Week

1-2

DISCIPLINE & IDEAS IN THE

APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
(Quarter 3 – Learning Material 1)

Name: ______________________________________________ Gr. & Se: ________________

Subject Teacher: ______________________________________ Date: __________________

Table of Contents

UNIT 1 Counseling As a Profession

Module 1: The Discipline of Counseling

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For the learner:
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the
learning resource while being an active learner.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
2. Don’t forget to answer the Pre-Test before moving on to the other activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your
teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

Module Objectives:
Below are the learning objectives that are set for you to learn as you go along this module. You will be able to:

1. Define counseling
2. Discuss the application of counseling as a discipline of art and as discipline of science
3. Enumerate and discuss the goals, nature, and scope of counseling
4. Explain and provide a rationale about the importance of counseling
5. Demonstrate comprehension of the principles of counseling
6. Enumerate and discuss the core values of counseling

How to Learn from this Module:

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To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
1. Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
2. Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
3. Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Module 1: The Discipline of Counseling

In the duration of stay in school, you may have had or will have the opportunity to visit the Guidance
Counselor’s Office. This experience may be pleasant, more especially if you have a therapeutic relationship
with your guidance counselors. You may even have memories of leaving the Guidance Office with a feeling of
relief, as if a heavy load has been removed.

However, there are common misconceptions about mental health services that have negative connotation
to the idea of meeting with counseling professional or practitioner, especially the Philippines. These
misconceptions include the following:

1. A person seeing a counselor; a psychologist, a psychiatrist, or any mental health practitioner has mental
illness. This is the stigma associated with visiting a mental health clinic or institution. A person can freely
consult any mental health practitioner and share his or her concerns so that he or she can deal with them
effectively. For instance, symptoms such as frequent feelings of anxiety with excessive worry may not
worsen and develop into panic attack. This is possible if contributing reasons or factors are processed
before an individual’s condition has worsened.

2. Counseling means giving advice. A professional counselor is trained to avoid giving advice. When a
counselor gives an advice, the client is kept from gaining a better position to understand, analyze, and solve
his or her own problem. Instead of giving advice, the primary goal of the counselor is to assist the client to
identify and address the factors in his or her problem. Hence, in the course of counseling, the client is
moved toward gaining the willingness and strength to resolve his or her predicament. In this way, the client
develops volition and determination to respond correctly to his or her circumstances as he or she owns full
responsibility of his or her decisions and actions.

3. Counseling is part of the Discipline Board. Students who have violated the school’s code of discipline are
referred to the counselor. However, this does not mean that the counselor role is to reprimand and
discipline. In this situation, the counselor provides the following assistance to the student concerned : (1)
facilitation toward an understanding of the factors that caused him or her to disobey school rules and
regulations, (2) reorientation of the school policies, (3) referrals to or recommendation for seminars or
workshops aimed to impart the characterization of the school’s values , and (4) psychological support
should the student’s action merited dismissal from the school.

4. A counselor is a problem solver. Counselors do not dispense an easy solution to fix problems. In fact,
counseling works best through collaboration with the client. A counselor is a facilitator who guides you
toward the possible solutions to resolve your dilemma. However, only when the counselor knows and
understands the entire situation could he or she best help the client. Hence, through an honest, transparent,

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 and goal-oriented discussion between the counselor and the client, the counselor is able to facilitate
realizations of the advantages and disadvantages of identified solutions to a dilemma. It is important that a
client understands that it is necessary to consider and weigh identified options to achieve a well-evaluated
process of decision-making and smart problem solving.

Here is an activity for you to think and express about your own “guidance experiences.”

Activity 1: An Encounter with the Guidance Counselor

Objectives ; This activity aims to collect your thoughts and feelings related with your experiences in meeting
with your guidance counselor. It serves as an opportunity to express how you feel about your “guidance
experience.”

Instruction :

1. Recall your best “guidance experience.” Identify the different thoughts and emotions were triggered
by this experience.

