Reactive Systems

13.1 The volumetric analysis of air is 21% O2, 79% N2.

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a) Find the moles of N2 per mole of O2

b) What is the ratio Kg N2 / Kg O2
c) Air is mixed with propane in the ratio 15 Kg Air / Kg C 3H8. In 1 kg of this mixture, find the
grams of C, H2, O2, N2

13.2 Gaseous fuel flowing in a pipeline is composed volumetrically of 75% CH 4, 15% C2H6, 6% O2,
and 4% CO.
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a) Convert this to percentage of mass basis

b) In 1 kg of this fuel mixture, find the grams of C, H2, and O2.

13.3 A gravimetric analysis of a typical automotive gasoline gives 86% C and 14% H 2. What average
chemical formula in the form CxHy approximates this fuel?
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13.4 An ultimate analysis of a bituminous coal as received is 77.5% C, 3.7% H 2, 1.5% N2, 4.3% O2,
0.5% S, 6.5% ash, and 6 % H2O.
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a) Convert this analysis to a dry basis

b) Find the analysis of a dry – and – ashless basis
c) If this fuel as received is burned at a rate of 100 metric tons / hr and the refuse is analyzed
as being 10% combustible (carbon in the ash), how many kilograms of refuse must be
handled each hour?
Ans. a) 82.45% C, b) 88.57% C, c) 7222 kg/hr
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 Reactive Systems

13.5 Set up a simple combustion equation for each of the basic combustibles C, H2, S in
stoichiometric air and note the amount of air required to burn each element.
Ans. Air required: C/11.5, H2/34.3, and S/4.3 kg air / kg element
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1006. Write the combustion equation for hydrogen in 120% stoichiometric air. Show relative weights
and volumes, and compute:
a) The pounds of air required to burn 50 lb of hydrogen
b) The mass of products formed from the 50 lb of hydrogen and,
c) The fuel / air ratio
Ans. a) 2068, b) 2118 lb, 0.0242 lbf / lb air
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13.6 Assume 2 mol of CO are burned in 5.76 mol air. Write and balance the theoretical combustion
equation and find:
a) The mass of CO2 formed
b) The percentage of excess air
c) The air / fuel ratio
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13.7 Pure carbon reacts with all the O2 in 80% of ideal air. Balance the resulting theoretical
combustion equation and find the masses of CO and CO2 formed per 100 kg of air supplied
Ans. 10.21 Kg CO, 24.05 Kg CO2
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13.8 Set up the necessary combustion equations and determine the amount of air theoretically
required to burn 1 kg of pure carbon
a) To equal masses of CO and CO2
b) To where the mass of CO2 is double that of the CO
Ans. a) 7.98 kg air
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13.9 If 1000 Lts of a gaseous mixture has the following gravimetric analysis: 30% O 2, 70% CO, is
there sufficient oxygen present to support complete combustion of the CO?
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 Reactive Systems

