Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
UC

K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum

Technology and Livelihood Education

Learning Module
Quarter 1
Week 4-5

CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS SERVICING
 LESSON 2

Perform Mensuration and Calculations

OHMMETER

Ohmmeter is a measuring instrument used to determine the resistance of a

component or equipment. This instrument is a great help in knowing the actual
resistance of the resistors we use in the two operation sheets.

The commonly used ohmmeter in electro-electrical laboratories now nowadays is

embedded in a multi-function testing instrument called the (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter )
VOM. For this discussion the VOM will be used but confined only to the ohmmeter
section.

-
Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM)

Parts of an Ohmmeter

1. Pointer. It is the most important part of the ohmmeter. It indicates the value of
electrical quantity that has been measured.

Poin
ter

2. Ohmmeter Scale- Nonlinear scale where reading of the resistance is based. It

is usually found in the uppermost part of the VOM.

Range Multiplier

3. Range Multiplier- The portion of the ohmmeter where the actual reading is being
multiplied.
 Range Multiplier

4. Zero Ohm Adjustment – It is the portion of the ohmmeter where it is

adjusted when the pointer of the ohmmeter fails to point to zero.

ZERO OHM ADJUST

5. Test Probe- Serves as the input portion of the ohmmeter. Red test
probe becomes positive in some instances, while the black one is negative.

Test Probes

PROCEDURE ON HOW TO INTERPRET RESISTANCE READING IN AN

OHMMETER

1. Know the value of individual calibration in the ohmmeter scale.

An ohmmeter scale is nonlinear which means the value of one line or

calibration may not be true to other lines. It is therefore proper to assign
values to every line for proper and accurate interpretation
 As shown in the illustration, the scale can be divided into eight areas where
individual treatment has to be made. Several mathematical computations will
be involved to show the manner how values of individual

lines are resolved.

The areas involved are 0- 2, 2-10, 10 -20, 20-50, 50 – 100, 100- 200,

200 – 300, 300 – 500.

Value of 1calibration = line distance / total calibrations involved

For 0- 2:
Line distance = 2
Total no. of cal = 10
Value of 1 line =
2/10
= 0.2
For 2-10:
Line Distance = 8
Total no. of cal = 16
Value of 1line = 8/16
= 0.5
For 10-20:
Line Distance = 10
Total no. of cal = 10
Value of 1line= 10 /10
= 1

For 20 -50:
Line Distance = 30
Total no. of cal = 15
Value of 1 line = 30/15
= 2.0
For 50-100:
Line Distance = 50
Total no. of cal = 10
Value of 1 line = 50/10
= 5.0
For 100 – 200:
Line Distance = 100
Total no. of cal = 5
Value of 1 line = 100/5
= 20
For 200-300:
Line Distance= 100
Total no. of lines = 2
Value of 1 line = 100/2
= 50

For 300–500:
Line Distance = 200
Total no. of cal= 2
Value of 1 line = 200/2
= 100
 2. Identify the appropriate range multiplier to be used Range multiplier is
from R X 1, R X 10, R X 100, R X 1K, and R X 10K.

3. Connect the metallic part of the test probes and take note if the pointer
points at zero. If not, adjust the zero ohm adjustment to zero.

4. Make the necessary resistance measurements.

Maintain measuring instruments

Measuring instruments in electronics are confined only to analog testers and
sometimes digital millimeter. Either way the maintenance of these instruments is a
priority in all electronics laboratory rooms.

Electronic Measuring Instruments

Aside from hand tools, measuring instruments are also needed for more accurate and
quality output. In this connection, three of the most used instruments are presented
here for you to be familiar with their uses and the proper way of maintaining them.

Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter. It is equipment that combines three functions: as a voltmeter

that measures both ac and dc voltages; an ohmmeter that measures resistance; and
milliammeter that measures small amount of dc current. As safety precautions in the
maintenance of this instrument, the following should be observed:

VOLT – OHM - Millimeter

 Always rest the function switch at 250V AC, if an OFF position is not available in the
instrument.
 For current and voltage measurements, always set the function switch in the correct
setting which is a little higher than the expected current or voltage present in the
circuit.
 Place the instrument in a cool dry place, away from any magnetic devices, and free
from vibrations.

Oscilloscope. An oscilloscope (commonly abbreviated CRO, for cathode-ray

oscilloscope, or scope) is a piece of electronic test equipment that allows signal
voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical
potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or of some other
voltage (horizontal axis).
Signal generator. A signal generator is a device which produces simple waveforms.