2. Draw any symbols that would best illustrate the thoughts and feelings you had during your best
“guidance experience” on a piece of paper. Work silently and finish the task in 1 minutes.

3. After the allotted time discuss the following;

A. What are your thoughts about the activity? How do you feel about it?

B. In what ways had your guidance counselor helped you in dealing with your problem.

C. What do you like most about your guidance counselor?

The Art and Science of Counseling

The professionalization of guidance and counseling was realized through Republic Act 9258, otherwise
known as the Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004. Guidance and counseling is defined by the law as “the
profession that involves the use of an integrated approach to the development of a well functioning individual
primarily by helping him/her to utilize his/her potentials to the fullest and plan his/her present and future in
accordance with his/her abilities, interests, and needs.’ For a professional counselor, counseling is regarded as
the heart of the guidance services, accomplished through therapeutic relationship between the counselor and the
counselee. Thus, counseling is a dynamic process where both agents relate with each other to try and see the
whole picture of the situation, arrive at a similar understanding, and start on identifying the counseling goals
and how these will be achieved.

The Goals of Counseling

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 According to Kottler and Shepard (2007), the goals that are common to counselors and that are
essentially indicative of their professional identity include assisting clients in the following;

1. Plan to work in a constructive manner

2. Learn, anticipate, and react positively to issues brought about by developmental changes.

3. Express their uniqueness in diverse circumstances through socially accepted integration of their
thoughts, feelings, and actions

4. Respond with resilience to stress and be able to buffer themselves from its negative impact on their
functioning

5. Develop effective skills in relating with others in order to enhance abilities in establishing harmonious
relationships

6. Increase awareness of the self by identifying their strengths and weaknesses

7. Become mindful of the realities of life and be able to apply effective principles of coping and adjusting
to the different experiences they encounter in life.

8. Learn to seek for more options or choices to be well-informed before making a decision

9. Achieve autonomy from counseling as they have learned life skills

One of the important goals of counseling process is to move the client toward proper and empowered
self-management. If you seek counseling so that you can get immediate solutions to your problems, you might
feel disappointed in your guidance visit. Professional counselors are trained not to give you direct advice or act
as your problem solvers. Rather, they listen to you, guide you to see the whole picture of your situation, present
options to you, and facilitate your informed and wise decisions. The counselor introduces tools, such as time
management skills, stress management skills, and social skills, that you can use to manage and solve your
problems.

The Importance of Counseling

Technology progresses and provides ease and quick access to information and communication. Society
seems more attracted to instant solutions that ease difficulty, relieve stress, and resolve emotional stability.

But contrary to this, when you seek and accept an opportunity to consult a counselor, you gain an
experience to practice resiliency and learn to aim for emotional growth. With a constructive perspective and
reflective understanding of yourself---your weaknesses and strengths, correct and incorrect responses, and
misaligned understanding of your situations---you earn a broader perspective and understanding of your
situations. Given this disposition, you are able to examine well the interplaying factors that affect your view of
yourself and the way you deal with the people involved in your concerns.

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 Furthermore, counseling programs aim to provide preventive measures to you as a client. This is
achieved as the counselor assists you to anticipate the challenges that may arise from a situation. As the
counselor points these out, he or she will then discuss and provide guidelines about how you may properly deal
with these situations. In doing so, you can function better by being wiser in choosing your decisions, words, and
actions.

Activity 2

1. What is counse+ling?
2. How would you describe counseling as an art and as a science?
3. What is the importance of counseling?

Counseling deal with a myriad of human concerns. The following are general classifications of problems
and reason why clients need to consult counselor.

