct an angle bisector of 60° at
� the end of 120° to get an angle of 150°
(120° + 30° ).
8 Construct an angle bisector of 150° to get
an angle of 75° .

Construct an angle of 75° at point P using only

a pair of compasses and a ruler.

Solution:
O Construct two angles of 60 ° adjacently. The
angle constructed is 120°. p

◄1110
 Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Ang
' /es �

E) Perform the construction of triangle ABC.

��J;®
Other methods to construct the angle of 75 is:°
(i)
A------8
...
5cm
(i) Construct an angle of 45° by bisecting an angle
of 90° equally followed by the construction of
an angle of 30° by bisecting an angle of 60 ° . (ii)

A 5cm B

p (iii)

/2K
°
(ii) Construct an angle of 15 by bisecting an
angle of 60 ° twice followed by the construction
of an angle of 60 ° .
A 5cm 8

(iv)

3
p

A 5cm 8

By using only a pair of compasses and a ruler,

construct a triangle ABC with AB = 5 cm,
LABC = 60° and LCAB = 30°.
·· ·---
• ''JIJJIJ1,,
Solution:
0 Sketch a triangle ABC. By using only a pair of compasses and a ruler,
construct a triangle ABC with AC = 5 cm,
AB= 9 cm and LCAB = 105 ° .
Solution:
A�B
5cm
O Sketch a triangle ABC.
C
f) Plan the steps:
(i) Construct a line segment AB with a
length of 5 cm.
(ii) Construct an angle of 30° at A by
constructing an angle of 60° followed B
by an angle bisector of 60°.
(iii) Construct an angle of 60° at B. f) Plan the steps:
(iv) Extend the arms of angle at A and B (i) Construct a line segment AB with a
and mark the point of intersection length of 9 cm.
as C. (ii) Construct an angle of 105° at A by
constructing an angle of 60° followed

1111►
 � Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles

.,.,, I
by constructing an angle bisector of f) Plan the steps:
0 .;, 90° . (i) Construct a line segment AB with a
(iii) Construct a line segment AC with a length of 8 cm.
length of 5 cm. (ii) Construct an angle of 60° at A.
(iv) Construct a line segment that joins C (iii) Construct a line segment AD with a
� to B to complete the triangle ABC. length of 5 cm.
(iv) Construct an arc with distance of 8
E) Perform the construction of triangle ABC. cm from D and 5 cm from B to get an
intersection point C.
(i)
(v) Construct a line segments that join
A----------a point C to point B and D respectively
9cm
to complete the parallelogram ABCD.

(ii) E) Perform the construction of parallelogram

ABCD.
(i)
A------a
8cm

(ii)

(iii) & (iv)

60'
A 8 cm B

(iii)

9cm B
60'

. ............................ A 8cm B

,.?; ......... T/'>.'_qu��·ti°.ns_.�2.12�.J... 23__ i'.z ..f.�r.':11��i_".�.. 1'r.��ti��--�:.1_.. .

(iv)

By using only a pair of compasses and a

ruler, construct a parallelogram ABCD with
AB= 8 cm, AD= 5 cm and LDAB = 60° . A 8cm B

1
Solution: (v)
0 Sketch a parallelogram ABCD.

'i
• C
A
60'
•
8cm
I B
5�
A
60'
8cm B

◄1112
 Mathematics PT3 Chapter B Lines and Angles �

----
.,:Formative Practice 8.1)
...s
-=.J�;_.JJJ J)J �

K ......--------..,N 1. Determine whether line segments PO and RS

in each of the following are congruent.
M
(a)
p�
Q
l
R

The diagram apove shows a quadrilateral �s

KLMN. Using the lines LM and MN provided
below, construct the diagram using only a ruler
and a pair of compasses. ( )
b
P�Q
N R

M
�s

(c)
L
p

�Q
S
Solution:
R�
Plan the steps:
(i) Construct an angle of 60° at L.
(ii) With the same distance from N, construct 2. Determine whether LPQR and LABC in each
two arcs from N intersecting the line of the following are congruent.

J
constructed in (i). Label the intersections (a)

l
as A and B.
(iii) With the same distance from A and B,
,R
construct an arc from A and B respectively
p / ·1
JJ

so that both arcs intersect.

