SWAMI VIVEKANANDA ACADEMY FOR EDUCATIONAL EXCELLENCE,

BURDWAN
NAME:-ASHMIT DASGUPTA

CLASS:-XII(HUMANITIES)

ROLL NO.:-05

SUBJECT:-POLITICAL SCIENCE

TOPIC:-NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT

SUBMITTED TO:-MRS.SUNITA CHOUDHURY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify, that Ashmit Dasgupta a student of class XIIth

has successfully completed the research on project “Non
Aligned Movement” under the guidance of Mrs.Sunita
Choudhury during the year 2021-22 in partial fulfillment of
Political Science practical examination AISSCE, New Delhi.
_____________
Teacher’s Signature.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the accomplishment of this project, successfully many people have
best owned upon me through blessings and the heart pledged support,
this time I am utilizing to thank all people who have been concerned
with this project.
Primarily, I would thank God for being able to complete this project
with success. Then I would like to thank my Political Science teacher
Mrs.Sunita Choudhury, whose valuable guidance has been the ones
that helped me paten this project and make it fully proof success.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Aims and Objectives:

The aim of the project is to present a detailed study of the topic NON ALIGNED
MOVEMENT through decisions, suggestions and different writings. The aim has
been to come to a conclusion very much indigenous.

Scope and Limitations:

Though the topic is Non Aligned Movement an immense project and pages can be
written over the topic but because of certain restrictions and limitations we might
not have dealt with the topic in great detail. Cause for calling conference is dealt
in detail.

Sources of data:
The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project-
1. Books
2. Websites

Method of writing and mode of Citation :

The method of writing followed in the course of this research paper is analytical.
The researcher has followed Uniform method of citation throughout the course of
this research paper.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

3. WORD”NON-ALIGNMENT”

4. MOTIVE OF NON-ALIGNMENT

5. NEGATIVE ELEMENTS

6. NAM SUMMITS AT A GLANCE

7. INDIA AND NON-ALIGNMENT

8. CONCLUSION

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Non aligned movement is an international organisation of
states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major
power bloc. It was founded in 1950s; as of 2007 it has 118 members. The purpose
of the organisation as stated in the Havana declaration of 1979 is to ensure the
national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non aligned
counties in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo- colonialism,
racism and all form of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or
hegemony as well as against great power and block politics. They represent nearly
two third of united nation members and comprises 55% of the world population.

Important members have included Yugoslavia, Brazil, India, Egypt, Indonesia,

Cuba, Pakistan, South Africa, Iran and Malaysia. Brazil has never been a formal
member of the movement, but shares many of the aim with NAM and frequently
send observer to Non Alignment Movement Summit.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The after effects of the second world-war were actually the reason for the origin of
non-alignment, which came into the scene after the victory of the Allied Powers in
the Second World War. Each of the allies, the British, the Americans and the
Russians were anxious to enlarge and expand its area of influence in the new shape
of Europe.

During the Cold War, between the USSR and Eastern Europe on the one hand and
the USA and Western Europe on the other, the world split into two camps.
However, during the 1960s a third camp, the non-aligned movement emerged.
Made up of countries that had gained independence from the European empires in
the period after World War II, the movement tried to act as a stabilizing force
between the two superpower blocs, as well as giving its members a more powerful
voice through unity. So basically the theory of non-alignment rests on the principle
of national independence and self-reliance on one hand and international co-
operation on the other. When India got freedom, Russia was spreading its
ideological concept over a large number of countries, whereas America was
entering into military alliance with newly emerging states. But country like India
successfully resisted such pressures because of her firm convictions and practical
reasons and did not join any of the blocks. This mature consideration gave birth to
the concept of non-alignment.