1. Academic difficulties – these include the difficulties in accomplishing various requirements and meeting
the standards of education, adjusting to teaching methods used, handling academic pressures,
maintaining good grades, managing time, learning how to focus, and ensuring effective study skills.
2. Personal concerns – These involve the difficulties that the clients encounter in planning and setting their
goals, handling stress, sustaining their motivation, making informed decisions, identifying priorities, and
solving problems.
3. Social concern – difficulties encountered by counselees in relating with others include dealing with
rejections, handling peer pressure, coping with the challenges of romantic relationships, and bullying.
4. Emotional difficulties – problems related to clients’ emotions include dealing with anxiety, nervousness,
and heartache; coping with loneliness due to homesick and rejection; managing negative emotions, such
as depression, anger, and fear; and attaining emotional stability.
5. Psychological challenges – these include handling persistent suicidal behaviors, managing some forms
of addiction, such as smoking, drinking, and computer gaming; dealing with eating or sleeping
problems; understanding one’s identity; and handling painful experiences
6. Family problems – client’s primary concerns usually involved separation of parents, absence of parents
due to work abroad, single parenting, and unpleasant home environment.
7. Career-related concerns – these difficulties can be addressed by identifying the clients’ strengths,
interest, and personal traits and matching with them with career choice; accessing information regarding
career choices; reconciling personal career choices with those of family members; identifying unclear
career goals and lack of career plans; preparing for job applications; and attaining job satisfaction.

Although the counseling profession has to deal with these myriad of concerns, the emphasis of the
profession still lies on prevention and goal orientation. Counseling focuses on the assistance of individuals
of all ages in all stages of development, assuring that the client will be able to make wise decisions in life
and final meaning, purpose, and actualization in what they do. Thus, counseling promotes personal growth
of clientele and anticipates problems for prevention.

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 Counseling is different from guidance and psychotherapy, although guidance is oftentimes used
interchangeably with counseling. In a historical perspective, guidance first found its place in schools and
career centers before being linked to the practice of counseling. It is focused on helping clients determine
what they value most, and from there choose the path that they want to pursue. On the other hand,
counseling helps clients better understand themselves and their specific situation and strive for changes to
improve their lives’ circumstances.

Counseling deals with more encompassing concerns so that all efforts exerted in the process should end in
self-empowerment and self-reliance.

As with psychotherapy, written literature has not clearly differentiated it from counseling as the two are
more similar than distinct from each other. Psychotherapy deals with assessing, diagnosing, and treating
mental health problems. If a counselor encounters cases that are beyond his or her professional expertise,
then he or she refers the client to other mental health practitioners who have advanced and specialized
training such as psychiatrist and clinical psychologist.

Principles of Effective Counseling

As you learn more about this profession, you may also be interested in knowing and understanding the
principles that facilitate effective counseling.

Effective counselors exhibit a degree of respect, motivation, and encouragement that will allow you to
gain confidence to act on your situation. He or she will help you realize the value of taking responsibility for
your actions, word, and decisions, as well as their results or repercussions.

In counseling, effective counselors will remind you that you are an indispensable individual whose
rights should be respected. Your counselor will also emphasize your good qualities and may try to push you
to your limits, so you can be on your full potential. You will also be encouraged to exercise and improve
your capacity to think and make decisions.

One important element in effective counseling is the client’s feeling of unconditional regard. This means
that your counselor will be very respectful and accepting of your own insights and personal feelings about
your situation. At the same time, your counselor is bound by the principle of privacy. This means that the
information you disclose to him or her is kept in full confidentiality. However, if there is a threat or danger
in your life, your counselor may inform your parents and concerned authorities about pertinent information
to ensure your safety.

The Core Values of Counseling

Your values constitute your beliefs, which in turn affect how you view the person you deal with and
how you understand your situation. Hutchinson (2014) offered a synthesis or moral values for effective
counseling. These include the following:

1. Each person is, in essence, naturally and good.

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 2. The primary role of a counselor is to give support so that the client will be able to attain autonomy.
3. The essential values that will compel and sustain you in doing this work are love and compassion
4. An effective counselor finds the job’s intrinsic rewards more interesting than its extrinsic ones.
5. Deal with life through an attitude of gratitude and forgiveness.

Activity 3

1. Why is it important for counselors to know and understand their personal

values.
2. What is the essence of understanding that each person is inherently good?
3. Why is it that effective counselors do not give advise?