A
Q C
(iv) Construct a perpendicular line that
passes through point N and intersects the
intersection point constructed in (iii). Label ( )
b
A
it as point K to complete the quadrilateral. p

�R

C
M (c)
R

L
p QI
�265°

1131►
 � Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles

d' 3. Estimate the length of each of the following line

segments. Explain the methods used to make
7. State whether each of the following angles is
an angle on a straight line, reflex angle or one
the estimation. whole turn angle.
( a) ( a)
1 A�
B

(b)
(c )
�
-
_j___--- -70 0
p
8. In each of the following diagrams, mark and
label an angle on a straight line, reflex angle
4. Measure the length of each of the following line and one whole turn angle.
segments. (a)
( a) �

"/
---
A\ -- __,
-
B

(b)
(b)

Q
p

5. Estimate the size of each of the following

angles. Explain the methods used to make the 9. Calculate the value of x in each the following
estimation. diagrams.
( a) (b) (a)

(b)

r
(c )

10. Explain whether each of the following statements

6. By using a protractor, measure the size of each
is true or false.
of the following angles. ° °
(a) 124 is a supplementary angle of 56 .
(a) (b) ° °
(b) 80 is a complementary angle of 10 .
° °
(c) 290 and 80 are conjugate angles.
/ d
( ) If angle A is the conjugate angle of angle
8, then A = 360 ° - 8.
(e) The sum of an ob tuse angle and an acute
angle will result in a reflex angle.
(c ) (f) The sum of two conjugate angles is one
whole turn angle.

◄1114
 Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles �

11. Determine whether each of the following pairs

of angles are complementary, supplementary
19. For each of the following, copy and construct
a line that is perpendicular to the line segment 2
or conjugate angles. PQ and passing through point N.
(a) 72 ° and 18 ° (a)
(b) 35° and 325°
(c) 46 ° and 44 ° p Q
1
(d) 86 ° and 94 ° • N
°
12. In the diagram below, angle p and 49 are
complementary angles. Given angles p and q (b)
are suppleme�tary angles and the conjugate Q
angle of r is 280° . Calculate the angles of p, N
p
q, rand s. ·
20. For each of the following, copy and construct
a line that is parallel to line segment PQ and
passing through point N.
(a)

p Q

(b)
13. Angles p and q are complementary angles. If
. the difference between those angles is 58 ° ,
calculate the size of angles p and q.

14. If angles p and q are supplementary angles

and the difference between those angles is 46 ° ,
calculate the size of angles p and q.
Q
15. Angles p and q are congruent angles and also
supplementary angles. State the size of angles 21. By using only a pair of compasses and a ruler,
p and q. construct each of the following angles. Explain
briefly the steps used to construct the angles.
16. Angles p and q are conjugate angles and angle (a) 90 ° (b) 45 °
of q is thrice of p. Calculate the size of angles (c) 105 °

p and q.
22.
17. Construct each of the following line segments. �s
(a) AB= 5 cm
(b) 5.8 cm 15 °
p�
(c) 6.9 cm
(d) 7.4 cm
Q R
18. Copy and construct the perpendicular bisector
of each of the following line segments. The diagram above shows a quadrilateral
(a) PQRS with PS = 6 cm and QS = 4 cm.
(a) Starting from the given line PQ, copy and
P-+--------------Q
construct
(i) triangle PQS,
(ii) quadrilateral PQRS.
(b)

----
--
-18
•-
A
Q

1151►
 � Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles

(b) Based on the construction in (a), measure

3. If the two intersecting lines are
(i) LSQP, perpendicular, then all the angles at
(ii) the distance between P and Q. intersecting lines are 90° .

,6
1
23.

p Q R

In the diagram above, PQR is a straight line.

(a) Starting from the given diagram, copy and
construct
(i) triangle QRS,
(ii) quadrilateral PQST.

Based on the diagram above, identify and state

the pair(s) of
(a) vertically opposite angles,
(b) adjacent angles at the intersecting lines.
p Q R
Solution:
(a) a and bare vertically opposite angles.
(b) Based on the construction in (a), measure
(i) LTPQ, (b) a and c, band c are adjacent angles at the
(ii) the distance between T and R. intersecting lines.
··················•···•"'' ' . · ··········· ...···························································""''''''''"'"'''"'' ''
?'f .... .. T�Y . '!u.��"'.i()ns_�--�n�� __ i�1-�<>r��tive._ ����-tice_ 8..'.�... . .