Non Alignment and Cold War

During the Cold War, members of the non-aligned movement were often the
targets of US imperialism and Soviet imperialism, as both the USA and Soviet
Union tried to attract non-aligned countries into their respective camps.
Monetary aid was given to development projects, such as the Soviet funding of
Egypt's Aswan High Dam project during the 1960s.The non-aligned movement
was not a strongly unified group like the North Atlantic Treaty organisation
(NATO) or the Warsaw pact, and its members were weaker economically and
militarily than the superpower blocs. Therefore, although its members were able
to increase their status through unity and cooperative voting in the UN General
Assembly, they were never able to challenge the dominance of the two
superpowers.
WORD “NON ALIGNMENT”
The term "Non-Alignment" was coined by V K Menon in his speech at UN in
1953 which was later used by Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru during his
speech in 1954in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five
pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations, which were first put forth by
Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, called Panchsheel(five restraints), these principles
would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles
were:
1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
2. Mutual non-aggression
3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
4. Equality and mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence
Jawaharlal Nehru's concept of nonalignment brought India considerable
international prestige among newly independent states that shared India's concerns
about the military confrontation between the superpowers and the influence of the
former colonial powers. New Delhi used nonalignment to establish a significant role
for itself as a leader of the newly independent world in such multilateral
organizations as the United Nations (UN) and the Non aligned Movement. The
signing of the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation between India and the Soviet
Union in 1971 and India's involvement in the internal affairs of its smaller
neighbours in the 1970s and 1980s tarnished New Delhi's image as a nonaligned
nation and led some observers to note that in practice, nonalignment applied only
to India's relations with countries outside South Asia.

Meaning of Non Alignment Motion

Non-alignment presupposes participation in international politics without having
bloc affiliation. At the same time it does not mean passive neutrality. It is neither a
policy of silence for fear of others, nor a policy of isolation from the world politics.
But it is rather a path of taking decisions on all issues according to one's judgment
of right and wrong. At seventh Non-Aligned Summit-in New Delhi in March 1983,
India's Prime Minister addressed a meeting by saying, "Non-Alignment is too
vague, not negative, not neutral and we cannot risk any shadow on our freedom
of judgment and action. We have no quarrel with any group of nations. But we
speak out against injustice."The non-aligned nations have grown into a great moral
force in international politics. They have stood separately as-well-as united for
world peace, understanding and co-operation amongst the nations of the world.
They have criticized the wrong and unjust and supported the right and just without
fear and favour, they are in favour of disarmament and against social
discrimination. The principle of non-alignment has received wider acceptance,
while the second Non-Aligned Conference held in October 1964 was attended by
47 participant countries and 10observers. The third conference held at Lusaka in
1970 was attended by 54 participants and11 observers and the fourth Summit
Conference held at Algiers in December 1973 by 75participants and 14 observers.
The participant included countries not only from West Asia and South Asia, but
also from Africa, the Caribbean’s and Latin America. The eighth Non-Aligned
Summit held in Harare in Sept. 1986 was attended by over a hundred countries
representing all the continents and bulk of humanity.
.The seventh Non-Aligned Summit Conference was held in New Delhi in March,
1983 and it reiterated its decision on all important issues before the world
community and appealed to the big powers to co-operate willingly in the efforts of
creating a new order in the world.
The policy of non-alignment has over the year won worldwide appreciation as a
sound and lasting instrument of world co-operation and world peace. Even the
people who were once against this policy have come round to view that greater
peace, co-operation and prosperity are possible not by military alliances and power
blocs and sorting out of problems by resort to arms, but by giving up die-hard
colonial and imperialistic policies in favour of the policy of "live and let live" by
pursuing the attitude of friendship with all and ill-will towards none. In certain
quarters, the concept of non-alignment was misinterpreted. It was regarded as a
negative concept leading to isolation. But Jawaharlal Nehru cleared this concept in
1949 by saying," When I say that we should not align ourselves with any power
bloc, obviously it does not mean that we should not be closer in our relations with
some countries than with others. That depends on entirely different factors chiefly
economic, political, agricultural and many other factors. These close relations will
no doubt develop and we will encourage them to develop, but we do not wish to
place ourselves in a position, where poetically speaking, we are just lined up with a
particular group or bound up to in regard to our future ‘foreign activities’. This
statement made India's position very clear in so far as the policy of non-alignment
was concerned.

MOTIVE OF NON- ALIGNMENT

Every foreign policy has some definite motives, even though the basic motive of
all foreign policies is to promote the national interest. The chief motives of non-
alignment are as follows:
(1)Urge for independence in formulation of policy:
All the erstwhile colonies after throwing off the bondage were keen to secure their
hard won independence. As they were economically, politically, militarily quite
weak and could not compete favourably with the older and stronger nations, they
felt it desirable to keep out of power blocks so that they may be able to pursue
an independent foreign policy.
(2)Desire to avoid involvement in general war: The non aligned nation want to
avoid entangling themselves in the various political feuds so that they may be able
concentrate fully on the economic and material development of their people. The
non-aligned nations are quite aware that in case of general war they will not be
able to escape its impact, yet they are determined to avoid direct involvement in
such wars as possible.