Module 2: Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

The Professional Counselor

Counseling is a profession that allows you to help others manage their responses to life challenges. It is
a career that provides you an opportunity to assists others in developing their potentials and to encourage
personal growth and learning. To better understand the counseling profession, we begin by differentiating who
are professional counselor and who are informal helpers.

Professional counselors are expected to maintain a high degree of objectivity in doing their job. To do
this effectively, they must not have a personal involvement with their client. A personal involvement with their
client causes any preconceived idea about the client to affect the counseling process. Hence, a professional
counselor must avoid providing counseling to his or her own family to avoid subjectivity. On the other hand,
informal helpers need not consider this. They may provide assistance to people who are personally related to
them. In this circumstance, informal helpers may be unaware of their personal biases’ influence on the
assistance they provide.

Second, counselors are guided by rules and regulations or what is called Code of Ethics. In high
recognition of the role of counselors in the Philippines, the Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004 as
promulgated to support the improvement, and protection of the guidance and counseling profession. Counselors
are expected to perform their duties and responsibilities according to the standards set by this law. On the other
hand, informal helpers may help people as encouraged by their personal rules.

Third, counselors use strategies and techniques to promote to promote the client’s personal growth and
development. For example, the counselor may apply cognitive strategies to help a student who has a low self-
esteem. By using self-talk technique (a cognitive approach in counseling), the counselor will help the client
evaluate his or her thoughts about himself or herself and figure out thoughts which are helpful or not. On the
other hand, informal helpers are those who are not formally equipped with standardized strategies or
approaches. Usually, they rely only on providing advice or tips they feel suitable.

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 Given these differences between professional counselors and informal helpers, professional counselors
have the following characteristics;

1. They have acquired body of knowledge, skills, or competencies through formal and specializing
training. Thus, professional counselors are competent to provide approaches or strategies that promote
personal growth of clients.

2. They are guided by standards of professional practice and laws. Thus, they maintain confidentiality of
their client’s issues and concerns and act to the best interest of their clients
3. They are formally identified as members of the helping profession, competent in promoting growth and
personal change in their clients.

Roles and Functions of Professional Counselor

The counseling profession evolved as a response to various changes: economic, social, and
technological. Some examples of these are the increasing number of overseas workers, many of whom are
parents, better facilitation of students’ learning by addressing their behavioral concerns, progress in knowledge
and use o technology in the classroom, and cultural diversity in the classrooms by having students from either
different regions in the country or different countries in the world. Given this situation, the guidance counselors
are considered important members of the educational team. They provide assistance to students’ academic
pursuit, socio-emotional needs, career plans, and moral development. In this way, the guidance and counseling
program ensures that students are able to cope well with their circumstances. This results in nurturing students
who shall be responsible and productive members of society.

Erford (2014) emphasized that professional school counselors do not take rigid and static set of
functions in the educational system. This means that professional counselors perform their roles in a continues
state of transformation in response to the current challenges. Therefore, professional counselors functions as
follow;

1. Providers of individual and group counseling. School counselors take an active role in counseling
groups or individuals. In a school setting, professional counselors are equipped not only in helping
individuals understand themselves, but also in providing correct evaluation for either behavioral or
clinical problems a student may have.
2. Developmental classroom guidance specialists. Professional counselors also prepare lesson and
implementing guidance instructions to students. These are executed by developing clear and
measureable objectives to meet the needs of the students. To meet these objectives, professional
counselors deliver talks, seminars, workshop, and other interesting activities. Lastly, professional
counselors improve their programs and mode of instruction through consistent feedback and evaluation.
3. Leaders and advocates of academic success. Professional school counselors have an ethical
responsibility of promoting academic success by helping students identify barriers affecting school
performance. These barriers may be professional (example; living with an absence or separated parents);
socio-emotional (example: peer pressure), moral dilemmas (example failing in an exam or cheating to
pass an exam), or career-related barriers (example; indecisiveness about a course in college).
Professional counselors guide the students by identifying strategies so they can positively cope with
these challenges and see these challenges as opportunities for growth.

