Week Statistics and Probability B. Discrete D.

Nominal
4. Which of the following is NOT a continuous random variable?
1 A. The height of the airplane’s flight
B. The amount of liquid on a container
MELC: At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to: C. The number of COVID 19 cases each day
1. Illustrate random variables (discrete and continues)
D. The length of time for the check up in the hospital
2. Distinguishing between a discrete and continuous random variable
3. Find possible values of a random variable 5. Which of the following variable is discrete random variable?
4.Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random A. The amount of unleaded gasoline in a Suzuki car
variable and its properties B. The temperature of a cup of coffee served at a restaurant.
C. The number of boys in a randomly selected three-child family
CHAPTER 1: Random Variable and Probability D. The average amount spent on water bill every month of December
Distributions by a randomly selected household in Quezon Province.
6. Suppose you tossed two coins, what are the sample spaces for the
What I Need to Know experiment above?
You have studied probability and frequency distributions in statistics A. HH, TT
in the previous level. This module was designed and written collaboratively B. HH, HT, TT
to help you in illustrating random variables (discrete and continuous) which C. HH, TH, TT
are essential in solving real life problems. D. HH, HT, TT, TH
After going through this module, you are expected to: 7. You decide to conduct a survey of families with two children. You are
1. define random variable; and interested in counting the number of girls (out of 2 children) in each family.
2. illustrate random variables (discrete and continues). If the experiment above shows a random variable, then what are the possible
3. distinguish random variables as discrete or continuous. values of it?
4. find possible values of random variables. A. Its value can be 1 or 2.
5. illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable B. Its value can be 0, 1, or 2.
and its properties. C. Its value can be 2 or 4.
D. None, since it is not a random variable.
What I Know 8. Suppose three laptops are tested. Let D represent the defective laptop and
Before studying this module, take this test to determine what you N for the non-defective laptop. If we let X be the random variable
already know about the topic covered. representing the number of non-defective laptops. What are the possible
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a values of the random variable?
separate sheet of paper. A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
1. A set of numerical values assigned to a sample space is called B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
A. Random experiment C. Random variable 9. Which of the following values can serve as the values of a probability
B. Random sample D. None of the above distribution?
2. This term can best describe a variable that can be counted A. P(1) = 0.42, P(2) = 0.31, P(3)= 0.38
A. Continuous C. Interval B. P(1) = 9/14, P(2) = 4/14, P(3)= 1/14
B. Discrete D. Ratio C. P(1) = 0.08, P(2) = 0.12, P(3)= 1.03
3. Which of the following is a variable whose value is obtained by measuring? D. P(1) = 10/33, P(2) = 12/33, P(3)= 10/33
A. Continuous B. Interval 10. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable?
A. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋))= 0
 B. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 1/10 𝑋+1 1
5. False: If 𝑃(𝑋) = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑜𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃(1) =
6 3
C. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 1 6. True
D. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 10
What is It
What’s In In Algebra, “variable” means one thing - an unknown value, you’ll
In the study of basic probability, you have discovered that an come across different types of variables in statistics. Some of these are:
experiment is any movement that should be possible more than once under categorical variable (variable that can be put into categories like tooth paste
comparative condition. The arrangement of every possible outcomes of an brands); ordinal variable (similar to categorical variable, but there is a clear
experiment is what we called a sample space. You have additionally figured order like socioeconomic status ); quantitative variable (a broad category that
out how to mathematically list down the conceivable outcome of a given includes any variable that can be counted 17 or has a numerical values
experiment. In tossing a coin, for example, the potential results are turning associated with it); qualitative variable (a broad category that for any variable
up a head or a tail. that can’t be counted) and there’s a lot more variable that you may encounter
For you to begin let us all understand that probability distributions in the field of statistics, but our focused in this module, is on random variable.
can be illustrated or classified as discrete probability distributions or as A Random Variable is a function that associates a real number with
continuous probability distributions, depending on whether they define each element in the sample space. It is a variable whose values are
probabilities associated with discrete variables and continuous variables. determined by chance. Thus, in simple words, a Random Variable is a
A variable X whose value depends on the outcome of a random numerical quantity that is derived from the outcomes of a random
process is called a random variable. experiment.
In the experiment of tossing a coin, the number of times the coin
What’s New turns up a head is an example of random variables.
To find out if you are ready to learn in this new lesson, answer the following There are two types of random variables, the discrete and
questions. continuous random variables.
A. Determine whether the statement is True or False.