(3) To help U.N. to function successfully:

Another motive of the non-aligned nations is to ensure that U.N functions

successfully in the fulfilling its objectives especially of preservation of world peace
and economic development. This is possible only if this forum is freed from the
game of power politics. The non-aligned states that who constitute the third forces
can play a useful role in international politics by judging each issue on its merits
and finding valuable solution.
NEGATIVE ELEMENTS

(1) Opposition to Cold War: The new states were keen to avoid the cold war, as it
was considered to be highly dangerous development for international peace and
security. They felt that cold war can lead to a new war and hence wanted to
seriously limit rather virtually end their independence of action.
(2)Opposition to military alliance: Establishment of military alliance was an
important feature of cold war era but the non aligned felt that these alliances were
harmful for world peace as well as keep out of the alliance. Hence they decided to
remain out of alliance and power politics of the super powers. This aspect,
combined with opposition to cold war provided a formidable basis for the origin of
nonalignment.
(3)Opposition to Imperialism, Colonialism and Neo-colonialism: In
contemporary times the need to meet and overcome the threat posed by neo
colonialism to the independence, stability and security of the new states, further
upholds the case for adoption of non-alignment, which alone can provide a chance
for a united cooperation and struggle against forces of neo colonialism.
(4)Desire of independent foreign policy: Non alignment was adopted because it
helped the new states to preserve their individuality. While justifying non aligned
movement, Nehru again declared, policy itself can only be a policy of acting
according to
our best judgement. We must be free to judge issues on their merits. Alignment me
ans onlyone thing- to relinquish the right to free judgement and action. New states
were not prepared to accept such a position and hence they adopted Non-
alignment.
(5)Love for peace and peaceful means:
Another positive reason which lead to the adoption of Non alignment was the
acceptance of peace and peaceful means as the fundamental values. The struggle
for independence that took place in most of the states was governed by the
values of peace and prosperity. The newly emerged independent nations, like India
felt greatly concerned and wanted to help the preservation of world peace, with
which was linked their own peace and chance of development. Non alignment was
regarded as the best principle designed to prevent the spread of cold war and
alliance as well as the tensions that these two generated. It was adopted by them
with a view to strengthen the chances of peace against war.

NAM Summits at a glance

1. First Conference - Belgrade, September 1-6, 1961.

2. Second Conference - Cairo, October 5-10, 1964.

3. Third Conference - Lusaka, September 8-10, 1970.

4. Fourth Conference - Algiers, September 5-9, 1973.

5. Fifth Conference - Colombo, August 16-19, 1976.

6. Sixth Conference - Havana, September 3-9, 1979.

7. Seventh Conference - New Delhi, March 7-12, 1983.

8. Eighth Conference - Harare, September 1-6, 1986.

9. Ninth Conference - Belgrade, September 4-7, 1989.

10. Tenth conference- Jakarta, September 1-7, 1992.

11. Eleventh Conference - Cartagena de Indias, October 18-20, 1995

It is necessary that the NAM countries elected to the Security Council, and who
form the NAM Caucus in the Security Council, constantly strive to adopt unified
positions, and that the decisions and the positions of NAM as adopted at its
Summits and Ministerial Conferences and by the Coordinating Bureau be properly
reflected by them in the Security Council, without prejudice to their sovereign
rights. At the Cartagena Summit the Heads of State or Government called for the
need to continue to enhance this coordination, including the possibility of holding
consultations on a regular basis, between members of the NAM Caucus and other
members of the Coordinating Bureau.
 The chair of the Coordinating Bureau in New York should attend and
address the Security Council on matters of particular importance to members
of the Movement. To enlarge the scope of coordination, the Chairman of the
Coordinating Bureau may at the invitation of the Non-Aligned Security
Council Caucus.
 The chair of the Coordinating Bureau should hold regular meetings with
each coordinator of the Non-Aligned Security Council Caucus with a view
to bring briefed on the work of the Council and in turn, to convey to the
Caucus coordinator the positions of the movement. Similarly, the Caucus
coordinator should keep the chair apprised of upcoming discussions and
issues of general importance to the movement.
 The Coordinator of the Non-Aligned Security Council Caucus should also
periodically brief the Movement through the Coordinating Bureau.

