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CVL100:Environmental Science (2-0-0) : Introduction To Water Pollution Lec3: Jan 11,2022

The document provides an overview of a lecture on water pollution, including discussing the fate of pollutants at different stages, oxygen demanding wastes, overall constituents in water, emerging contaminants, water treatment processes from coagulation to disinfection, and an example treatment schematic for treating groundwater to produce drinking water.

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Chand Patel
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56 views32 pages

CVL100:Environmental Science (2-0-0) : Introduction To Water Pollution Lec3: Jan 11,2022

The document provides an overview of a lecture on water pollution, including discussing the fate of pollutants at different stages, oxygen demanding wastes, overall constituents in water, emerging contaminants, water treatment processes from coagulation to disinfection, and an example treatment schematic for treating groundwater to produce drinking water.

Uploaded by

Chand Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CVL100:Environmental Science(2-0-0)

(Tuesday and Wednesday; Friday slot reserved for extra class)

Introduction to Water Pollution


Lec3: Jan 11,2022

Prof. Arun Kumar


([email protected])
See Moodle and Impartus for Additional materials ; check class email

1
Fate (concentration) of pollutants at
different stages
C0 Raw Animal
Biosolids
Solid
C2
Wastewater Manure Waste

Raw
Drinking Water
C1 Wastewater Land
Landfills
Focus Treatment Application

Removal and/or Runoff, Runoff,


Drinking Water C3 after
Treatment
transformation Infiltration, Infiltration, treatment
Sorption, Sorption,
Microbial Microbial
activity, other activity, other Removal and/or
transformations transformations transformation

C2 Natural waters

Potential human exposure


PPCPs and EDCs present via drinking water
in human urine and feces

January 10, 2022 Arun Kumar 2


([email protected])
F.Oxygen-DemandingOxygen
Wastes
Demanding Wastes

• Any constituent which reacts with oxygen (ex: organic


compounds, ammonia,etc.)

• When organic substances are broken down in water,


oxygen is consumed
• For example:
CH3COOH(acetic acid) + 2O2 => 2CO2 + 2H2O
C6H15O6N(algae) + 6O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + NH3
Oxygen Demanding Wastes

• High oxygen levels necessary for healthy


stream ecology.
• For example: case of fishes
– trout require 5-8 mg/L dissolved oxygen (DO)
– carp require 3 mg/L DO
Oxygen Demanding Wastes-
measurement/estimation
• Estimated stoichiometrically by theoretical oxygen
demand (ThOD)

• Measured by oxygen demand potential


– biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
– Nitrogenous oxygen demand (NBOD)
– chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Oxygen Demanding Wastes
Theoretical oxygen demand estimation
• For example:
CH3COOH(acetic acid) + 2O2 => 2CO2 + 2H2O
C6H15O6N(algae) + 6O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + NH3

=>See how much oxygen is consumed(mg/L) due to


1mole/L of organic compound or other oxygen demanding
substance. It is called theoretical oxygen demand
(ThOD).
Oxygen Demanding Wastes

• reaction:
CH3COOH + 2O2 => 2CO2 + 2H2O
• 1 mole/L acetic acid requires 2 moles/L of oxygen
• Theoretical oxygen demand= 2 moles/L *
32g/mole=64000mg/L oxygen
G.Overall Constituents

• constituents:
– Ions (calcium; arsenate; chromate
ions;nitrate)(anions/cations)
– Organic compounds (pesticides, pharmaceutical
compounds,etc.)
– Pathogens (viruses,bacteria,protozoa if we have human
fecal pollution)
– Solids (depends if there is a fracturing in subsurface or
solids in surface water or groundwater)
– Gases(methane, carbon dioxide,etc.)
– Nutrients

January 10, 2022 8


Overall Parameters
Constituents Parameters

Ions Hardness; alkalinity; acidity; conductivity;


actual metals(arsenic, cadmium,lead, iron,
etc.)
Solids Turbidity; total solids; total suspended solids;
dissolved solids; volatile solids; fixed
solids,absorbance
Organic ThOD; biochemical oxygen demand;
compounds chemical oxygen demand; total organic
carbon; actual compounds,
Nutrients Ammonium ions; phosphates, nitrate, nitrites

pathogens Indicators (bacterial; viral); pathogen


January 10, 2022 9
CPCB water classes

January 10, 2022 (C) Dr. Arun Kumar, Civil Engg. IIT 10
Delhi (India)
January 10, 2022 (C) Dr. Arun Kumar, Civil Engg. IIT 11
Delhi (India)
Emerging water contaminants