Solution:
1. True.
2. False: The possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1, 2 and 3.
3 1 5
3. False: + =
4 2 4
4. True
 A random variable is a numerical quantity that is derived from the
outcomes of random experiments. To solve the problem above, you have to consider first the steps in
Example 1. Suppose two coins are tossed, let Z be the random variable determining the values of the random variable that you have learned from
representing the number of heads that occur. Find the values of the random your previous lesson.
variable Z. a. Let D represent the defective computer and N for the non-
defective computer. The sample space is:
S= {NND, NDN, DNN, DND, DDN, NDD, DDD, NNN} and there are 8 possible
outcomes in the sample space.
b. Count the number of defective computers in each outcome in the
sample space and assign this number to this outcome. For instance, if you list
NND, the number of defective computers (D) is 1.

So, the possible values of the random variable Z are 0, 1, and 2.

How to illustrate the probability distribution of the random variable?

Example 1. In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants to find out if there is

a defective computer. Supposed three computers were tested at random, she There are four possible values of the random variable X representing the
asks one of her Computer System Servicing students to list all the possible number of defective computers. The possible values that X can take are 0, 1,
outcomes, such that D represents the defective computer and N represents 2, and 3.
the non-defective computer. Let X be the random variable for the number of c. Each of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample
defective computers. Then, illustrate the probability distribution of the space S of equally likely outcomes for this experiment. Since the value of the
random variable X. random variable X represents the number of defective computers, X = 0 to
(NNN), X = 1 to (NND, NDN, DNN), X=2 to (DND, DDN, NDD) and X= 3 to (DDD).
Based on the above problem, observe, analyze, and answer the following
questions: If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability is:
a. List the sample space in the given experiment. How many
outcomes are possible? 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
b. Construct a table showing the number of defective computers in 𝑃 (𝐸 ) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
each outcome and assign this number to this outcome. What is the value of
the random variable X? Assign probability values P(X) to each value of the random variable. Since the
c. Illustrate a probability distribution. What is the probability value number of outcomes is 8, the probability that 0 defective computer will come
P(X) to each value of the random variable? 1 1
out is or P (0) = , the probability that 1 defective computer will come
d. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random 8 8
3 3
variable? out is or P(1) = , the probability that 2 defective computers will come
8 8
e. What do you notice about the probability of each value of the
random variable?
 3 3 specifies the probability associated with each possible value of the random
out is or P(2) = and the probability that 3 defective computers will
8 8
1 1 variable. The distribution functions of discrete random variables are
come out is or P(3) = .
8 8 concentrated as a mass for a particular value, and generally known as
Probability Mass Function.
Illustrating this in a table would give as: Ex.1.Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution:
X 1 5 7 8 9
P(X) 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3

The distribution must satisfy that each probability value P(X) must be a.) from
0 to 1 and b) the sum of all the values of the probabilities must be equal to 1.
You can also construct the table in this form: By adding all the values of P(X)
1 1 1 1 1 𝟓
Σ P(X) = + + + + =
3 3 3 3 3 𝟑
Table 1.1 Probability Distribution or Probability Mass Function The probability of each value of the random variable has the same value
of Discrete Random Variable X 1
which is and this value lies between 0 and 1 but the sum of its probabilities
3
is not equal to 1. Hence, this is not a probability distribution because ΣP(X) ≠
1.

Ex. 2. Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability

d. by adding all the probabilities
distribution.
𝚺P(X) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3)
1 3
= + + 38 + 18 X 1 3 5 7
8 8 P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.28 0.12
8
= or 1
8
You can also use decimals in determining the sum of the probabilities. You can also express the values of the probabilities in decimal form. By adding
𝚺P(X) = 0.125 + 0.375 + 0.375 + 0.125 = 1 all the values of P(X)
If you add all the probabilities, the sum is equal to 1. Σ P(X)= 0.35 + 0.25 + 0.28 + 0.12 =1
The probability of each value of the random variable lies between 0 and 1 and
e. From the given activity, you can see that the values of the the sum of its probabilities is equal to 1 or ΣP(X) = 1. Therefore, this is a
probability range from 0 to 1. probability distribution.