INDIA AND NON ALIGNMENT

The movement had its origins in the 1947 Asian Relations Meeting in New
Delhi and the 1955 Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia. India
also participated in the 1961 Belgrade Conference that officially established the
Non Aligned Movement, but Jawaharlal Nehru’s declining prestige limited his
influence. In the 1960s and 1970s, New Delhi concentrated on internal
problems and bilateral relations, yet retained membership in an increasingly
factionalized and radicalized movement. During the contentious 1979 Havana
summit, India worked with moderate nations to reject Cuban president Fidel
Castro’s proposition that “socialism”(that is, the Soviet Union) was the
“natural ally” of the non alignment.
IN 1980
Under Indira Gandhi in the early 1980s, India attempted to reassert its
prominent role in the Non Aligned Movement by focusing on the relationship
between disarmament and economic development. By appealing to the
economic grievances of developing countries, Indira Gandhi and her successors
exercise a moderating influence on the Non Aligned Movement, diverting it
from some of the war issues that marred the controversial 1979 Havana
meeting. Although hosting the 1983 summit boosted Indian prestige within the
movement, its close relations with the Soviet Union and its pro- Soviet
positions on Afghanistan and Cambodia limited the influence.

The end of the Cold War left the Non Aligned Movement without its original
raison d'etre, and its membership became deeply divided over international
disputes, strategy and organisation. During the 1992 Jakarta summit, India took
a middle position between countries favouring confrontations with developed
nations on international economic issues, such as Malaysia, and those that
favoured a more cooperative approach, such as Indonesia. Although New Delhi
played a minor role compared with Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta and most issues
facing the summit, India formulated the Non Aligned Movement position
opposing developed countries’ linkage of foreign aid to human rights criteria.
The early 1990s demise of the bipolar world system, which had existed since
the end of World War II, shook the underpinnings of India’s foreign policy. The
Cold War system of alliances had been rendered meaningless by the collapse of
the East European communist states, the dissolution of the Warsaw treaty
Organisation (Warsaw Pact), and the demise of the Soviet Union. In the early
1990s, most colonies had become independent, and apartheid in South Africa
was being dismantled, diminishing the value of anti colonialism and making it
impossible for anti-racism to serve as a rallying point for international political
action (India and South Africa restored full diplomatic relations in 1993 after a
thirty nine year lapse). The Panchsheel (Panch Shila), peaceful resolution of
international disputes, and international cooperation to spur economic
development which was being enhanced by domestic economic reforms were
broad objectives in changing world. Thus, the 1990s saw India redefining non
alignment and the view of India’s peace in the world.

India also is a founding member of the Group of fifteen, a group of developing

nations established at the ninth Non Aligned Movement summit in Belgrade in
1989 to facilitate dialogue with the industrialized countries. India played host to
the fourth Group of fifteen summit in March 1994. At the summit, Prime
Minister Narsimha Rao and other leaders expressed concern over new trade
barriers being raised by the industrialized countries despite the conclusion of a
new world trade agreement.
 CONCLUSION
There were three basic elements that influenced the approaches of the Movement to international
issues the right of independent judgment, the struggle against imperialism and neo-colonialism,
and the use of moderation in relations with all big powers. The Movement also worked towards
the restructuring of the international economic order. Non-Alignment has made self-
determination and equality of all peoples, the free development of the individual, the economic
and social progress of society and of nations its central preoccupations. By combining the
question of peace and development with the emancipation of peoples from all forms of
subordination and exploitation, Non- Alignment has become one of the principal promoters of a
positive development of international relations on a global scale and a movement whose political
stance, concepts and strategy are of worldwide relevance. The Non-Aligned Movement can also
be seen in terms of the Movement of the newly-independent countries from the 1940s to 1960s.
They strived for Non-Alignment to make their voice heard on the international stage. The Cold
War, the imminent danger of confrontation, the necessity to defeat colonialism in its orthodox or
new form, the necessity to erase the global causes of anomaly for even distribution of wealth and
technology, but mainly the necessity of consolidating independence for the newly independent
countries and of creating a new code of interstate relations strengthened the Non-Aligned
Movement. The Movement in a real sense represents the poor of the world. Over eighty per cent
of those countries classified as being the world’s least developed belong to the Non-Aligned
Movement. Most of the countries which are seriously affected by the balance of payment
deficits, food scarcity and inflation are members of the Movement. Whether one looks at life in
terms of the Gross National Product, terms of trade, industrial stagnation, caloric intake, health
and service delivery, adult literacy, population growth or life expectancy at birth, the non-aligned
countries are among the world's disadvantaged.