Such devices contain an electronic oscillator, a circuit that is capable of creating a

repetitive waveform. These are typically used in simple electronics repair and design;
where they are used to stimulate a circuit under test.

Oscilloscope and signal generator should be given regular checkup for at least once a
week by connecting them to the power line. This will help prevent their components
from having moisture that might cause trouble in their circuits.

In any activity involving skills, it is a standard procedure that you must always use the
right tool or equipment properly that would fit in a particular task. In spite of this
reminder or caution, some students abuse the use of tools and still practice the
following common faults that must NOT be done.

LESSON 3

Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawings

When you purchase a brand new appliance or equipment, it is very important

that a diagram is included with the product to insure that there will be a reference
material in case the appliance or equipment becomes defective. Shown in Fig. 1-1a is
the schematic diagram of a 1-watt stereo audio amplifier, while Fig. 1-1b is its
pictorial diagram.
 Fig. 1-1a. Schematic diagram of the 1-watt stereo amplifier.

Fig. 1-1b. Pictorial diagram of the 1-watt stereo amplifier.

To produce a quality and marketable electronic diagram, you have to
follow the Electronic Drafting Standards which is the process of illustrating
various kinds of circuits and wiring systems.

The most common graphical languages used in the illustration of

components in circuits and wiring systems are block, schematic, wiring, and
pictorial diagrams.

Most symbols that you will encounter in laying out electronic diagrams
are accepted as standard, but in some cases some manufacturers modify
symbols and practices to suit a particular industrial policy while others use their
own symbols to represent unique or special component and devices.

Do you know that electronic symbols and their use in conjunction with
recommended drafting practices have been developed through the
years, and have been standardized by a number of different
organizations? Among these are the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), the Electronics Industries Association (IEA), the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

Schematic Symbols of Electronic Components

Some of the electronic symbols that were mentioned earlier are shown in Fig.
1-2. You can use several electronic templates shown in Fig. 1-3 to help you in
drawing these symbols.
 Fig. 1-2. Schematic Symbols of Electronic Components.

Fig. 1-3. Electronic templates

Drawing instruments and their uses

Drawing instruments are used in preparing accurate drawings. Quality drawing

instruments can produce accurate and good and presentable drawings. Below is a list
of some of the most common used drawing instruments and materials in electronic
drafting.

1. Drawing board. A smooth board usually

rectangular in shape provided with perfectly
straight edge which is used as working edge on
which the Tsquare is moved while making
drawings.

2. T-square. A T-square consists of two parts

namely the stock and the blade joined together at
 right angles to each other by means of screws. The stock is made to slide along
the working edge and the blade moves on the drawing board. The working edge
of a T-square is used to draw parallel lines, vertical lines or inclined lines at 30 or
60 degrees.

3. Drafting machine or drafter. In a drafting

machine, the uses and advantages of T-
squares, scales, set squares, and protractors
are combined. One end of the drafter is
clamped at the left top end of the drawing
board by a screw provided in the drafter.

4. Set squares. Set squares are generally made

from plastic material. They are triangular in shape
with one corner, a triangle. A pair of set squares
(30o- 60o) and 45o. They are used to draw lines at
30o, 60o and 45o to the vertical or horizontal.

5. Protractor. Protractors are used to mark or

measure angles between 0 and 180o. They are
semicircular in shape and are made of plastic.
Protractors with circular shape are capable of marking
and measuring 0 to 360 o are also available in the
market.

6. Drawing pencils. The accuracy and appearance of a

drawing depends on the quality of pencil used to make
drawing. The grade of a pencil lead is marked on the pencil.
HB denotes medium grade. Increase in hardness is shown
by the value put in front of H such as 2H, 3H, etc. Softer
pencils are marked as 2B, 3B, and 4B etc. A pencil marked
3B is softer than 2B and pencil marked 4B is softer than 3B
and so on. Beginning of a drawing may be made with H
or 2H. For lettering and dimensioning, H or HB pencils
are used.
7. Compass. Compass is used for drawing circles and arcs of circles. The compass has two
legs hinged at one end. One of the legs has pointed needle fitted at the lower end where as
the other end has provision for inserting pencil lead.

8. Drawing pins and

clips. These are used
to fix the drawing sheet
on the drawing board.

9. Electronic templates
include symbols for
electronic and electrical
design that can be traced
using a drawing pencil.