Introduction to Computers, Programs, and Flowcharts  Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial

Intelligence
Computer System The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
A computer system is one that is able to take a set of devices that respond to natural language input and are
inputs, process them and create a setoff outputs. This is capable of learning and self-organization.
done by a combination of hardware and software.
Classification of Computers
History of Computer Development Computers may be classified based on the following:
Englishman, Charles Babbage, invented in the 1830's a  Operating principles (based on their
"Difference Engine" made out of brass and pewter rods construction and working)
and gears, and also designed a further device which he Based on the operating principles, computers can be
called an "Analytical Engine". His design contained the classified into one of the following types:
five key characteristics of modern computers: o Digital Computers
 An input device o Analog Computers
 Storage for numbers waiting to be processed o Hybrid Computers
 A processor or number calculator
 A unit to control the task and the sequence of its  Applications
calculations Modern computers depending upon their applications
 An output device are classified as:
o Special Purpose Computers
o General Purpose Computers

 Size and capability (or classification into micro,

mini, mainframe and supercomputers)
The following are the classification of computer based
on size and processing power:
o Super computers
Generations of Computers o Mainframe computers
 First Generation (1940-1956) - Vacuum Tubes o Mini computers
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first- o Micro computers
generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first
commercial computer delivered to a business client, the  Number of Microprocessors
U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.  Number of users
The very first commercial computer in the entire world
of this type was built in Britain in 1949 and was called Super Computers
the Manchester (Ferranti) Mark 1. Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer is the world's most
The first electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical powerful and has a processing power of 93 petaflops
Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), was developed in Will be used to simulate "the birth and early expansion
1946. It took up 1,800 square feet and weighed 30 tons of the Universe" using 10 trillion digital particles.

 Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the
second generation of computers. The transistor was
invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in
computers until the late 1950s.

 Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased
the speed and efficiency of computers.

 Fourth Generation (1971-Present) FLOP

Microprocessors Floating point operations per second (FLOPS, flops or
The first GUI-centric computer operating model was the flop/s) is a measure of computer performance, useful in
Xerox 8010 Star Information System in 1981, followed fields of scientific computations that require floating-
by the Apple Lisa (which presented the concept of point calculations
menu bar as well as window controls) in 1983, the
Apple Macintosh 128K in 1984, and the Atari ST and PETAFLOP
Commodore Amiga in 1985. A unit of computing speed equal to one thousand
million million (1015) floatingpoint operations per
second
Quantum Computers NUMBER SYSTEMS
Quantum computing takes advantage of the strange DECIMAL – base 10
ability of subatomic particles to exist in more than one BINARY – base 2
state at any time. o Machine Language
o Represented by 1/0
The diagram shows the idea of a computer system in OCTAL – base 8
its most basic form. o OCTAL Number includes: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
o Each value corresponds to 3bits
HEXADECIMAL – base 16
o OCTAL Number includes:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A(10),B(11),C(12),D(13),E(14)
,F(15)
o Each value corresponds to 4bits

CODES TO REPRESENT CHARACTERS and SYMBOLS

Since the number system only translates the machine

language, symbols in human languages are made
possible by representing a value to a symbol or character
What is data and information?
COMPUTER CODING STANDARDS
 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange)
It defines a set of characters that is displayed on screen.
Standard ASCII uses only seven bits for each character
but this has been extended to 8 bits to accommodate
more symbols.

 UNICODE
It is an 8, 16 or 32-bit character encoding scheme that
provides codes for 65,000 characters. This was
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, developed to represents all the writing systems of the
concepts or instructions in a formalized manner which world.
should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or
processing by human or electronic machine.  Extended ASCII
This code makes use of a series of 0’s and 1’s to represent
Information is organized or classified data which has 256 characters (including letters for uppercase and
some meaningful values for the receiver. lowercase, numbers, and symbols).

Computer Number Systems ASCII CODING

Data representation is the conversion of images, letters
and sounds to digital electrical signals. Here, a digital
electrical signal refers to a combination or sequence of
“on” (1) and “off” (0) signals.
Bit (b) – binary digit (it could be either 1 or 0)
Byte (B) – equal to 8 bits

Units of Data
 What is a computer program?
Problem solving steps
o Understanding the problem
o Devising a plan for solving the problem
o Carrying out the plan
o Evaluating the solution

