SQL
1. Answer the following questions:
a) Define RDBMS. Name any two RDBMS software.
Ans. RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. It
is a program that offers commands to create, update, and manage the
data with multiple tables. Examples of RDBMS are
1. MySQL
2. Oracle
3. Microsoft SQL Server
b) What is the purpose of the following clauses in a select statement?
i) ORDER BY
ii) HAVING
Ans. i) Order By : This clause is used to arrange the records in
ascending or descending order. for example Select * from book order
by price;
ii) Having : HAVING Clause in SQL is used to specify conditions on
the rows with GROUP BY clause. for example Select sum(price) from
book group by (subject) having price > 100;
b) Site any two differences between Single_row functions and
Aggregate functions.
Multiple row functions / Aggregate
Single row Functions
Functions
It operates on a single row at a
It operates on multiple rows.
time.
It returns one result per row It returns one result for multiple rows.
It can be used in Select, Where, It can be used in the select clause only.
and Order
by clause.
Max(), Min(), Avg(), Sum(), Count()
Math, String and Date functions
and Count(*)
are
are examples of multiple row
examples of single row functions.
functions.
d) What do you understand by Cartesian Product?
Ans. Cartesian product combines tuples from two relations. It results
in all pairs of rows from the two relations, regardless of whether or
not they have the same values on common attributes
e) Write the name of the functions to perform thefollowing operations:
i) To display the day like “Monday”, “Tuesday”, from the date when
India got independence.
ii) To display the specified number of characters from a particular
position of the given string.
iii) To display the name of the month in which you were born.
iv) To display your name in capital letters.
Ans. i) dayname( )
ii) mid( ) or substr( ) or substring( )
iii) monthname( )
iv) upper( ) or ucase( )
2. Write the output produced by the following SQL commands:
a) SELECT POW(2,3);
b) SELECT ROUND(123.2345, 2), ROUND(342.9234,-1);
c) SELECT LENGTH(“Informatics Practices”);
d) SELECT YEAR(“1979/11/26”),MONTH(“1979/11/26”),
DAY(“1979/11/26”), MONTHNAME(“1979/11/26”);
e) SELECT LEFT(“INDIA”,3), RIGHT(“Computer Science”,4);
f) SELECT MID(“Informatics”,3,4), SUBSTR(“Practices”,3);
Ans. a) 8
b) 123.23 340
c) 21
d) 1979 11 26 November
e) IND ence
f) form actices
Consider the following table named “Product”, showing details of
products being sold in a grocery shop.
Pcode PName UPrice Manufacture
P01 Washing Powder 120 Surf
P02 Tooth Paste 54 Colgate
P03 Soap 25 Lux
P04 Tooth Paste 65 Pepsodent
P05 Soap 38 Dove
P06 Shampoo 245 Dove
a) Write SQL queries for the following:
i. Create the table Product with appropriate data types and constraints.
ii. Identify the primary key in Product.
iii. List the Product Code, Product name and price in descending order
of their product name. If PName is the same then display the data in
ascending order of price.
iv. Add a new column Discount to the table Product.
v. Calculate the value of the discount in the table Product as 10 per
cent of the UPrice for all those products where the UPrice is more than
100, otherwise the discount will be 0.
vi. Increase the price by 12 per cent for all the products manufactured
by Dove.
vii. Display the total number of products manufactured by each
manufacturer.
Ans.
i) Create table product(Pcode varchar(3) not null Primary key , PName
Varchar(20), UPrice int(4), Manufacture Varchar(20));
ii) Pcode is primary key.
iii) Select Pcode, PName, Uprice from product order by PName desc,
UPrice;
iv) Alter table product add Discount int(3);
v) update product set discount = 0;
update product set discount = 10/100 * UPrice where UPrice > 100;
vi) Update product set UPrice = UPrice + 12/100 * UPrice where
Manufacture = “Dove”;
vii) Select count(*), Manufacture from product group by Manufacture;
b) Write the output(s) produced by executing the following
queries on the basis of the information given above in the table
Product:
i. SELECT PName, Average(UPrice) FROM Product GROUP BY
Pname;
ii. SELECT DISTINCT Manufacturer FROM Product;
iii. SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT PName) FROM Notes Product;
iv. SELECT PName, MAX(UPrice), MIN(UPrice) FROM Product
GROUP BY
PName;
Ans.
i. It shows error as there is no function average( ). Correct function is
avg( )
If the function is correct then the output will be
PName Average(UPrice)
Washing Powder 120
Tooth Paste 59.5
Soap 31.5
Shampoo 245
ii.