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 4. Career development specialists. Professional counselors also provide activities that will prepare
students for the demands and requirements of their chosen profession. These activities include formal
writing of resumes, having proper responses to job interviews, and knowing appropriate clothing for job
applications. Furthermore, to ensure proper coping and success in the workplace, professional counselor
help student develop essential, basic skills such as effective communication, creativity, decision-making,
critical thinking, and work ethics.

5. Agents of diversity and multiculturalism. Professional school counselors are trained to deal with and
address the needs of people from different cultural backgrounds. For example, because of the ASEAN
integration, the Philippines will now be more accommodating of students from foreign countries. There
will be an increasing number of students form other Asian counties. The counselor may provide
assistance to these foreign students through activities that allow intersection with Filipino students,
aimed at helping them demonstrate hospitality, respect, and understanding for their foreign classmates.
6. Advocates of students with special needs and student-at-risk. Professional counselors give attention
to students with special needs—such as the athletes, honor students, students with absentee parents,
those with learning disabilities, and other clinically diagnosed students. They are special groups who
need additional assistance to help them cope better---by providing comprehensive assessment programs
to better understand and address their special needs.
7. Advocates of a safe school environment. Conflicts which may lead to violence, happen in some school
communities. For instance, there are issues on bullying—physical, verbal, cyber, psychological, etc.,
nowadays. Hence, a comprehensive school counseling program with intervention components such as
school bullying campaign and peer mentoring can address this issue.
8. School and community collaboration specialists. To ensure student’s holistic development and
success, professional school counselors work in collaboration with the other school authorities and with
parents of the students. For example, they cooperate with teachers to better assist student with learning
difficulties or behavioral problems. At times, school counselors are tasked to prepare seminar-
workshops to facilitate teachers’ better understanding of the personality dynamics of students. Through
conferences, counselors collaborated with the parents to best facilitate and promote excellent academic
performance of the students.

Finally, counselors also collaborate with mental health practitioners when a student needs referral. For
example, those with depression may experience hormonal imbalance resulting in depressive moods. To
provide proper response to the circumstances, the professional help of a psychiatrist or a clinical
psychologist is needed.

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 Activity 4

Match column A with column B

Column A Column B

1. Counselors take an active role in counseling A. Developmental classroom

groups and individuals to address development specialist
tasks and issues confronting them in the 21 st

century
2. Their function is no longer limited to the academic B. Leaders and advocates of
success of the students, but they also provide academic success
activities that prepare and promote students’
career success.
3. One of their roles is to help students identify C. Providers of individual and
barriers to academic success like peer pressure, group services.
family situations, or personal relationship issues.
4. One of the counselors’ roles is to collaborate with D. Career development specialist
other stakeholders or members of the society to
further help the students.
5. In order to address the learning needs of diverse E. School and community
groups, counselors prepare modules and deliver collaboration specialists
talks like anxiety, resiliency, stress management,
and others.

Allied Mental Health Professionals

Psychologist

Psychologists provide counseling and psychotherapy to promote a healthy mental state. Psychotherapy
is known as the use of psychological approaches, such as talk therapy which allows the client to tell.
Whatever is in his or her mind. This requires longer duration compared to regular counseling because
counseling is given to mentally healthy individuals, while psychotherapy is provided to those with mental
health problems or disorders. As such, psychologist are required to undergo a thorough academic training so
they may appropriately respond to mental health conditions. For example, a student who has experienced a
traumatic event, such as car accident, and is no longer responding to counseling sessions may be referred to
a psychologist. Trauma-focused counseling or cognitive behavior techniques may be carried out by the
psychologist to address painful experiences of the student and help him or her recover from a traumatic
incident. If the student does not respond to such techniques, then he or she may be referred to the
psychiatrist.

