University of Okara

Submitted to:
 Sir Basit Khan
Submitted by:
 Group no. 06
Group Members:
 Yousaf Manzoor
 Rimsha Mubarik
 Sonia Sattar
 Wajiha Ali
 Moeen Zulifqar
 Arslan Bashir
 Mohsin Bilal
Subject:
 Immuno-Genetics
Class:
 Bs. Molecular Biology
 6th Semester (Evening)
Assignment Topic:
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
History:
The first emergency case was recorded in the US in January 1981. First aid cases were recorded
in Pakistan in 1987, and the disease spread like a fire in 2003. A total of greater than 42 million
patients have been recorded globally.

Introduction:
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a life-threatening prolonged disease resulted by HIV
(human immunodeficiency virus). Damage the immune system. It is sexually transmitted
infection transmitted (STI). Without medical treatment, HIV may take years to weaken the
immune system to help. Without prescriptions it can take a long time before HIV shortcoming
your invulnerable framework to the point that you have helps.

Stages of HIV: HIV stages includes, Acute HIV, Chronic HIV, and Aids.

Acute HIV:

Most people living with HIV will have flu-like illnesses after 1 to 2 months. This disease, called
acute HIV, can remain for weeks. Possible symptoms and signs are:

 Fever
 Headache
 Rash
 Joint pain

Chronic HIV:

Without antiviral treatment, HIV infection at this stage usually lasts about 10 years. However in
some cases it can last for decades with that medication. Some people get the worst disease
earlier. Chronic HIV has no symptoms because it is asymptomatic.
Aids:
This is the end stage of "HIV", known as "AIDS". Once you get Aids, it will extremely damaged
your immune system. You are more likely to have opportunistic tumors, a disease that usually
does not interfere with people who have healthy immune system.

Symptoms include:

 Fever
 Headache
 Joint pain
 Weight loss
 Fatigue
 Diarrhea
 Skin rash and bumps

How dose HIV becomes aids?

HIV damages the Cd4 T cells, the white blood cells that are very important component of our
immune system help to fight with diseases. If you have less cd4 T cells, means you have a
weake immune system. You have been infected for many years before becoming Aids. Aids is
diagnosed when the number of cd4 T cells drops below 200 or if there are complications
defined as AIDS.

Causes:
To become infected with HIV, infected blood, semen or vaginal secretions must enters your
body. This can happen in several ways:

1. To be infected with HIV, blood, semen or vaginal fluid must enter into body.
This may results in sdifferent ways incude:
2. By having sex: If you get blood, semen, or vaginal secretions from an infected
person into your body for vaginal, anal, or oral sex, you may be infected with HIV.
3. By sharing needles: The use of contaminated needles and syringes may cause
"HIV" as well as other viral illnesses (such as hepatitis).
4. From blood transfusions: Sometimes, the infection might be transmitted via
blood transfusions. American clinics and blood donation centers presently screen the
blood flexibly for HIV antibodies so this hazard is exceptionally little.
During pregnancy or delivery or through breast-feeding:
Contaminated mothers can give the infection to their children. HIV-positive moms who get
treatment for the contamination during pregnancy can essentially bring down the danger of
their children.

How HIV doesn’t spread:

You can't get contaminated with HIV through standard contact. That implies you can't get HIV
or AIDS by embracing, kissing, dancing, or warmly greeting somebody who has the disease.

Immune response:
For understanding immune response it is necessary to understand HIV structure and mode of
action.
HIV structure:
HIV is rounded, membrane bounded retro virus having glycoproteins on it. On outer side there
are glycoproteins and inner side proteins membranes: one is outer membrane and second is
inner membrane. It also contains single stranded RNA and a reverse transcriptase enzyme.

Mechanism:
The AIDS infection for the most part contaminate human white blood cells (T cells). Replicate
itself and much of the time cause lysis of the host cell. Initial phase in HIV disease is viral
connection and passage into the objective cell. HIV affect the T cells that convey the cd4
antigen on their surface.

The main viral connection isn't adequate for viral attack yet cell surface particles and co-
receptors present on T cells are additionally capable. Two receptors are predominantly mindful
are: CXCR4 and CCR5. After this ,cell membrane of host is evacuated and infection entered host
cell. After the infection has entered the cell, the RNA genome of infection is converse
transcribed by utilizing reverse transcriptase catalyst and a cDNA duplicate (provirus) delivered
that incorporates into host genome. The coordinated provirus is transcribed and the different
viral RNA messages grafted and translated into proteins. Which alongside a total new duplicate
of RNA genome are utilized for new viral particles. As your body is contaminated with HIV, and
HIV primarily influences lymphocytes, defense framework becomes more weak and numerous
other viral or irresistible infections happens.

Infections common to HIV:

 "Tuberculosis"
 "Cytomegalovirus"
 "Cryptosporidiosis"
 'Candidiasis"
 "Toxoplasmosis"

Cancers common to HIV/aids:

 "Kaposi’s sarcoma"
 "Lymphoma'

Other complications:
 "Wasting syndrome"
 "Neurological complications"
 "Kidney diseases"

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP):

This fungal infection can cause serious illness. Although pentachlorophenol has fallen sharply in
current HIV/AIDS treatments, pentachlorophenol is still the most common cause of pneumonia
in HIV-infected people in the United States.