13.10 A hydrocarbon fuel (CHx)n requires equal masses of oxygen for a complete reaction of each of
its components cabon and hydrogen, respectively. Determine the x and n on the basis of 1 mol of
(CHx)n
Ans. 4,1
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13.11 Consider the process wherein the octane is burned with 80% stoichiometric air, and assume
that CO is the only combustible appearing in the products. Find the products analysis by volume
and by mass
Ans. CO2 5.49% vol., 8.86% grav
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13.12 Assume 5 mol / hr of propane C3H8 are completely burned in the stoichiometric amount of air.
Determine
a) The volume (m3/min) of air required measured at 1 atm, 25 oC
b) The partial pressure of the CO2 in the products, measured at 1 atm 149 oC
c) The volume (m3/min) of the products measured at 1 atm, 149 oC
d) The dew point of the H2O in the products.
Ans. a) 48.50 m3/min, b) 11.8 KPaa, c) 74.43 m3/min, d) 55 oC
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13.13 The same as 13.12 except that the fuel is nonane C9H20, a rocket fuel.
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13.14 Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (g), sometimes used as an oxidizer for rocket fuels, reacts with nonane
C9H20 (g) to produce only CO 2 and H2O (g) products at 1 atm pressure. Balance the equation for a
stoichiometric reaction and determine:
a) The mass of H2O2 used per kg fuel
b) The mass of H2O formed per kg fuel
c) The partial pressure of the H2O in the products
d) The dew point of the water in the products
e) The volume of the products at 226.7 OC
f) The gravimetric percentage of carbon in the nonane
Ans. a) 7.43, b) 5.34 kg, c) 81.91 kPaa, d) 94.2 oC, e) 1930 m3, f) 84.4%
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13.15 There are burned 141.6 m3/min of coke oven gas (measured at 1 atm, 65.6 oC) in the
stoichiometric amount of air. The gas has the following volumetric composition: 36.9% CH 4, 52% H2,
5% CO, 0.5% O2, 4.2% N2, 1.4% CO2. What volume of air measured at 1 atm, 65.6 oC is required?
Ans. a) 625.6 m3/min
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13.16 Two hundred metric tons per hour of coal are burned in 125% (25% excess) stoichiometric air;
the as-fired ultimate analysis is 75% C, 4% H2, 0.5% S, 6% O2, 1.5% N2, 8% H2O, 5% ash. Find
a) The mass of air required kg/hr
b) The mass of refuse collected if all ash shows in the refuse which tests 25% combustible
c) What is the carbon content in the coal on a dry basis?
Ans. a) 2.442x106 kg/hr, b) 13,340 kg/hr, c) 81.5%
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13.17 An average Texas lignite coal, as received, has the following ultimate analysis: 40% C, 3% H 2,
1% S, 11% O2, 1.5% N2, 32% H2O, 11.5% ash. Balance the combustion equation for this coal
burned as received in 85% stoichiometric air. Find
a) The air/fuel ratios as received and for dry coal
b) The mass of dry gaseous products per kilogram of the as received fuel burned
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13.18 An anthracite coal has the following dry basis ultimate analysis: 81.63% C, 2.23% H 2, 0.48% S,
2.92% O2, 0.80% N2, 11.94% ash.
a) Balance the combustion equation for stoichiometric air, and find the air/fuel ration on the dry
basis; also on as received basis if the moisture content is 3.43%
b) The same as a) except that the air supplied is 90% of the stoichiometric amount
c) Assume that the CO is the only combustible element in the products and find its mass per
kilogram of dry fuel and per kilogram of fuel as received
Ans. a) 10.06 (dry), b) 9.05 kg air / kg fuel (dry), c) 0.408 kg CO/kg fuel
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13.19 The following is a gravimetric ultimate analysis of a coal: 70.85% C, 4.48% H 2, 2.11% S, 6.36%
O2, 1.38% N2, 12.3% ash, 2.52% H2O during actual combustion, the following volumetric analysis of
the stack gases was obtained: 12.1% CO2, 0% CO, 7.2% O2, 80.7 N2. Determine:
a) Percentage excess or deficiency of air
b) The mass of dry products per kilogram of coal fired.
Ans. a) 49.8% excess, b) 14.78 kg
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13.20 The burning of a hydrocarbon fuel (CHx)n in an automotive engine results in a dry exhaust
analysis, percentage by volume, of: 11% CO 2, 0.5% CO, 2% CH4, 1.5% H2, 6% O2, and 79% N2.
Find
a) The actual air / fuel ratio
b) The percentage of excess air
c) The mass of water vapor formed per kilogram of fuel
Ans. a) 15.35, b) 4.71%, c) 0.719 kg
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13.21 Dry products of combustion from a hydrocarbon fuel burned in air, percentages by volume, are:
13.6% CO2, 0.8% CO, 0.4% CH4, 0.4% O2, and 84.8% N2. Write a theoretical chemical equation
and find:
a) The values x and n in (CHx)n
b) The mass of air supplied per kilogram of fuel
c) The percentage of excess of deficiency of air
d) The mass of air product per kilogram of fuel burned
Ans. a) (CH2.31)14.8, b) 14.75 kg, c) 2.7% deficiency, d) 14.25 kg
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 Reactive Systems

