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MODULES
DISCLAIMER: The information in this module is meant to supplement, not replace, existing learning materials.
The materials and lessons used on this file are for educational purpose only. The school and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them. If you own some of the files, you may contact us for recognition or
removal.
PREFACE
Hi learners! Welcome to Earth and Life Science Module!
Life and time are destined to work hand in hand. Life teaches us the
importance of time, and time teaches us to see the value of life. Hence, life is
an open book and time is our teacher. It signifies that you, as a learner, are
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Learning is timeless and priceless!
This module is designed to help you build your Science and
experimental knowledge today. It aids to help you test and apply what you
are reading, challenges yourself in answering exercises, and gives you a little
fun along the way.
Basic Christian virtues and values are integrated in each lesson to
ensure not only intellectual learning but also vital Christian character
building is observed.
Our main objective is to help you grow as a future Global Christian
leader who will make a difference in our society while learning different
competencies with ease and proficiency.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Take your time in reading the lessons.
2. Write down points for clarification. You may discuss these points with
your teacher.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Don’t forget to answer the PRE-TEST before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
Now, let us begin our journey!
MODULE 1: How the Earth began

There are two lessons covered by the module:

 Lesson 1: Origin of the universe
 Lesson 2: Earth’s system

Each definitely leads to the mastery of one lesson and the other by interrelated
discussions and activities. Generally, these aim in understanding one’s definition
of self.

After going through this module, you are expected to develop the Most
Essential Learning Competency (MELC) which is to:

1. Enumerate theories behind the origin of the universe

2. List down the theory of our solar system’s origin
3. Define each part of the Earth’s system

Lesson
Origin of the Universe
PRE-TEST
It’s time to check the knowledge that you have as we start to embark on our
journey. Provide the answer needed.

I. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each number.
____1. What is the big bang theory?
a. A theory that states that the universe is slowly coming back to a center.
b. A theory that states that the universe started in a large mass and then imploded to form
everything.
c. A theory that states that the universe was there, will be and is there. Is homogeneous
and isotropic.
d. A theory that states that the universe started in a small mass and then expanded, the
expansion cooled down the temperature and that resulted in the formation of matter,
energy, space and time.
____2. The steady state theory holds that the universe:____
a. Looks essentially the same from every spot in it and at every time. It is homogenous
and isotropic in space and time. It has uniform density so matter is continuously
created.
b. Is homogeneous and its density is uniformly distributed. At the beginning the tiny dot
expanded and spread out all the universe´s density.
c. Is a black dot expanded to form all space, matter, time and energy. It is continuously
changing and it probably is going to crush.
d. None of the above
____3. How long ago did the Big Bang occur?
a. 13 - 20 billion years ago c. 13-20 million years ago
b. 7 billion years ago d. 7 million years ago

____4. Which theory states that the universe follows infinite self-sustaining cycles such as
expanding and contrasting?
a. Big Bang theory c. Steady State theory
b. Pulsating Universe theory d. none of the above
____5. Which among the theories about the origin of the universe is the most accepted by
scientists?
a. Big Bang theory c. Steady State theory
b. Pulsating Universe theory d. none of the above
 Let’s Try
Form the correct word of the jumbled letters on the left to identify the important terms used to
describe the universe. Use the hints on the images.

Jumbled word Hint Answer

AGREL

ASG

ARSTS

PLASTEN
Hubble's discovery of the expanding Universe turned it into a serious idea. Although
many scientists considered that the spiral nebulae in the sky were distant galaxies all on
their own even before Einstein, it was Edwin Hubble's work in the 1920s that showed
this was not only true, but that the more distant a galaxy was, the faster it was receding
away from us. This fact -- Hubble's Law, describing the expansion of the Universe --
led to a very straightforward interpretation consistent with the Big Bang idea: if the
Universe is expanding today, then it was smaller and denser in the past!
 DISCOVER
Theories behind the origin of the universe
Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. At its simplest, it
says the universe as we know it, started with a small singularity, then inflated over the next 13.8
billion years to the cosmos that we know today.
In this theory, energy and matter divided and became distinct from each other. After that massive
explosion, dust and portion of the condensed matter and energy started to spread out. These
scattered particles eventually coagulated and different objects and heavenly bodies began to
form. Soon, stars, solar systems, and galaxies were formed.

Figure 1. An infographic of the big bang theory highlighting the events when matter is formed.

Steady State Theory

Steady-state theory, in cosmology, is a view that the universe is
always expanding but maintaining a constant average density, with
matter being continuously created to form new stars and galaxies at
the same rate that old ones become unobservable as a consequence of
their increasing distance and velocity of recession. A steady-state
universe has no beginning or end in time, and from any point within it
the view on the grand scale—i.e., the average density and arrangement of galaxies—is the same.
Galaxies of all possible ages are intermingled.