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 Psychiatrist

Psychiatrist specialized on the treatment of mental health disorders and believe that this may be resolved
by the use of pharmacological interventions. Usually, psychiatrists require physical examination, such as
complete blood test and urinalysis to determine psychological causes of the client’s condition. Afterwards,
they usually prescribe medication to stabilize or regulate these psychological causes

Neurologist

Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous
system. When a client’s performance is affected by neurological problems, such as speech and language
disorders, brain seizures, or movement disorders, professional counselors refer him or her to a neurologist.

Social Worker

Professional counselors may also refer clients to social workers. Specific concerns related to housing
emergencies or crisis situations may be attended by a social worker, upon referral of the professional
counselor. For example, when a pupil who experienced sudden loss of parents due to accident and his or her
custody falls on the relatives, the professional counselor may consult and refer the guardian of the pupil to
the social worker.

Characteristics of a Professional Counselor

Just like any individual, professional counselor possess distinctive traits that make them unique from
other helping professionals. Thus, aside from being knowledgeable and equipped with skills necessary in
helping, effective counselors must develop and exhibit personal traits or characteristics that distinguish the
uniqueness of their profession. These traits include the following;

1. Empathy. Is the counselor’s ability to accurately sense and feelings and understand the counselee’s
experience. It also includes the counselor’s capacity to communicate acceptance and understanding of
the counselee’s point of view.
2. Acceptance. Is the counselor’s ability to demonstrate an attitude that is accepting of the client’s insights
as expressed during the counseling session. This is also referred to as unconditional positive regard.
3. Genuineness. When a person is genuine, this means that he or she is authentic, open, and in touch with
his or her thoughts and feelings. Hence, when you as a counselor talk to the counselee, a genuine trait is
manifested when you feel the same for your counselee even if he or she is not around.
4. Self-Awareness. An awareness of one’s strengths and limitations is necessary for an efficient and
ethical practice of the profession. When a counselor has self-awareness, he or she is conscious about his
or her personal motivations, values, world views and biases----and how these influence his or her
professional decisions which may affect his or her work as well as his or her relationship with the client.

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 5. Cultural Competence. The effective counselor needs to be culturally competent in order to facilitate
change to diverse populations. This implies that counselors must know and understand the background
of their clients such as traditions, beliefs, and family systems. Neukrug (2011) identified factors that
counselors need to consider in addressing cultural diversity of clients. These factors include religion,
economic background, sexual identity, ethnic or racial identity, physical attributes, language and
location of residence, and family background.
6. Open-mindedness. Counselors must also be open-minded about improving themselves, new
possibilities, knowledge, or suggestions they may obtain from colleagues and other professionals to help
themselves grow in maturity and develop professionally. Thus, they must welcome and embrace new
experiences and their lessons.
7. Integrity. Professional counselors must demonstrate personal values expressed in the ethical practice of
their profession. For example, if a counselor believes that honesty is important in work and personal
relationships, honesty must be evident in how he or she lives his or her life and deals with people on an
everyday basis.
8. Competence. Professional counselors must be highly skillful and knowledgeable in applying the
theories and strategies to effectively help people. This is done when they keep themselves updated about
recent and most effective practices in counseling research, program development, and evaluation. They
continue to further enhance their capabilities by attending professional organizations, seminars,
workshops, forums, or relevant trainings to their professions.
9. Problem-solving Skills and Creativity. Professional counselors see problems not as mere difficulties,
but also as opportunities for psychological growth. With these, counselors must be able to facilitate the
client’s realization of the possible solutions given his or her circumstances. Also, counselors must
properly guide the counseling toward weighing and choosing the best option, as the latter evaluates the
risk and opportunities of each option. On the other hand, the counselor’s creativity is expressed through
the imaginative or artistic ways of helping the counselee explore his or her skills in arts, music, poetry,
or writing activities. Through creativity, the counselor becomes more successful and innovative in
helping his or her clients solve their problems.
10. Embracing a Perspective of Wellness. A wellness perspective is the counselor’s ability to see the
importance of taking care of himself or herself the way he or she takes care of others. The counselor
may go through various activities like sports, meditations, and yoga as a form of recreation.