Candidiasis (thrush):
Candidiasis is a common infection associated with HIV. It causes inflammation and forms a thick
white coating on the mouth, tongue, esophagus, or vagina.

Tuberculosis (TB):
In countries with limited resources, tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection
associated with HIV. It is one of the main causes of death of AIDS patients.
Cytomegalovirus:
This common herpes virus is transmitted in body fluids such as saliva, blood, urine, semen and
breast milk. A healthy immune system inactivates the virus, and it remains dormant in your
body. If your immune system weakens, the virus resurfaces — causing damage to your eyes,
digestive tract, lungs or other organs.

Cryptococcal meningitis:
Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes and fluid surrounding your brain and spinal
cord (meninges). Cryptococcal meningitis is a common central nervous system infection
associated with HIV, caused by a fungus found in soil.

Toxoplasmosis:
This potentially deadly infection is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite spread primarily by
cats. Infected cats pass the parasites in their stools, which may then spread to other animals
and humans. Toxoplasmosis can cause heart disease, and seizures occur when it spreads to the
brain.

Cancers common to HIV/AIDS

Lymphoma:
This cancer starts in the white blood cells. The most common early sign is painless swelling of
the lymph nodes in your neck, armpit or groin.

Kaposi's sarcoma:
A tumor of the blood vessel walls, Kaposi's sarcoma usually appears as pink, red or purple
lesions on the skin and mouth. In people with darker skin, the lesions may look dark brown or
black. Kaposi's sarcoma can also affect the internal organs, including the digestive tract and
lungs.

Other complications

Wasting syndrome:
Untreated HIV/AIDS can cause significant weight loss, often accompanied by diarrhea, chronic
weakness and fever.
Neurological complications:
HIV can cause neurological symptoms such as confusion, forgetfulness, depression, anxiety and
difficulty walking. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) can range from mild
symptoms of behavioral changes and reduced mental functioning to severe dementia causing
weakness and inability to function.

Kidney disease:
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is an inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys that
remove excess fluid and wastes from your blood and pass them to your urine. It most often
affects black or Hispanic people.

Liver disease:
Liver disease is also a major complication, especially in people who also have hepatitis B or
hepatitis C.

Diagnosis:
There are three tests performed for diagnosis of HIV/aids:

 Antibody test:
 Antibody/ antigen test:

These both tests are called screening tests of HIV. In these tests we easily detect antigens or
antibodies against HIV virus.

 RNA or DNA test:

By performing RNA or DNA

test we can detect viral RNA or
DNA in infected person so if
we found positive results the
we declare that patient is
infected with aids.
Preventions:
Some major preventions are discussed below:

 Tell your sex partner if you are HIV patient: It's imperative to tell all your
present and past sexual accomplices that you're HIV-positive. They should be tested.
 Use a clean needle: On the off chance that you utilize a needle to infuse drugs,
ensure it's sterile and don't share it. Exploit needle-trade programs in your locale and
consider looking for help for your medication use
 In the event that you are pregnant, get clinical consideration right
away: If you are HIV positive, you may transfer the disease to your child. Be that as it
may, in the event that you get treatment during pregnancy, you can cut your infant
chance fundamentally

Treatment:
There is no vaccine to protect HIV and no cure to aids but therapies and by using drugs we can
control viral attack and life span become long. There are two main treatments:

 Anti-retroviral therapy:

By using therapeutic agents that interferes with reverse transcription for example zidovudine or
AZT (azido thymidine). This cause termination of growing cDNA complement chain of the virus.
In this way treatment of HIV
occurred.

 Drugs:

The mix drugs emtricitabine +

tenofovir and emtricitabine +
tenofovir alafenamide can diminish
the danger of sexually transmitted
HIV contamination in individuals at
exceptionally high hazard
Global AIDS Update: (2020)
The 'UNAIDS' report on the global AIDS epidemic demonstrates that due to the extremely
uneven success rate, the 2020 target will not be achieved. COVID-19 threatens the progress of
HIV. Since 2015, compared with the world’s goal of achieving the 2020 goal as scheduled, the
unfulfilled goal has led to an increase in the number of HIV infections by 3.5 million and an
increase in the number of AIDS deaths by 82. If the COVID-19 pandemic causes severe damage
to HIV , It will be service delivery in 10 years or more.

Global HIV & AIDS statistics (2020 fact sheet)

 By the end of June 2020, 26 million [25.1 million-26.2 million] people have access to
antiretroviral therapy.
 In 2019, 38 million [31.6 million-44.5 million] people worldwide were infected with HIV.
 In 2019, 1.7 million people [1.2 million-2.2 million] were recently infected with HIV.
 In 2019, 690,000 [500,000-970,000] people died from AIDS-related diseases.
 Since the beginning of the epidemic (end of 2019), 75.7 million [5590-100 million]
people have been infected with HIV.
 Since the beginning of the epidemic (end of 2019), 32.7 million people (24.8 million-42.2
million people) have died of AIDS-related diseases.
 People living with HIV
 In 2019, 38 million [31.6 million-44.5 million] people were infected with HIV.
 36.2 million [30.2 million-42.5 million] adults.
 1.8 million [1.3 million-2.2 million] children (0-14 years old).
 Among all people living with HIV, 81% [68-95%] know their HIV status.
 Approximately 7.1 million people do not know that they are infected with HIV.

Ref fact sheet 2020: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet

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