Pulsating Universe Theory

The Pulsating Universe Theory says that the universe follows infinite self-sustaining cycles such
as expanding and contrasting. According to pulsating theory, it is possible that at a certain time,
the expansion of the universe may be stopped by the gravitational pull and it may contract again.
After it has been contracted to a certain size, explosion again occurs and the universe will start
expanding. The alternate expansion and contraction of the universe give rise to pulsating
universe.

Let’s Discover

Activity: Bang that balloon!

Objectives:
1. Simulate big bang theory through a simple experiment.
2. Explain how matter was formed through big bang explosion.

Materials:
1-piece big balloon
5 pieces pebbles
3 pieces small marbles
¼ cup of water
1 tablespoon of sand

Procedure:
1. Put all the given materials inside the balloon.
2. Inflate slowly the balloon until the balloon bursts.
3. Observe what will happen to the materials when the balloon bursts.

Guide Questions:
1. How will you compare the materials when they are inside the balloon and when the balloon
bursts?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe what happens to the materials when the balloon bursts.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Based on the activity, how will you describe the big bang theory of the universe? How were
the planets and stars formed?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Evaluation

True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is not.
_______________1. Big bang theory holds that energy and matter became distinct from each
other after a massive explosion.
_______________2. Pulsating universe theory claims that the universe is always expanding but
maintaining a constant average density.
_______________3. Steady state theory says that the universe follows infinite self-sustaining
cycles of expanding and contracting.
_______________4. Big bang theory states that the massive explosion that created matter and
energy in the entire universe happened 13.8 billion years ago.
_______________5. Pulsating universe theory is the widely accepted of all theories about the
origin of the universe.
 Lesson
Earth’s System
2

PRE-TEST

I. Write TRUE if the stamen is correct and FALSE if it is not.

_______1. Geosphere is the part of the planet composed of rock and minerals that includes the
crust, molten mantle and the liquid and solid parts of the earth’s core.
_______2. The four subsystems of the earth are the geosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and the
hydrosphere.
_______3. The biosphere contains all living organisms.
_______4. The hydrosphere consists of those parts of the earth system composed of water in its
liquid, gaseous and solid phases.
_______5. Geosphere, biosphere and atmosphere are abiotic while hydrosphere is biotic.

DISCOVER

Planet Earth is made up of four

overlapping systems that contain all of
world’s land masses, water sources,
living organisms, and gases. These
four systems are known as spheres.
Geographers break down the
Earth’s systems into four spheres that
make up the world’s air (atmosphere),
water (hydrosphere), land (geosphere),
and living organisms (biosphere).
 Three of these spheres are abiotic and one sphere is biotic. Abiotic describes substances
that are made from non-living materials. Biotic relates to living things like bacteria, birds,
mammals, insects, and plants.
In this breakdown, all of the Earth’s water is included in the hydrosphere. This includes
surface water (such as rivers, lakes, and oceans), water in the ground, ice and snow, and water in
the atmosphere in the form of water vapor.

Atmosphere

The Earth’s atmosphere is the gaseous layer that envelopes the world. This layer mostly
contains a mixture of mostly nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%). In addition, trace
gases (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, and ozone) account for another tenth of a
percent.
Water vapor, dust particles, pollutants, and pollen also can be found in mixed into the
atmosphere.

There are five main layers in the Earth’s atmosphere:

 Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles)

 Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles)
 Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles)
 Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles)
 Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles)
Hydrosphere

All of the water on Earth is known collectively as the Earth’s hydrosphere. This is water
found in the air, the soil, in glaciers, the oceans, rivers, lakes, and streams of the world. Water is
found in all three states on Earth which are gas, liquid, and solid. As gas, water is found as water
vapor in the atmosphere. In liquid form water is found in streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, and
oceans along with mist in the air and as dew on the surface of the ground. Water is found in solid
form as ice and snow.

Lithosphere

The lithosphere contains the

elements of the Earth crust and part of
the upper mantle. This is the hard and
rigid outer layer of the Earth. The term is
taken from the Greek word lithos
meaning “rocky”. This part of the Earth
includes soil.
Biosphere

The biosphere covers all living organisms on Earth. There is an estimated 20 million to
100 million different species in the world organized into the 100 phyla that make up the five
kingdoms of life forms. These organisms can be found in almost all parts of the geosphere. There
are organisms in the air, soil, and water on Earth.

Let’s Think
Reflection:

How are the four subsystems of the earth interconnected with each other?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
 Evaluation

I. Identify what is being described in each statement.

____________________1. This is the sphere that contains all living things on Earth.
____________________2. The earth’s sphere that contains oxygen, water vapor, nitrogen and
other gases to help us survive?
____________________3. The thin layer of solid rock that makes up the outermost part of
Earth?
____________________4. This sphere contains water that can be found in the air, the soil, in
glaciers, the oceans, rivers, lakes, and streams of the world.
____________________5. The only subsystem of the Earth which is not abiotic.
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