Foot Step Power Generation With Solar Hybrid System

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The project is to generate the power by using the Human-power. Human-powered

transport has been in existence since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and
swimming. However modern technology has enhanced the use of human-power in more efficient
manner.

An average person, weighing 60 kg, will generate only 0.1 watt in the single second
required to take two steps across the tile. But when they are covering a large area of floor space
and thousands of people are stepping or jumping on them, then we can generate significant
amounts of power. Stored in capacitors, the power can be channeled for electricity lightings,
ticket gates, etc.

Walking is the most common activity done by human being while walking energy is
wasted in the form of vibration to the surface. And this wasted energy can be converted into
electricity. Using the principle called piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric effect is the effect in
which mechanical vibrations. Pressure or strain applied to piezoelectric material is converted into
electrical form. This project gives idea about how energy is used on stepping on stairs. The use
of stairs in every building is increasing day by day even small building has some floors when we
are stepping amount of this wasted energy is utilized and converted to electricity by
Piezoelectric effect.

In this electric power is generated as non-conventional method. Thus the generation of

power is by walking or running on foot step. At this time non-conventional energy is very
important. This system introduces power generation using non-conventional energy which does
not need any input to generate electrical output.

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CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

LCD DISPLAY

Volt meter

ATMEGA16 Transistor LOAD

Driver

BATTERY

CONTROL
DIODE BRIDGE PANEL
AC-DC

PIEZO ELECTRIC
ELEMENTS

Fig 2.1 Block diagram of Foot step power generation

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CHAPTER-3

ATMEGA16

3.1 INTRODUCTION

ATMEGA16 is an 8 bit high performance microcontroller of Atmel’s Mega AVR family

with low power consumption. ATMEGA16 is based on enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set
Computing) architecture with 131 powerful instructions. Most of the instructions execute in one
machine cycle. ATMEGA16 can work on a maximum frequency of 16MHz.

ATMEGA16 has 16KB programmable flash memory, static RAM of 1KB and EEPROM
of 512 Bytes. The endurance cycle of flash memory and EEPROM is 10,000 and 100,000,
respectively.

ATMEGA16is a 40 pin microcontroller. There are 32 I/O (input/output) lines which are
divided into four 8-bit ports designated as PORTA, PORTB, PORTC and PORTD.

ATMEGA16 has various in-build peripherals like USART, ADC, ANALOG

COMPARATOR, SPI, JTAG etc. Each I/O pin has an alternative task related to in-built
peripherals.

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3.2 PIN CONFIGURATION

Fig 3.1(a) Pin configuration of ATMEGA16

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3.3 PIN DESCRIPTION OF ATMEGA16

Pin No. Pin name Description Alternate Function

(XCK/T0) T0: Timer0 External Counter Input.
1 I/O PORTB, Pin 0
PB0 XCK : USART External Clock I/O
2 (T1) PB1 I/O PORTB, Pin 1 T1:Timer1 External Counter Input
(INT2/AIN0) AIN0: Analog Comparator Positive I/P
3 I/O PORTB, Pin 2
PB2 INT2: External Interrupt 2 Input
AIN1: Analog Comparator Negative I/P
(OC0/AIN1)
4 I/O PORTB, Pin 3 OC0 : Timer0 Output Compare Match
PB3
Output
5 (SS) PB4 I/O PORTB, Pin 4

6 (MOSI) PB5 I/O PORTB, Pin 5

In System Programmer (ISP)
7 (MISO) PB6 I/O PORTB, Pin 6 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

8 (SCK) PB7 I/O PORTB, Pin 7

Reset Pin, Active
9 RESET
Low Reset
10 Vcc Vcc = +5V
11 GND GROUND

12 XTAL2 Output to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier

13 XTAL1 Input to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier
14 (RXD) PD0 I/O PORTD, Pin 0
USART Serial Communication Interface
15 (TXD) PD1 I/O PORTD, Pin 1