13.22 Start with the two qualities –horp = qop and –uorp = qov, and show that the difference between the
two heating values is given by the expression qop = qop = (RTo/Mf)(nr – np) where nr and np are the
moles of reactants and products, respectively, and Mf is the molecular weight of the fuel.
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13.23 Develop the relation between fugacity f and the compressibility factor Z as follows:
Start with the change of Gibbs function for an isothermal process
considering ideal and real gas conditions.
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13.24 Shot that for a reversible isothermal steady flow, steady state process, the work is given by W =
G1 – G2 – RT ln (f2/f1) where K = 0, P = 0, G is the Gibbs function, and f is the fugacity.
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13.25 There are compressed 4.54 kg/min of propane from 1282 KPaa, 60 oC to 12,970 KPaa in a
reversible isothermal, steady state, steady flow manner with P = 0, K =0. Find the work W by
means of fugacities; see 13.58 and B37
Ans. -260.6 kJ/min
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13.26 Prove that the Orsat analyzer ignores the water vapor and reports the exact analysis of the
gaseous mixture as if for a fry gas. Hint: assume a mixture of CO 2, N2, and water vapor – then
follow one of the components (say the CO2) through the Orsat obsorption process.
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13.27 One pound of carbon is burned so that ½ lb of C goes into CO 2 and ½ lb into CO. Set up the
combustion equation and find:
a) The pounds of air used per pound of carbon
b) The volume of this air at 65 oF and 14.7 psia
c) The volumetric and gravimetric composition of the products
d) The volume of the products at 65 OF and 14.7 psia
e) The partial pressure of each of the products
Ans. a) 8.63, b) 114 ft3, c) 13%, 19% for CO2, e) 1.91 psia for CO2
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13.28 In a rigid vessel at 1 atm pressure and 100 oF, there are 1 lb of H2 and 28 lb of O2. The H2 reacts
completely to H2O. Determine:
a) The volume of the vessel
b) The temperature at which the H2O is on the point of condensing (use steam tables)
c) The amount of condensation when the contents are cooled to 80 oF
d) The partial pressure of the O2 at the final state
Ans. a) 562 ft3, b) 170 oF, c) 8.11 lb, d) 0.511 atm
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13.29 A gaseous mixture of 4 moles CH4 and 9 moles O2 is ignited. Write the theoretical combustion
equation and find:
a) The volumetric analysis of the products
b) The equivalent amount of air represented by the O2
c) The percentage excess of O2 in the mixture and, if excess, how much more CH 4 could have
been burned to completion
d) The dew point of the products if the mixture pressure is 20 psia
Ans. a) XCO = 30.76%, b) 42.84 moles equivalent air, c) 12.5% excess, 0.5 mole CH4, d) 203.2 OF
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13.30 In the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel at 1 atm, 19 lb da / lb f are supplied. The humidity ratio
of the air supply is w = 0.015 lb v / lb da. The combustion process producess1.4 lb H 2O / lbf. For the
products from dry air, M = 28.9. What is the dew point of the products?
Ans. 123 OF
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13.31 Set up the chemical equation for the combustion of propane C3H8 in stoichiometric air.
a) Show the relative masses and volumes, and compute the air / fuel ratio.
b) The same as a) except that the combustion occurs in 15% excess air
c) The same as a) except that the combustion occurs in 90% of the stoichiometric air and H 2
reacts completely to H2O
d) Determine the gravimetric percentages of the carbon and hydrogen in the fuel
e) For the reaction in a) determine the gravimetric and volumetric analysis of the products with H 2O
(g)

Ans. a) 15.61, b) 17.95, c) 14.05 Lb a/Lb f, d) 81.8% C, e) CO2 11.62% vol, 18.07% grav

13.32 the same as 13.31 except that the fuel is nonane, C9H20, a rocket fuel
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 Reactive Systems

13.33 A signal Hill, California, gas sample has the following volumetric analysis: 65% CH4, 32.9%
C2H6, 3.6% H2, 1% CO2. Balance the chemical equation for this gas burned in the stoichiometric
amount of air, and find:
a) The air / fuel ratio, by mass and volume
b) Volumetric and gravimetric analysis of the products
Ans. a) 16.4 lb a/Lb f, 11.52 ft3 a/ft3 f, b) CO2: 10.21% vol, 16.12% grav
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13.34 The ultimate gravimetric analysis of a coal as received is 74% C, 1.5% H 2, 6% O2, 2.5% N2,
5.5% H2O, 9.5% ash.
a) What is the percentage carbon on a dry, ashless basis
b) Find the air / fuel ratio (100% ideal air) required to burn the fuel as received
c) If 100 ton/hr of the as received coal are burned and the refuse shows 20% combustible, find the
products per hour refuse collected
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13.35 Assume 100 ton/hr of pulverized coal are burned. Coal analysis by mass showed: 76% C, 6%
H2, 7% O2, 2% N2, 4% H2O, 5 % ash. Stack gas analysis by volume showed: 13% CO 2, 1.5 % CO,
5.5% O2, 80% N2. Refuse pit analysis by mass showed: 23% C, 77% ash. Find:
a) The volume of actual air measured at 14.7 psia and 90 oF
b) The refuse collected each hour
c) The volume of dry products at Pm = 14.7 psia and 310 oF
Ans. a) 605,00 ft3/min, b) 6.49 tons/hr, c) 880,000 ft3/min
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13.36 Combustion of propane