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 Activity 5

Identify the characteristic of a professional counsellor being describe by arranging the jumbled letters.

1. It includes an understanding of one’s personal values, motivations, attitudes, worldviews and

biases.
LFES REAWAENSS Answer; ________________________
2. This trait is manifested when the counsellor bears the same feeling for his or her counselee
NUINEGESS Answer; ________________________
3. It is the counselor’s capacity to communicate an acceptant understanding of where the counselee
is coming from.
PEAMYTH Answer; ________________________
4. This exhibits the counsellor’s understanding of factors like religion, economic background, sexual
identity, and ethnic or racial identity that may help him or her in understanding diverse population.
RALTUCUL PECOMTEENC Answer; ________________________
5. It refers to the counselor’s ability to hold philosophies or beliefs in life that assist him or her in
work and conduct.
TYINTGRIE Answer; ________________________

Competencies of a Transformative Counselor

Establishing Rapport

To establish rapport means to create and foster a warm and accepting relationship with the counselee.
Rapport can be achieved by the counselor’s ability to demonstrate empathy or an understanding of the
counselee’s feelings and perspectives. When rapport is established, the counselee may feel safer during ghe
counseling session, hence gaining an increased confidence in expressing his or her thoughts and feelings.

Basic Attending Skills

Basic attending skills refer to the nonverbal behaviors which are important in the counseling process.
These basic attending skills make the counselee feel that the counselor is sincerely listening and paying
attention to the counselee’s concerns. According to Egan (1975. 2009) and Guindon (2011), these basic
attending skills can be easily recalled by the acronym SOLER.

● S means sitting across the counselor;

● O means adopting an open posture during the counseling session’
● L means learning at times toward the counselee;
● E means maintaining an eye contact, but not necessarily staring at the counselee; and
● R means being relaxed or the ability to be composed and confident during the series.

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Observational Skills

A professional guidance counselor must have the ability to observe the verbal and non-verbal messages
conveyed by the counselee. Verbal messages are the spoken words through stories or insights shard by the
counselee. On the other hand, nonverbal messages are the cues or indicators of kept thoughts and feelings that
may indicate personal issues or problems of the counselee. According to Guindon (2011), paying attention to
nonverbal behaviors may provide significant information about the client’s verbally unexpressed thoughts and
feelings. Nonverbal behaviors confirm the discrepancies between what is being said to what is actually
happening.

Guindon (2011) identified six basic types of nonverbal expression;

1) Physical appearance. This

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 REFERENCES

Tatel Jr., Carlos Peña, 2016. Disciplines And Ideas In The Social Sciences. REX Book Store

Angeles, Peter A. 1992. The Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: Collins.

Barret, Stanley R. 1997. Anthropology: AStudent’s Guide to Theory and Method. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press.

Bautista, Violeta V. and Rogelia Pe-Pua, eds. 1991. Lungsod Quezon, Kalikasan Press, Pilipinolohiya:
Kasaysayan; Pilosopiya at Pananaliksik

Blaiki, Norman. 1993, Approaches to Social Enquiry. Great Britain; Polity Press.

Bongstil, John Jay. 1991. Introduction to the Social Sciences, New Jersy; Prentice Hall.

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q=nature+images+download&oq=na&aqs=chrome.7.69i59j0j69i57j0l5.173585j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=U
TF-8

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%3A1601289195052&ei=67txX4jlAqqGr7wPsKmaoAI&q=urbanized+city+images&oq=urbanized+city+imag
es&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIFCAAQzQIyBQgAEM0COgIIADoGCAAQFhAeOgQIABANOgYIABANE
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qAQdnd3Mtd2l6wAEB&sclient=psy-
ab&ved=0ahUKEwjIhp2N04vsAhUqw4sBHbCUBiQQ4dUDCA0&uact=5

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