RODZ BESERAL QUINES

STEM 11

EARTH SCIENCE MODULE 2

ACTIVITY 1

1. PETROLOGY
2. COLOR AND STREAK
3. LUSTER
4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
5. HARDNESS
6. CLEAVAGE
7. DIAMOND
8. MINERALS
9. IGNEOUS ROCKS
10. MINERALOGY

ACTIVITY 2

IGNEOUS ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS METAMORPHIC ROCKS

- GRANITE - CONGLOMERATE - QUARTZITE
- ANDESITE - CALCITE - SLATE
- BASALT - HALITE - MARBLE
- DIONITE - GYPSUM - SCHIST
- PUMICE - SANDSTONE
- LIMESTONE

ACTIVITY 3

MINERALS PRODUCTS THAT CONTAIN THE

MINERAL
1. DIAMOND Hardness, thermal conductivity, crystal
structure, index of refraction, specific
gravity, and dispersion are all characteristics.
Industrial abrasives, gemstones, diamond
windows, speaker domes, heat sinks, low-
friction micro bearings, wear-resistant
components, dies for wire production
2. CORUNDUM They are used to make industrial bearings,
scratch-resistant windows for electronic
instruments and wafers circuit boards.
3. TOPAZ Its unique feel and properties have enabled it
to be used in a wide variety of cosmetics and
personal care products, from bath oils, hair
care products, to skin care cosmetics where it
provides many benefits including
 moisturizing and skin softening.
4. QUARTZ Quartz sand is used in the production of
container glass, flat plate glass, specialty
glass, and fiberglass. Quartz glass windows:
Glassmaking is one of the primary uses of
quartz. Image copyright Stock photo / China
face. Jasper beads: Quartz is often used in
jewelry or as a gemstone. These jasper beads
are an example of quartz used as a gemstone
5. ORTHOCLASE Orthoclase is a popular raw material used in
the production of certain glassware and
ceramics such as porcelain, as well as a
component of scouring powder. Orthoclase,
along with the other potassium feldspars, is a
popular raw material used in the production
of certain glasses and ceramics such as
porcelain, as well as a component of scouring
powder.
6. APATITE Goods containing the mineral apatite From
orbit, the mine, its conveyor belt, and the
Moroccan Wall are all visible. Depositor's
Name Khanneshin: Carbonatite: Helmand,
Afghanistan; Longonjo (Mt. Toothpastes,
mouth rinses, and artificial saliva are
examples of products containing ACP or
containing components that produce ACP.
7. FLOURITE Fluoride concentrations in tea, coffee,
shellfish, grapes (raisins, wine, grape juice),
artificial sweeteners, sodas, potatoes,
flavored popsicles, infant meals, broths,
stews, and hot cereals produced with tap
water are common.
8. CALCITE Calcite in the form of limestone and marble
is used in modern building to make cement
and concrete. These ingredients are readily
combined, transported, and put as a slurry,
which hardens into a durable construction
medium. Concrete is utilized in the
construction of buildings, roads, bridges,
walls, and a variety of other constructions.
9. GYPSUM Gypsum (hydrous calcium sulfate) is a
common raw material used in the production
of plasters, drywall (wallboard or
plasterboard), ceiling tiles, partitions, and
building blocks.
10. TALC The most well-known home product
containing the mineral talc is talcum powder,
such as Johnson & Johnson baby powder.
Scientists believe that talcum powder is the
most to blame for an elevated risk of ovarian
 cancer or mesothelioma. Talcum powder is a
good absorbent when used as a feminine
hygiene solution

ACTIVITY 4

1. Why does the streak test work only on minerals softer than porcelain?

The streak test' tells us something about a mineral since, when powdered, the powder
has a diagnostic color - which might be different from the apparent color of the
mineral itself (pyrite, for instance, is yellowish but has a greenish streak, and hematite
can be black or red but is always red when powdered). Grinding a portion of the
mineral to powder is required to witness this.

Because porcelain is inherently hard, and most minerals would 'powder' (grind down)
in contrast to it, a neutral-colored (white) porcelain tile is used. The mineral is
scratched with the porcelain tile, resulting in a bright powdered mineral "streak." Any
mineral that is harder than porcelain no longer grinds away at the tile, but instead
scrapes the porcelain. The porcelain is white with a white stripe that we are familiar
with. We want to scrape our thriller mineral with something tougher to figure out
what color its powdered form maybe now that we know it's tougher than porcelain.

2. What is considered to be the hardest mineral? Prove?

Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring mineral, with a relative hardness rating of
10 on the Mohs' Scale of Hardness.
Graphite and diamond are two polymorphs of carbon. Although they have the
identical chemistry (elemental carbon), their structures and characteristics are vastly
different. Graphite is softer than diamond (the "lead" of a pencil). Graphite is a good
conductor of electricity, whereas diamond is an excellent electrical insulator. The
ultimate abrasive is diamond, while graphite is an excellent lubricant. Graphite is
opaque whereas diamond is clear. The isometric system crystallizes diamonds, while
the hexagonal system crystallizes graphite. Graphite is, nevertheless, the stable form
of carbon at surface temperatures and pressures. In reality, all diamonds found on or
near the surface of the earth are considered to be natural diamonds. Graphite, on the
other hand, is the stable form of carbon at surface temperatures and pressures. In
reality, all diamonds on or near the Earth's surface are now undergoing a transition
into graphite, albeit at a very sluggish rate.