Angles related to Intersecting 8.2.2 Determine the values of angles

related to Intersecting lines
Lines
8.2.1 Vertically opposite angles and
adjacent angles at Intersecting
lines
p
s
l. Opposite angles at intersecting lines are
known as vertically opposite angles. The
vertically opposite angles are equal.
R
2. The sum of adjacent angles at intersecting Q
lines is 180° .
In the diagram above, POQ and ROS are straight
X=Z lines. Find the value of y.
w=y
Solution:
y W+ X= 180°
z y = 82° + 30° y and LPOS are vertically
X + y = 180
X °
w = 112 ° opposite angles.
y + z = 180 °

w + z = 180°

◄I 116
 Mathematic• PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles �

-------- --·-----
:-2.,-!:.Lill.� - ·2.uu.t.�

·1
p T

Q
s
R
E F
In the diagram above, ABC and DBE are straight In the diagram above, POS, QOT and ROU are
lines. Calculate the value of x and of y. straight lines. Find the value of x.
Solution: x and LDBC are vertically Solution:
x = 660 �------1 opposite angles. LUOT and LQOR are
LUOT=x-------l vertically opposite angles.
°
Cy+ 32 ) + 66° = 180° _______
° Thus, 4x + x + 45° = 180°
y+ 32 ° = 180 - 66° 7
= 114 ° LCBD and LEBC 5x + 45
°
= 180°
0 are adjacent angles
y = 114 _ 32 0 °
at intersecting lines. 5x = 180° - 45
= 82°
= 135°
1 50
X = � = 270

8.2.3 Solve problems Involving angles

related to Intersecting lines

.,/Formative Practice 8.:1)

1. For each of the following pairs of intersecting
lines, identify and state
(i) the vertically opposite angles,
(ii) the adjacent angles at intersecting lines.

Q
(a) (b)
In the diagram above, POR and TOQ are straight
lines. Find the value of x and of y.
Solution:
(x + 37° ) + 86° = 18O° -----
X + 37° = 180 ° - 86° I
LTOR and LQOR
= 94°
° °
are adjacent angles
X = 94 - 37 at intersecting lines.
°
= 57

y+ 15 °
= 86° -----! L TOP and LQOR are
vertically opposite angles.
y= 86° - 15 °
= 71°

1171►
 � Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles

.,, 2. For each of the following pairs of intersecting 6

.,
0 lines, mark
(i ) angle m if m and y are vertically opposite , '\ u
P�
Y __
angles. ,

1
0 44 °
(ii) angle n if n and y are adjacent angles at
intersecting lines.
"-.R
Q

In the diagram above, POR and TOO are

straight lines. OU is the angle bisector of
LPOT. LSOR and LROO are complementary
angles. Find the value of x and of y.

3. Find the value of x and of y in each of the

Angles related to Parallel
following diagrams. Lines and Transversals
(a) ( b)
/

-:;L
8.3.1 Parallel lines and transversals

1. Parallel lines are the straight lines that

will never meet even when they are
4. In each of the following diagrams, PO, RS and extended.
TU are straight lines. Find the value of x and
of y. 2. Parallel lines can be denoted using arrow

>'
(a) heads.

�! PQ and RS are
84-r,-a p --- two parallel lines.
R -
u
(b)

3. A transversal is a line which intersects two

or more straight lines.

5. AB is a
P
transversal.
�� ".· · Yx �s
20• 0 53:

/gs• "-..._R

In the diagram above, POR and TOO are

straight lines. Find the value of x and of y.

◄1118
 Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles �

8.3.2 Corresponding angles, alternate Solution:

angles and interior angles T
■
■
■

1. When a tranversal passes through two or Q

more parallel lines, then
(a) the corresponding angles are equal.
u
In the diagram, a and b
· ··········"····
are corresponding angles. ?"
Therefore, La = Lb .... T.'Y<!U.��1.ilJn._s___3._llnd �--in. �°.��ti�� -���t��e_S_'.3-.....
These angles can be
identified from the pattern
of letter 'F.'
8.3.3 Determine whether two straight
lines are parallel related to
transversals
(b) the alternate angles are equal.
1. The properties of corresponding, alternate
In the diagram, b and care or interior angles can be used to determine
alternate angles. Therefore,
Lb= Le
whether two or more lines are parallel.
These angles can be
identified from the pattern
2. Two or more straight lines are parallel if
of letter 'Z'. (a) the corresponding angles are equal,
(b) the alternate angles are equal,
(c) the sum of interior angles is 180 °. (c) the sum of the interior angles is 180° .