The Jakarta Summit in 1992 was a turning point in Non-Aligned history since it was the first
Summit after the end of the Cold War. It allowed the Movement to shift its focus from the
rhetoric of the past to concrete work. The emphasis has shifted from the demands from the
developed countries to cooperation with the developed countries. The Non-Aligned Movement
does not have a formal constitution or a permanent secretariat. It has a practice of a rotating
Chair, under which its Chair is formally rotated to the Head of State or Government of the host
country of the Summit. The Foreign Ministry and Permanent Mission in New York of the Chair
at the same time assume the responsibility of the administrative management of the Movement.
The Co-coordinating Bureau (CoB) at the United Nations in New York forms the focal point for
coordination among the NAM Members. Since the Non-Aligned countries meet regularly at the
UN and conduct much of their work there, the Chairs' Permanent Representative to the United
Nations in New York functions as the Chair of the CoB. The Bureau reviews and facilitates the
harmonization of the work of the NAM Working Groups, Contact Groups, Task Forces and
Committees. Some of the Working Groups, Task Forces and Committees formed by NAM are:
High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations, Working Group on
Human Rights, Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations, Working Group on Disarmament,
Committee on Palestine, Task Force on Somalia, Non-Aligned Security Caucus, Standing
Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation, and Joint Coordinating Committee(chaired by
Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM).An important mechanism of NAM is the Troika of
past, serving and future Chairs. This concept is operationalized at the discretion of the incumbent
Chair and can act as a clearing house for solutions of problems and issues confronting
developing countries on which the Movement must take a position. The fifteenth Summit of the
Non-Aligned Heads of State or Government took place at Sharm El-Sheikh in Egypt in 2009 and
the next Summit is scheduled to be held in Tehran in 2012.Apart from Belgrade, where the first
and the ninth Summits were held, Summits have been held at Cairo, Lusaka, Algiers, Colombo,
Havana, New Delhi, Harare, Jakarta, Cartagena de India's, Durban and Kuala Lumpur.

The Non-Aligned Movement has been quite outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures
and power dynamics, mostly in how the organisation has been utilized by powerful states in
ways that violate the principles of NAM. It has made a number of recommendations aimed at
improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. NAM considers the UN
Security Council to be the most distorted and undemocratic of all UN Organs .Hence, it demands
for reshaping and restructuring of the Security Council. NAM accepts the universality of human
rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenization. In line with its views on
sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of
the religious, socio- cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific
region. Lately, NAM has collaborated with other organizations of the developing world,
primarily the Group of 77, forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and
documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be
taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political
clout.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. PRAKASH CHAND PREM ARORA, COMPARATIVE POLITICS AND
INTERNATIONALRELATION, CBDPUBLICATION, 206.
2. A.C. KAPOOR, NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT, PRINCIPLE OF
SOCIALSCIENCE, S.CHAND, 210.
3. Ram jai jai upadhyaa, LOCAL ORGANISATION, central law publication, 2010.
4. MACLAM.D.EVANS, NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT, INTERNATIONAL LAW,
OXFORDPUBLICATION.
5. S.K.KAPOOR, CONCEPT OF NAM, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
HUMANRIGHT, CENTRAL LAW AGENCY, 206.
6. Dr.H.O.Aggrawal, NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
HUMANRIGHT, CENTRAL LAW PUBLICATION, 340.
7. Dr.S.R.Myneni, NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT, INTERNATIONAL LAW,
ALLAHABAD LAW PUBLICATION, 356.
8. www.nam.gov
9. www.nam-math.org
10. www.namresturant.com