Introduction To Computers
Introduction To Computers
Intelligence
Computer System The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
A computer system is one that is able to take a set of devices that respond to natural language input and are
inputs, process them and create a setoff outputs. This is capable of learning and self-organization.
done by a combination of hardware and software.
Classification of Computers
History of Computer Development Computers may be classified based on the following:
Englishman, Charles Babbage, invented in the 1830's a Operating principles (based on their
"Difference Engine" made out of brass and pewter rods construction and working)
and gears, and also designed a further device which he Based on the operating principles, computers can be
called an "Analytical Engine". His design contained the classified into one of the following types:
five key characteristics of modern computers: o Digital Computers
An input device o Analog Computers
Storage for numbers waiting to be processed o Hybrid Computers
A processor or number calculator
A unit to control the task and the sequence of its Applications
calculations Modern computers depending upon their applications
An output device are classified as:
o Special Purpose Computers
o General Purpose Computers
UNICODE
It is an 8, 16 or 32-bit character encoding scheme that
provides codes for 65,000 characters. This was
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, developed to represents all the writing systems of the
concepts or instructions in a formalized manner which world.
should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or
processing by human or electronic machine. Extended ASCII
This code makes use of a series of 0’s and 1’s to represent
Information is organized or classified data which has 256 characters (including letters for uppercase and
some meaningful values for the receiver. lowercase, numbers, and symbols).
Units of Data
What is a computer program?
Problem solving steps
o Understanding the problem
o Devising a plan for solving the problem
o Carrying out the plan
o Evaluating the solution
Programming Process
o Defining the problem
o Devising, refining, and testing the algorithm
o Writing the program
o Testing and debugging the program
Operating System (OS)
Stepwise Refinement
Booting
o Top-down design
Booting is the process that occurs when you press the
o The design process starts at the top, with the
power button to turn your computer on.
main ideas, and works down to the details
o It runs tests to make sure everything is working
o Result of stepwise refinement is an algorithm
correctly.
o It checks for new hardware.
Algorithm
o It then starts up the operating system.
o A set of step-by-step instructions that, when
Once the operating system has started up, it manages all
completed, solves the original problem
of the software and hardware on the computer
o Must have finite number of steps
o Write algorithms in a form called pseudocode or
Operating System
flowchart
Manages user files
Manages installed programs
Pseudocode
Provides interface
o A cross between a computer language and plain
Configure equipment
English.
o When the details of an algorithm are in place, a
Operating Systems – Desktop
programmer can translate it from pseudocode
Microsoft Windows Operating System is the
into a computer language via programming
most used operating system in the world.
language
Most Popular OS versions: Windows 10 (latest), 8 and
8.1, 7 and XP
Control Structures
o A sequence control structure is a group of
Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by
instructions followed in order from the first
Apple Inc. which comes pre-installed to
through the last.
Macintosh products.
o A selection (or decision) control structure is used
Popular versions: Snow Leopard, Leopard, Lion, Yosemite
to make logical decisions—to choose between
and El Capitan, Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave (latest)
alternative courses of action depending on
certain conditions (If, Case)
Linux is a free and open source operating system.
o A repetition control structure is a looping
Unlike the other OS’es, it can be distributed and
mechanism. It allows a group of steps to be
modified by anyone in the world.
repeated several times, usually until some
Popular distributions: Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora
condition is satisfied (Loop)
Operating System – Mobile
Program Development
Android Pie (Google)
Text editor
iOS 12(Apple)
Translation program
Windows 10 Mobile (Microsoft)
Compiler software
Operating System – Server Integrated Programming Environment (IDE)
Solaris (Suns Microsystems) Syntax errors
Mac OS X Server (Apple)
Windows Server (Microsoft) Programming Languages
A programming language is a computer language
User distribution engineered to create a standard form of
commands.
These commands can be interpreted into a code
understood by a machine. Programs are created
through programming languages to control the
behavior and output of a machine through
accurate algorithms, similar to the human
communication process.
Syntax Semantics Object – Oriented Programming Language
o Object-oriented programming is another
High Level VS Low Level imperative programming paradigm that
incorporates objects to its codes.
Low Level o These objects represent an independent
program that can be integrated to other
programs.
Paradigms
IMPERATIVE
o Blocked -Structured PL
o Object-Oriented PL Functional Programming Language
o Functional Programming is a programming
DECLARATIVE structure that has the characteristics of
o Logic PL declarative programming paradigm which
o Functional PL applies the context of mathematical
functions.
Imperative Programming Language o Since the context of mathematical functions
Imperative goes on the context of “How it is to are applied to this programming structure,
be achieve” program evaluation is controlled by recursion
The paradigm’s manifestation of program and integration of conditional expressions.
execution modifies the state based on the
sequence of steps or the given set instructions Scheme sample codes
Technical feasibility.
Economic feasibility.
Operational feasibility.
Prototyping Model Organizational feasibility.
2. Analysis
During the analysis phase, the systems analyst gathers
documents, interviews users of the current system (if
one exists), observes the system in action, and gathers
and analyses data to understand the current system and
identify new requirements—features or capabilities that
must be included in the system to meet the needs of the
users.
Input/output requirements.
Processing requirements.
Storage requirements.
Control requirements.
Extreme Programming
3. Design
The investigation phase focuses on why, the
analysis phase focuses on what, and the design
phase focuses on how.
In the design phase, the systems analyst
develops the specifications that describe how
the system requirements, identified in the
analysis phase, will be met.
Agile Model
User interface design.
Database design.
Process design.
4. Development
After the design phase is completed, the actual
system development can begin.
The development phase is a process of turning
the design specifications into a real working
system. Development includes a complex mix of
scheduling, purchasing, installation,
documentation, and programming.
For most large projects, the development phase System Development
involves a team of programmers, technical MODELING TOOLS
writers, and clerical people under the
supervision of a systems analyst. FLOWCHART
CODE OBFUSCATION
5. Implementation
The implementation phase occurs when the
testing phase is completed and the new system
is ready to replace the old one.
For commercial software packages, this phase
typically involves extensive training and
technical support to supplement sales and
marketing efforts.
6. Maintenance
The maintenance phase involves monitoring,
evaluating, repairing, and enhancing the system
throughout the lifetime of the system. Some Scheduling – GANTT CHART
software problems don’t surface until the system
has been operational for a while or the
organization’s needs change.
Systems often need to be adjusted to keep up to
date with new products, services, customers,
industry standards, and government regulations.