In the diagram, c and d are r Example 25 )!

interior angles.
Therefore, Le + Ld = 180° In the following diagrams, TU is a straight line.
These angles can be Determine whether PQ and RS are parallel.
identified from the pattern
of letter 'C'. (a) (b)

T
p

Q Solution:
R
(a) The angles marked with 46° are
s corresponding angles. Since the sizes of the
u corresponding angles are equal, PQ and RS
are parallel lines.
In the diagram above, PQ and RS are parallel (b) The angles marked with 43 ° and 127° are
lines and TU is a transversal. interior angles.
(a) Given x and a are corresponding angles. Since the sum of the interior angles is
Mark the angle x. 43 ° + 127° = 170° ,. 180°, PQ and RS are not
(b) Given y and bare alternate angles. Mark the parallel lines.
angle y.
(c) Given z and bare interior angles. Mark the
angle z.

1191►
� Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles

8.l.4 Determine the values of angles 8.'3.,s'l'i��flgl���l;r�-and angles of

related to parallel lines and ' ·�•p�si�fft'fij: l,i,i1.:111e situations
transversals
l. When a person sees an object at a higher
level, the angle between the direction of
his sight and the horizontal line is known
as the angle of elevation.

Angle x is the angle

�--- - - - - - ----___ d of elevation of the
Find the value of x and of y in the diagram
Horizontal line kite from Aril's view.
above.
Solution:
X + 128 ° = 180 ° .,.,c�---1( Interior angles ) 2. When a person sees an object at a lower
X = 180 ° - 128° level, the angle between the direction of
= 52 ° his sight and the horizontal line is known
y = 128° ◄ ol(---1( Alternate angles J as the angle of depression.

- ------·
Angle y is the angle
of depression of the
ball from Aril's view.
,., ....�1:" } -4.'.��.

3. The angle of elevation or depression is

always an acute angle.

j
:..
' .. - --- Angle of
'', elevation
u T
. ___ �?:i:?��a!Ji �� _____ -,
In the diagram above, PT and PU are straight '' '
''
'
lines. Find the value of x and of y. Angle of\ : .
depression ' - , :
Solution: ...........:
X = 35 ° ◄•------1( Corresponding angles)
y = 28° + x ◄ ,1(---1( Alternate angles )
4. For two objects A and B that are not at
the same level, the angle of elevation is
= 28° + 35°
= 63° always equal to the angle of depression.
.. ..... ...... .. ...........
For example, if B is located higher than
A, then the angle of elevation of B from A
,

{"i . ..... Jr.i' qi!�stio,?! 9 � 11 in F'o��ativ� J>ra��ice �� .

is the same as the angle depression of A
._f TIMSS CHII.LLENC,�' from B.
Horizontal line
Object 8
p R
In the diagram above, PQ
and RS are straight lines.
Find the value of x.

s Q Horizontal line

◄1120
 -----·-� �
Mathematics PT3 Chapter 8 Lines and Angles �

,�11}1.t!r- Daily Application J.3) (a) Find the value of x and of y.

(b) Assume UV is a horizontal line, find the ,,, 1·
angle of elevation of U from T.
Mei Ling
Solution:
(a) LPQT = 94° ,.. (Corresponding angles)
Gopal
L VQT = 94 °
- 3 5 °

• = 59°
Hence, x = 180° - 59 ° �
= 121°
Corresponding
LPQT = L UTW = 94° angles
The diagram above shows the positions of
Mei Ling and Gopal on a hillside. Draw and Hence, y = 94° ••-----<( Alternate angles )
label
(a) angle a to represent the angle of elevation (b) Angle of elevation of U from Tis L UTQ.
of Mei Ling from Gopal. Hence,
(bl angle b to represent the angle of depression L UTQ + 94° = 180 ° ,c: ( Interior angles)
of Gopal from Mei Ling. LUTQ = 180 ° - 94°
= 86°
Solution: . . ...... , . . . . · · · · · · · · ·"•"· · ···· · ·····"

..
(a) -� ........Trx.���
. sli
C!�.s...1� ..: ..�.s. i�.. F()r.�at��-� ..J.>r..a.�.tic�...s�... .
Mei Ling

13"@•·1"1\!'II-�...
'"..9'!!!
Gopal �--,••j f:
p�--,-------Q

(b) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -b - - Mei Ling

Common
Gopal
mistake 2
In the diagram above, PR and SR are straight
lines. Find the value of x.
Solution:
Draw a diagram to identify the angle that is equal
to X.
8.3.6. Solve problems involving
-angles

p
u V Based on the diagram,
�----�
a = 28 ° • ( Alternate angles)
LPRS = 360 ° - 310° �
= 50 ° � �
94 ° b = 50° - 28°
S-------'-' R
= 22 °
In the diagram above VQ, PQR and WTQ are Therefore, x = 22 ° �
straight lines.

1211►