Even and Odd Functions

i) Even function ii) Odd function

f (− x) = f ( x) f (− x) = − f ( x)

symmetry at y-axis symmetry at origin

27

Example
e − t t 0 Neither even
f (t ) =  nor odd
0 t0

 12 e −t Even Part
t 0
f e (t ) =  1 t
 2e t0

 12 e −t Odd Part
t 0
f o (t ) =  1 t
− 2 e t0

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1
 Properties of Even and Odd Functions

⚫ The product of two even functions is even.

⚫ The product of two odd functions is even.
⚫ The product of an even function and an odd function
is odd.
⚫ The sum (difference) of two even functions is even.
⚫ The sum (difference)
a
of two odd
a
functions is odd.
⚫ If f is even, then  f ( x)dx = 2  f ( x)dx.
−a 0
a

 f ( x)dx = 0
⚫ If f is odd, then
−a

29

Determine the following functions are

odd, even or neither.

1. f ( x ) = 2x + x 2

2. f ( x ) = x − x 3

3. f ( x ) = sin x

30

2
 Fourier Cosine Series
If f(x) is an even function defined in the interval of
(–L, L), the Fourier series reduces to

bn = 0
L
2
 n x 
L 0
L
a0 = f ( x) dx 2
an =  f ( x) cos  dx
L0  L 

a0 
nx
f ( x) = +  an cos
2 n =1 L

31

Fourier Sine Series

If f(x) is an odd function defined in the interval of
(–L, L), the Fourier series reduces to
an = 0
a0 = 0 2
L
 n x 
L 0
bn = f ( x ) sin   dx
 L 

nx
f ( x) =  bn sin
n =1 L

32

3
 Fourier Cosine and Fourier Sine series

Example 1: Given
2 x , 0  x  2
f ( x) =  , f ( x + 6) = f ( x)
4, 2 x3
a) Sketch the even and odd extension of f(x) in the
interval of -6 < x < 9.
b) Expand f(x) in a Fourier cosine and Fourier sine
series.

33

Solution Example 1

Even
extension

Odd
extension

34

4
 Solution Fourier Cosine Series

2L = 6  L = 3 bn = 0
L
2 
2 3
2
a0 =
L 
0
f ( x ) dx = 
3  
0
2 x dx + 
2
4 dx 


2   x 2  
2

= 2 + 4 x 2 
3
 
3  2 0 
 

=
3

2 2
2 − 0 + 4(3) − 4(2) 
16
=
3
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Solution Fourier Cosine Series

 nx 
L
2
an =
L  f ( x ) cos
0
L 
 dx

2  2
 nx 
3
 nx  
=
3 
 2 x cos
 0  3 
 dx + 
2
4 cos
 3
dx 
 

36

5
Differentiate Integrate

 2
 12  nx   
2   6 x  nx   nx  
3
18
an =   sin  +    +  
(n )2  3   0  n  3   2 
cos sin
3   n  3 

2  12  2n  18  2n   18  12  3n  12  2n  
=  sin  + cos  - 0 + cos0  + sin  − sin 
3  n  3  (n )  3   (n )
2 2
 n  3  n  3  
2 18   2n   12   2n  
=  cos  - 1  =  cos  - 1 
3 (n )2   3   (n )
2
  3  

37

Solution Fourier Cosine Series


a0  nx 
f (x) =
2
+ a
n =1
n cos
 L 



1  16   2n   nx 
 (n )
12
f (x) =  + (cos  − 1)  cos 
2 3  n =1
2
 3   3 

 2n   nx 

8 12
f (x) = + (cos  − 1)  cos 
3 n=1 (n )2  3   3 

38

6
 Solution Fourier Sine Series

2L = 6  L = 3 a0 = a n = 0
2  nx   nx  
2 3

3  0 
bn =  2 x sin
 3 
 dx + 
2
4 sin dx 
 3  

Differentiate
Integrate

39

Solution Fourier Sine Series

 2 3
2   − 6x  nx  18  nx    − 12  nx   
bn =  cos  +    +   
(n )2  3   0  n
sin cos
3   n  3   3   2 
 
2  − 12  2n  18  2n    18  − 12  3 n  12  2n  
=  cos  + sin  - 0 + sin 0  + cos  + cos 
n (n )  3   (n ) 
 3   n  3  n  3  
2 2
3 

2 1  18  2n  
=   sin  - 12cos(n ) 
3 (n )  n  3  


 nx   2n   nx 
 3(n ) ( (n ) sin
2 18
f (x) =  b sin
n
L 
 =
3 
 − 12( −1) )  sin
n

n =1 n =1  3 

4  3  2n  n  nx 
=  n  n sin
n =1 3 
 − 2( −1)  sin
  3 


40

7
 Example: Determine type of functions given.
Find its Fourier series.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
41

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