a) If propane C3H8 (g) is mixed with the stoichiometric air, what are the higher and lower heating
values (p = C) per pound of mixture and per ft3 of mixture at pm = 14.7 psia and 77 oF
b) Find qh and ql (p = C) per lb fuel, at 200 oF and at 0 oR
c) Find qh and ql per lb fuel, at 77 oF when V = C
Ans. a) qh=1294 Btu/lb, 97.8 Btu/ft3, b) qh=21,624 Btu/lb at 200 oF, c) qhw=21,417, qlv=19,798 Btu/lb
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13.37 The same as 13.36 except that the fuel is nonane C9H20 (g)
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13.38 The volumetric analysis of a natural gas fuel is 22.6% C2H6 and 77.4% CH4. Find:
a) The mass of stoichiometric air per pound of fuel
b) The mass of CO2 and H2O formed per pound of fuel
c) The gravimetric percentage of C and H2 in the fuel and in the stoichiometric air-fuel mixture
d) The higher and lower heating values at 77 oF, per pound of fuel and per pound of stoichiometric
air –fuel mixture
Ans. a) 16.8 lb, b) 2.81 CO2, c) 4.31% C, 1.30% H2, d) qh=25,050 Btu/lb f, qh= 1406 Btu/lb mix
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13.39 Compare the maximum adiabatic flame temperature of H2 versus CO when each fuel is burned
to completion (no dissociation) in a steady flow system with 200% air; the reactants enter at 1 atm,
77 oF
Ans. 2967 oF (H2), 3185 oR (CO)
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13.40 Gaseous n-butane C4H10 is burned at constant pressure with 400% ideal air in a steady flow
system. The reactants enter at 77 oF. Determine the adiabatic air temperature using Item B 38
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13.41 Gaseous octane and 200% air react in a steady flow manner; the reactants cross the boundary
at 100 oF and the products leave at 2000 OF. For the process, K = 0, W = 0. Determine the heat for
a fuel flow of 1 mol/sec. Do not neglect the sensible enthalpy of the fuel; use Item B 9
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13.42 A diesel engine burns dodecane C12H26 in 200% stoichiometric air (100% excess). At the end of
the compression process (initial point of fuel injection – fuel at 77 oF) the air temperature is 1080 oF.
Using item B9, compute the temperature of the products after constant pressure combustion if the
combustion efficiency is 94%. Sketch energy diagrams
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13.43 Consider a stoichiometric reaction of nonane C 9H20 (l) and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (g) to CO2
(g) and H2O (l). if the process begins and ends at 77 oF and 1 atm, determine:
a) The enthalpy of reaction
b) The change of entropy
c) If the nonane reacts instead with pure O2, is more or less energy released? Compare this – h rp
with that given in item B 12.

Ans. a) – 34,800 Btu/Lbf, b) -504 Btu/oR for 1 mole nonane

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13.44 A torpedo propulsion system involves a reaction of methyl alcohol CH 4O (l) and hydrogen
peroxide H2O2 (g). Using hof and / or Gof, determine the maximum work that can be done for
constant p, T, at pm = 1 atm and 77oF. What are the entropy change and heat? Compare the heat of
this reaction with the heating value from item B 12.
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13.45 Let octane C8H18 (l) be burned adiabatically in 400% air with the reactants initially at 77 OF;
steady flow obtains. Determine the theoretical flame temperature.
a) Using item B 8,
b) Using the enthalpies of formation of each compound.
 Reactive Systems

13.46 Using enthalpies of formation

a) Determine the standard enthalpy of combustion, - h orp, of ethane C2H6 (g) with liquid H2O in the
products Compare with item B 12
b) Using enthalpies of reaction, compute the enthalpy of formation. Compare with item B 11.
Ans. a) – 22,320 Btu/Lb, b) -36,400 Btu/mole
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13.47 Into a 0.5 ft3 bomb calorimeter, filled with air at 1 atm and 77 OF, is placed 0.0001 pmoles of
methanol (methyl alcohol, CH4O). Complete adiabatic combustion occurs. For no dissociation,
compute the final pressure.
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13.48 Using item B 11, calculate the enthalpy of combustion and internal energy of combustion for CO
at 1 atm, 77 OF
Ans. a) – 121,745, -121,203 Btu/lb-mol
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13.49 Compute the Gibbs function of formation of CO 2 at 1 atm and 77 OF, using G = H – TS and the
enthalpies of formation and compare with the values given in item B 11.
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13.50 Determine the Gibbs function of methane CH4 (g) at 5 atm, 140 OF measured from the same
datum as Gibbs function of formation given in item B11. Assume the specific heat to be constant as
given in item B 1
Ans. – 22,786 Btu/mol
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13.51 Benzene C6H6 (g) is burned with 300% air in a steady flow manner. The reactants are at 1 atm,
77 OF. Determine the maximum work possible if the reaction occurs isothermally
 Reactive Systems