Diamond facts include the following:

- From ultra-violet to far-infrared, diamond is transparent over a wider spectrum of

wavelengths than any other material.
- Diamond transmits heat better than any other material, five times better than silver,
the next best.
- The melting point of the diamond is the highest of any material (3820 degrees
Kelvin).
- The atoms of diamond are packed closer together than in any other material.
Diamond is only created when extreme pressures are applied. Kimberlite, an
ultrabasic volcanic rock produced deep under the Earth's crust, contains it. Only at
depths of more than 150 kilometers do the high pressures required to create diamonds
exist.
Chemical composition - C
Hardness - 10
Specific gravity - 3.5
Transparency - Transparent to translucent in rough crystals
Color - Variable, tends toward pale yellows, browns, greys, and also white, blue,
black, reddish, greenish and colorless
Streak - White
Luster- Adamantine to greasy
Cleavage/fracture - Perfect in 4 directions forming octahedrons / conchoidal
Crystal habit/mode of occurrence - Prismatic (isometric forms such as cubes and
octahedrons)

3. List three examples for each of the renewable and non- renewable resources.

Renewable resources are an important aspect of the Earth's natural ecosystem and the
ecosphere. A favorable life-cycle evaluation is an important sign of a resource's long-
term viability. Agricultural production, such as agricultural goods, and to some extent
water resources are included in definitions of renewable resources.
Examples:
- Solar energy is the process of capturing the light emitted by the sun and turning it into
renewable power. We may utilize that electricity to power our houses, automobiles,
and even factories. Solar panels are easily installed on the rooftops of homes to
provide emission-free power. Solar panel roofs are being offered by automobile
manufacturers as a way to power electric vehicles.
- Wind energy is one of the first renewable energy sources. Wind energy has grown in
popularity as a way to enhance our living conditions while also being environmentally
friendly (a clean source of energy). Wind is the movement of air from a high-pressure
location to a low-pressure one. The blades of the turbine are rotated by this movement
(Wind Kinetic Energy).
- We are all aware of the importance of water. It is impossible for us to survive without
water! Water makes about 70% of our body weight. Similarly, water makes up the
majority of our world. Water may be found in rivers, lakes, oceans, and seas all
around the world. It also has a lot of potential for generating power, which isn't
unexpected. Hydro-electric power, tidal power, and wave energy are all kinds of
flowing water that humans use to generate energy.
 Nonrenewable energy resources are those that, once consumed, reproduce at such a
slow pace that they are regarded insignificant owing to their rapid use.
Examples:
- Coal is a main energy source and one of the most frequently utilized fossil fuels.
It is made up of carbon-rich material that was created by wetlands and plant material
that was submerged in water and then dried up, resulting in sedimentary material.
Over thousands of years, the dead plant material contained in the sediments decays
and is transformed into organic substance known as peat. When peat is crushed by
tremendous pressure and heat created by deep burial of fresh layers over millions of
years, it transforms into coal.
- Oil, often known as "crude oil," is a liquid fossil fuel produced from the earth.
Fractional distillation is used to split it into several distinct forms of oil (including
diesel). Each sort of oil has a distinct purpose. For example, gasoline is used to power
our vehicles, and cooking oil is utilized in the kitchen. Oil is comparable to coal in
that its reserves are diminishing at a rate that makes replenishment nearly difficult.
This indicates that our mother planet may soon run out of oil as well!
- Another fossil fuel that is widely used is peat. It's utilized in the horticultural sector
and for potting, in addition to being a fuel. It is a soft, naturally occurring organic
substance that is pitted with minerals. Peat takes thousands of years to produce, and
because of its high consumption rate, it is a nonrenewable energy source. Peat lands
are protected in some nations, such as Indonesia, since they constitute a vital element
of our natural environment. Peat lands conservation is also a solution to global
warming!
4. How can you help conserve some common minerals?

Mineral resources may be conserved by employing renewable resources. Using

hydroelectricity and solar power as energy sources, for example, can help to save
natural resources like coal. Mineral resources can also be saved by recycling them.
Scrap metal recycling is an excellent example. Furthermore, the adoption of modern
technical mining processes and miners' training conserves mineral resources by
guaranteeing minimum wastage throughout the mining process.

Iron, oil, copper, salt, gold, and lead are examples of minerals. Mineral resources,
unlike natural resources, are nonrenewable, unevenly dispersed throughout the globe,
and require a long time to produce. Substitution, in which abundant resources are
swapped for rare ones, is an essential strategy to conserve some minerals. Mineral
resources, such as aluminum, that need a minimal amount of energy during refining,
should be recycled.

Mining and refining have negative environmental consequences, such as habitat

destruction and air and water pollution. Mineral resource conservation can help to
mitigate these detrimental effects. International relations are becoming more
influenced by mineral resources. Mineral resources have substantially boosted the
economics of countries where they have been discovered. Oil-producing countries in
Africa, for example, are deemed wealthy due to the profits generated by oil and its
derivatives.