The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is a list of Ex. 3. Determine whether the given values can serve as the values of a
the possible values of X and the corresponding probabilities of the values. It probability distribution.
a. P(1) = 0.05, P(2)=1.01, P(3)= 0.2
Properties of discrete probability distribution The probability of each value of the random variable does not lie between 0
1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be and 1 because P(2)=1.01. Therefore, this is not a probability distribution.
between or equal to 0 and 1. In symbol 0 < P(X) < 1.
2. The sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random
variable must be equal to 1. In symbol, we write it as 𝚺P(X) = 1

7
Name: _______________________________________________ Independent Activity III
Tossing Three Coins
Strand & Section:____________________________________
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing
Week : 1 the number of tails that occur. Illustrate the probability distribution of the
random variable Y. Write your answer on the table provided.
What’s More
Independent Activity I a. List all the sample space on the possible outcomes (first column). Let H
Identify whether the given experiment involves a discrete random variable or a continuous represent the head and T represent tail. Count the number the number of
random variable. Write D if discrete and C if continuous.
tails in each outcome in the sample space and assign this number to this
__C___1. getting the temperature of patient admitted in a hospital
outcome (second column).
__C___2. collecting data about the weights of students in a certain school Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Y
__D___3. the number of patient admitted in the hospital due to COVID-19 (number of tails)
TtH 2
2
___D__4. the number of no work no pay in a certain municipality caused by pandemic
THT
__D___5. the number of families that are members of 4P’s in Quezon
HTt 2
__D___6. the number of Balikbayan OFW arrive in the Philippines
HTh 1
P(0)=1/8
___D__7. the number of text messages received by a particular individual in a day
Hht 1
2 P(1)=2/8
Htt
__D___8. the number of possible outcomes in rolling a die
3 P(2)= 4/8
___C__9. the amount of liquid in a 12 - ounce can of soda Ttt
if__C10. the number of fouls committed by a basketball team during the games Hhh 0 P(3)=1/8

b. Complete the probability distribution table below.

Table 1 The Probability Distribution of the Probability Mass Function of
Independent Activity II
Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution or Discrete Random Variable Y
not.
Number of Tails Y 0 1 2 3
Probability P(Y) 1/8 2/8 4/8 1/8
_______Y________________
What I Have Learned
A. Complete the following statements by writing the correct word. Wrong
spelling is wrong.
_____Y_____________ 1. A variable whose value is obtained by counting data is called__________ Discrete random variable

Continuous random variable

2. A variable whose value is obtained by measuring is called_____________
3. Time it takes to get to school is an example of ______________________
Discrete random variable

__________Y_______________ 4. Number of heads in flipping coins is an example of Discrete ___________________

random variable

5. It is the list of possible values of a random variable X and the corresponding

____________N_________________ probabilities of the values. ____________________________
Probability distribution

__________Y______________________ 6. What is the sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable?
Between 0 to 1
__________________________________
7. What should be the probability of each value of the random variable? Write b. What safety precautions will you undertake to help avoid the spread of
your answer in symbol. ___________________________.
/< the COVID-19 pandemic?
8-10. Enumerate the steps on how to illustrate the probability distribution of ______________________________________________________________
a discrete random variable by completing the statements given below. ______________________________________________________________
Determine first the _____________space in the given experiment. ______________________________________________________________
Then, find the possible values of the _____________________________.
______________________________________________________________
Illustrate the probability distribution by assigning _____________________
to each value of the random variable.

What I Can Do
COVID -19 Recoveries

The ongoing pandemic of corona virus disease 2019, a novel

infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome was spread
in the Philippines on January 30, 2020. Thousands of people in the country
tested positive in this virus, and some of them recovered from the disease.
The following table shows the number of recoveries from April 24-May 3,
2020.

a. Illustrate the probability distribution if X is the random variable that

represents the number of recoveries.

Number of Recoveries X Probability P(X)

20
30
40
41
43
48
70
90