• New class of constituents for which method is


newly developed for detection and people are
measuring it and government has not currently
regulated;
– depends on region and list can vary with countries,
etc..
• Ex: antibiotics; nanoparticles; viruses

January 10, 2022 12


Xagoraraki and Kuo(2008)

January 10, 2022 (C) Dr. Arun Kumar, Civil Engg. IIT 13
Delhi (India)
Questions to think
• Do our CPCB water class parameters
have emerging contaminants? Or do they
have conventional parameters and
contaminants only?

January 10, 2022 (C) Dr. Arun Kumar, Civil Engg. IIT 14
Delhi (India)
Introduction to Water Treatment

Objective: To introduce water treatment plant


schematic and need for different unit processes

January 10, 2022 Arun Kumar 15


([email protected])
Water: Source

Source
Surface water;
Groundwater; rain water

January 10, 2022 Arun Kumar 16


([email protected])
Water: Treatment train of unit
processes
(1)Coagulation: increases particle size
(2)Sedimentation: settles particles
(3)Filtration: removes solids
(4)Disinfection: removes pathogens; oxidation

January 10, 2022 Arun Kumar 17


([email protected])
Water: Supply part

Supply to consumers
(1) Residual disinfectant to ensure no microbial
growth during transport

January 10, 2022 Arun Kumar 18


([email protected])
Water: Disposal part (solids
waste)
1)Chemical sludge
2) Disposal to municipal landfill
3)Reuse in brick making; pavement material, etc.

January 10, 2022 Arun Kumar 19


([email protected])
Water: Order of constituents
removal
Source: Dissolved gases solidsions
reduced substancespathogens supply

January 10, 2022 Arun Kumar 20


([email protected])
Step 1. List water quality characteristics
which need to be removed

– Nutrients
– Ions (arsenate; chromate ions; nitrate)
– Organic compounds (pesticides, etc.)
– Pathogens (viruses, if we have human fecal pollution)
– Solids (depends if there is a fracturing in subsurface)
– Gases(methane, etc.)

January 10, 2022 21


Step 2. Identify unit(s) which can remove at
least one type of contamination
• Ions (removal by: adsorption; coagulation-
flocculation; chemical precipitation; bio-adsorption;
membrane process)

January 10, 2022 22


Step 2 contd.

• Organic compounds (degradation/removal by:


oxidation; adsorption; biodegradation; reduction-
oxidation; irradiation; membrane process)

January 10, 2022 23


Step 2 contd.

• Pathogens (killed by : adsorption; coagulation-


flocculation; chemical precipitation; disinfection;
boiling; irradiation; membrane process)

January 10, 2022 24


Step 2 contd.

• Solids (removal by : settling; filtration; membrane


process)

• Gases (removal by) : aeration; adsorption;


solubilization)

January 10, 2022 25


Case:Groundwater produce drinking water

January 10, 2022 26


Exercise: Groundwater Drinking water

Name: constituents to be removed; unit


processes; their role; their sequence; solid
waste generation
January 10, 2022 27
Treatment schematic (GW Potable drinking
water)

• Raw Ground water  aeration chamber 


Softening unit  Filtration with chlorination
Disinfection  Storage
• See sequence of units used
• Chemical is required to be added
• Water is treated
• Chemical sludge is produced

January 10, 2022 28


Units used for (GW Potable drinking water

• Aeration chamber (to remove gases; using


air)
• Softening unit (to remove cations; using
softener and/or cation exchangers)

January 10, 2022 29


Treatment schematic (GW Potable drinking
water)

• Filtration with chlorination (to remove


solids; to kill microbial growth on filter unit
surface)

• Disinfection (to kill microorganisms before


water is supplied for public consumption)

• Storage
January 10, 2022 30
Exercise 2: Yamuna River Water produce
drinking water

• Think for 5 minutes for two steps.


• Step 1: water quality characteristics
determination
• Step 2: selection of units, their order

January 10, 2022 31


Exercise 2: Yamuna River Water Drinking water

January 10, 2022 32

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