13.52 Gibbs function of formation

a) Using hOf, compute GOf for hydroxyl OH (g) and check with value in item B11
b) Using value from a), compute the Gibbs function of formation at 400 OK
c) Using enthalpy of formation, and the absolute entropies of the elements, compute the absolute
entropy of OH (g) in the standard state; compare with table value
 Reactive Systems

13.53 If a way were found to make gaseous ethane C 2H6 react with O2 in an ideal fuel cell at 140 OF
and 1 atm, compute S for the reaction and determine the ideal work for H2O (l).
Ans. – 69.5 Btu/ oR-mole f, 20,860 Btu/lb
 Reactive Systems

13.54 Determine de equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction at 77oF:

a) CO + H2O = CO2 + H2
b) CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O. See item B11 for Gof
Ans. a) 98,100
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13.55 Calculate the equilibrium constants for the following reactions occurring at 77 oF
a) H2 + 0.5O2 = H2O
b) CO2 = CO + 0.5O2
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13.56 When an object enters the earth’s atmosphere at high speed, the temperature behind the shock
wave in the vicinity of the object may be quite high. Suppose that the temperature is 7200 OR, the
total pressure is 0.034 psia, and it is desired to estimate the extend of dissociation of the oxygen.
For the reversible reaction O2 2O at 7200 OR, the equilibrium constant is Kp = 2.4094. Hint: Let the
reaction equation be
3.76 N2 + O2 = n1O + n2O2 + 3.76 N2
which assumes that the dissociation of the N2 is negligible. Define Kp in terms of n2
Ans. mols of O2 = 0.0007
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13.57 Methane CH4 (g) is burned in 90% air in a steady flow adiabatic process; the reactants enter at
77 OF. Consider dissociation of CO2 and H2O, except assume that there is no O 2 in the products (a
simplification involving small error in this case). Estimate the adiabatic flame temperature. Hint: Use
only the water gas reaction for the solution.
 Reactive Systems

13.58 An object falls to earth creating a shock wave and resulting high temperatures in its path. At one
point of this path in the earth’s atmosphere, the temperature is 5400 OR; the pressure is 1 atm.
Estimate the dissociation of oxygen at this point. For the reversible reaction O 2 2O at 5400 OR, Kp =
0.01441. See problem 13.56.
Ans. 0.248 mols O
 Reactive Systems

13.59 Compute the adiabatic flame temperature for the combustion of CO in stoichiometric oxygen at
a constant pressure of 5 atm, starting from 77 OF and allowing dissociation. Suggestion. Try 5400
O
R first.
 Reactive Systems

13.60 During the recent energy crisis it was proposed to utilized cattle manure from large feed-lots by
hydrogasifying, it burning the resulting gaseous mixture in power plants. The following compositions
are known: raw cattle manure before gasification, % mass, 35.4 C, 4.6 H 2, 0.2 S, 30.1 O2, 3.4 H2O,
0.7 N2, 25.6 ash; product gas resulting from gasification of raw manure, % volume: 78.76 CH 4,
19.02 C2H6, 1.07 H2, 1.15 CO2. Find the heating value of each composition and determine the
stoichiometric air required for each.
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13.61 In industry, the CO2 content of the products of the combustion is conveniently used as an index
of the combustion efficiency and/ or the percentage excess of air for a given fuel. Plot the curve
“percentage CO2 (by volume) versus percentage air (theoretical)” for methane CH 4, allowing the
amount of air vary from 50% ideal to 150% ideal. For deficient air, assume that by volume the CO
content is twice that of the H2. Note that the resulting curve may be used to indicate the percentage
air supplied when the CO2 content only is known
 Reactive Systems

13.62 It is desired to determine the effect of excess air on the dew point temperature of the products
resulting from burning a selected hydrocarbon in air at constant pressure (p=14.7 psia). Select a
fuel from item B12 and burn it theoretically in air varying from that of stoichiometric to 400% excess.
Plot a curve depicting dew point temperature vs percentage excess air. Write the computer program
for this problem.
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13.63 Find the fugacity f ( see item B37) for each of the following fluids at 2940 psia, 44OF
a) Water
b) Propane
c) Hydrogen
 Reactive Systems

1060. Ethane C2H6 reacts with 200% stoichiometric air in a steady flow process, maintained at 1 atm.
The reactants enter at 77 oF; the products leave at 2000 oR. The fuel flow is 30 lb/sec. Solve for the rate
of heat transfer.

1062. Consider a stoichiometric reaction of nonane C9H20 and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 to CO2 and H2O.
If the process begins and ends at 77 oF and 1 atm, determine:

a) The enthalpy of reaction

b) If the nonane reacts instead with pure O2 is more or less energy released?