Programming Process
o Defining the problem
o Devising, refining, and testing the algorithm
o Writing the program
o Testing and debugging the program
Operating System (OS)
Stepwise Refinement
Booting
o Top-down design
Booting is the process that occurs when you press the
o The design process starts at the top, with the
power button to turn your computer on.
main ideas, and works down to the details
o It runs tests to make sure everything is working
o Result of stepwise refinement is an algorithm
correctly.
o It checks for new hardware.
Algorithm
o It then starts up the operating system.
o A set of step-by-step instructions that, when
Once the operating system has started up, it manages all
completed, solves the original problem
of the software and hardware on the computer
o Must have finite number of steps
o Write algorithms in a form called pseudocode or
Operating System
flowchart
 Manages user files
 Manages installed programs
Pseudocode
 Provides interface
o A cross between a computer language and plain
 Configure equipment
English.
o When the details of an algorithm are in place, a
Operating Systems – Desktop
programmer can translate it from pseudocode
 Microsoft Windows Operating System is the
into a computer language via programming
most used operating system in the world.
language
Most Popular OS versions: Windows 10 (latest), 8 and
8.1, 7 and XP
Control Structures
o A sequence control structure is a group of
 Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by
instructions followed in order from the first
Apple Inc. which comes pre-installed to
through the last.
Macintosh products.
o A selection (or decision) control structure is used
Popular versions: Snow Leopard, Leopard, Lion, Yosemite
to make logical decisions—to choose between
and El Capitan, Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave (latest)
alternative courses of action depending on
certain conditions (If, Case)
 Linux is a free and open source operating system.
o A repetition control structure is a looping
Unlike the other OS’es, it can be distributed and
mechanism. It allows a group of steps to be
modified by anyone in the world.
repeated several times, usually until some
Popular distributions: Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora
condition is satisfied (Loop)
Operating System – Mobile
Program Development
 Android Pie (Google)
 Text editor
 iOS 12(Apple)
 Translation program
 Windows 10 Mobile (Microsoft)
 Compiler software
Operating System – Server  Integrated Programming Environment (IDE)
 Solaris (Suns Microsystems)  Syntax errors
 Mac OS X Server (Apple)
 Windows Server (Microsoft) Programming Languages
 A programming language is a computer language
User distribution engineered to create a standard form of
commands.
 These commands can be interpreted into a code
understood by a machine. Programs are created
through programming languages to control the
behavior and output of a machine through
accurate algorithms, similar to the human
communication process.
Syntax Semantics Object – Oriented Programming Language
o Object-oriented programming is another
High Level VS Low Level imperative programming paradigm that
incorporates objects to its codes.
Low Level o These objects represent an independent
program that can be integrated to other
programs.

Declarative Programming Language

 Declarative Paradigm answers “What it is to be
achieve”.
 This programming paradigm is directly
connected to the logics of math and relational
calculus
 This is characterized by providing the logical
High Level
computation without the specification on how
to do the computation.

Logical Programming Language

o Logic Programming Language is a
classification under declarative programming
paradigm
o The language uses the symbolic logic form
Top in demand Programming Languages and that codes made in this programming
language expresses the result but not stating
the procedure for how the result is achieved

Logical Programming Language

o This programming structure focuses on the
context of proposition, symbolic logic and
predicate calculus.
o Propositions are considered as a logical
statement which may be composed of
objects.

Prolog Hello World code

Paradigms
IMPERATIVE
o Blocked -Structured PL
o Object-Oriented PL Functional Programming Language
o Functional Programming is a programming
DECLARATIVE structure that has the characteristics of
o Logic PL declarative programming paradigm which
o Functional PL applies the context of mathematical
functions.
Imperative Programming Language o Since the context of mathematical functions
 Imperative goes on the context of “How it is to are applied to this programming structure,
be achieve” program evaluation is controlled by recursion
 The paradigm’s manifestation of program and integration of conditional expressions.
execution modifies the state based on the
sequence of steps or the given set instructions Scheme sample codes

Blocked –Structured Programming Language

o A block is a series or a section of a
code/instruction given to be executed by the
programming language.
o The block provides a separation of instruction
into different components that composes of
the totality of the program.
Scheme sample codes System Development Stages
1. Investigation
 The purpose of the investigation phase is to
study the existing business problem or
opportunity and determine whether it is feasible
to develop a new system or redesign the existing
system.
Programming / System Development Methodologies  The project team conducts a feasibility study to
identify the nature of the problem.
System Development Methodologies
System Development Life Cycle – Waterfall Model DATA GATHERING
 Document review
 Interview
 Questionnaire
 Observation

 Technical feasibility.
 Economic feasibility.
 Operational feasibility.
Prototyping Model  Organizational feasibility.

2. Analysis
During the analysis phase, the systems analyst gathers
documents, interviews users of the current system (if
one exists), observes the system in action, and gathers
and analyses data to understand the current system and
identify new requirements—features or capabilities that
must be included in the system to meet the needs of the
users.
 Input/output requirements.
 Processing requirements.
 Storage requirements.
 Control requirements.
Extreme Programming
3. Design
 The investigation phase focuses on why, the
analysis phase focuses on what, and the design
phase focuses on how.
 In the design phase, the systems analyst
develops the specifications that describe how
the system requirements, identified in the
analysis phase, will be met.
Agile Model
 User interface design.
 Database design.
 Process design.

A prototype is a limited working system that gives users

and management an idea of how the completed system
will work.
Prototyping is an iterative process in which the systems
analyst can modify the prototype until it meets the needs
RAD – Rapid Application Development and expectations of the organization

4. Development
 After the design phase is completed, the actual
system development can begin.
 The development phase is a process of turning
the design specifications into a real working
system. Development includes a complex mix of
scheduling, purchasing, installation,
documentation, and programming.
  For most large projects, the development phase System Development
involves a team of programmers, technical MODELING TOOLS
writers, and clerical people under the
supervision of a systems analyst. FLOWCHART

CODE OBFUSCATION

 Testing the system procedure

o Alpha testing
o Beta testing

 System Testing Methodologies

o Functional Testing
o Unit Testing
o Integration Testing
o System Testing
o Regression Testing

Sample Beta Testing Procedure

5. Implementation
 The implementation phase occurs when the
testing phase is completed and the new system
is ready to replace the old one.
 For commercial software packages, this phase
typically involves extensive training and
technical support to supplement sales and
marketing efforts.

6. Maintenance
 The maintenance phase involves monitoring,
evaluating, repairing, and enhancing the system
throughout the lifetime of the system. Some Scheduling – GANTT CHART
software problems don’t surface until the system
has been operational for a while or the
organization’s needs change.
 Systems often need to be adjusted to keep up to
date with new products, services, customers,
industry standards, and government regulations.