Manufacture
Surf
Colgate
Lux
Pepsodent
Dove
iii. 4
iv.
PName MAX(UPrice) MIN(UPrice)
Washing Powder 120 120
Tooth Paste 65 54
Soap 38 25
Shampoo 245 245
4. Using the CARSHOWROOM database given in the chapter, write
the SQL queries for the following:
a) Add a new column Discount in the INVENTORY table.
b) Set appropriate discount values for all cars keeping in mind the
following:
(i) No discount is available on the LXI model.
(ii) VXI model gives a 10% discount.
(iii) A 12% discount is given on cars other than LXI model and VXI
model.
c) Display the name of the costliest car with fuel type “Petrol”.
d) Calculate the average discount and total discount available on Car4.
e) List the total number of cars having no discount.
Ans.
a) Alter table inventory add Discount int(3);
b)
(i) update inventory set Discount =0 where model=”LXI”;
(ii) update inventory set Discount =10 where model=”VXI”;
(iii) update inventory set Discount =10 where model not in (“VXI”,
“LXI”);
c) Select max(price) from Inventory where FuelType=”petrol”;
d) Select avg(Discount), sum(Discount) from inventory where
CarName=”car4″;
e) Select count(*) from inventory where Discount=0;
Q5. Consider the following tables Student and Stream in the
Streams_of_Students database. The primary key of the Stream table is
StCode (stream code) which is the foreign key in the Student table. The
primary key of the Student table is AdmNo (admission number).
Table : Student
AdmNo Name StCode
211 Jay NULL
241 Aditya S03
290 Diksha S01
333 Jasqueen S02
356 Vedika S01
380 Ashpreet S03
Table : Stream
StCode Stream
S01 Science
S02 Commerce
S03 Humanities
Write SQL queries for the following:
a) Create the database Streams_Of_Students.
Ans. Create database Streams_Of_Students;
b) Create the table Student by choosing appropriate data types based on
the data given in the table.
Ans. Create table student (AdmNo int, Name varchar(20), StCode
varchar(4));
c) Identify the Primary keys from tables Student and Stream. Also,
identify the foreign key from the table Stream.
Ans. Primary Keys :
Student Table : AdmNo is a Primary Key
Stream Table : StCode is a Primary Key
Foreign Keys :
Stream Table : No Foreign Key
Student Table : StCode is a Foreign Key
d) Jay has now changed his stream to Humanities. Write an appropriate
SQL query to reflect this change.
Ans. Update student set StCode = “S03” where Name = “Jay”;
e) Display the names of students whose names end with the character
‘a’. Also, arrange the students in alphabetical order.
Ans. Select Name from Student Where Name like “%a” order by
Name;
f) Display the names of students enrolled in Science and Humanities
stream, ordered by student name in alphabetical order, then by
admission number in ascending order (for duplicating names).
Ans. Select Name from Student where StCode in (“S01” , “S03”) order
by Name, Admno;
g) List the number of students in each stream having more than 1
student.
Ans. Select StCode, count(*) from Student group by StCode having
count(StCode) > 1;
h) Display the names of students enrolled in different streams, where
students are arranged in descending order of admission number.
Ans. Select Name from Student order by AdmNo desc;
i) Show the Cartesian product on the Student and Stream table. Also
mention the degree and cardinality produced after applying the
Cartesian product.
Ans. Select * from Student, Stream;
Cardinality after Cartesian Product : 18
Degree after Cartesian Product : 5
j) Add a new column ‘TeacherIncharge” in the Stream table. Insert
appropriate data in each row.
Ans. Alter table Stream add column TeacherIncharge Varchar(30);
Update Stream Set TeacherIncharge = “Mr. Ravi” where Stream =
“Science”
Update Stream Set TeacherIncharge = “Ms Sonam” where Stream =
“Commerce”
Update Stream Set TeacherIncharge = “Mr. Raman” where Stream =
“Humanities”
k) List the names of teachers and students.
Ans. Select Student.Name, Stream.TeacherIncharge from Student,
Stream where Student.StCode = Stream.StCode;
l) If Cartesian product is again applied on Student and Stream tables,
what will be the degree and cardinality of this modified table?
Ans. Degree : 6
Cardinality : 18