16 (INT0) PD2 I/O PORTD, Pin 2 External Interrupt INT0

17 (INT1) PD3 I/O PORTD, Pin 3 External Interrupt INT1
18 (OC1B) PD4 I/O PORTD, Pin 4
PWM Channel Outputs
19 (OC1A) PD5 I/O PORTD, Pin 5

20 (ICP) PD6 I/O PORTD, Pin 6 Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin

21 PD7 (OC2) I/O PORTD, Pin 7 Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match Output

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22 PC0 (SCL) I/O PORTC, Pin 0 TWI Interface

23 PC1 (SDA) I/O PORTC, Pin 1

24 PC2 (TCK) I/O PORTC, Pin 2 JTAG Interface

25 PC3 (TMS) I/O PORTC, Pin 3

26 PC4 (TDO) I/O PORTC, Pin 4

27 PC5 (TDI) I/O PORTC, Pin 5

28 PC6 (TOSC1) I/O PORTC, Pin 6 Timer Oscillator Pin 1

29 PC7 (TOSC2) I/O PORTC, Pin 7 Timer Oscillator Pin 2

30 AVcc Voltage Supply = Vcc for ADC

31 GND GROUND

32 AREF Analog Reference Pin for ADC

33 PA7 (ADC7) I/O PORTA, Pin 7 ADC Channel 7

34 PA6 (ADC6) I/O PORTA, Pin 6 ADC Channel 6

35 PA5 (ADC5) I/O PORTA, Pin 5 ADC Channel 5

36 PA4 (ADC4) I/O PORTA, Pin 4 ADC Channel 4

37 PA3 (ADC3) I/O PORTA, Pin 3 ADC Channel 3

38 PA2 (ADC2) I/O PORTA, Pin 2 ADC Channel 2

39 PA1 (ADC1) I/O PORTA, Pin 1 ADC Channel 1

40 PA0 (ADC0) I/O PORTA, Pin 0 ADC Channel 0

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3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ATMEGA16

Fig 3.1(b) block diagram of ATMEGA16

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CHAPTER-4

POWER SUPPLY
4.1 POWER SUPPLY
The electronic devices are very sensitive to the fluctuations in the power fed to them.
This problem can be solved by using regulated power supply for them. This project about power
supply circuit is equipped with an adjustable voltage regulator to adjust the output in accordance
with the requirement. Adjustable voltage regulators have both line and load regulations which is
better than standard fixed regulators. The circuit is made using following active and passive
electronic components.

1. Bridge Rectifier
2. Resistor
3. Capacitors
4. Variable Resistors
5. Regulator IC

Fig4.1(a) Block diagram of power supply

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4.2 BATTERY Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity

storage, either individually linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical
battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical
energy into electrical energy. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years
as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids
and wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer
data centers.

Fig4.1(b) Battery
Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is lower
and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different
sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is that they are deep
cycle batteries. Lead-acid batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires maintenance) and
sealed no-maintenance versions.

Lead acid batteries are reliable and cost effective with an exceptionally long life. The Lead acid
batteries have high reliability because of their ability to withstand overcharge, over discharge
vibration and shock. The use of special sealing techniques ensures that our batteries are leak
proof and non-spoilable. The batteries have exceptional charge acceptance, large electrolyte

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volume and low self-discharge, which make them ideal as zero- maintenance batteries lead acid
batteries

Are manufactured/ tested using CAD (Computer Aided Design). These batteries are used
in Inverter & UPS Systems and have the proven ability to perform under extreme conditions. The
batteries have electrolyte volume, use PE Separators and are sealed in sturdy containers, which
give them excellent protection against leakage and corrosion..

4.3 Features:

 Manufactured/tested using CAD

 Electrolyte volume
 PE Separators
 Protection against leakage

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CHAPTER-5
SENSOR
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which
can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, mercury converts the measured
temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass
tube. At thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a
voltmeter. For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated against known standards.

5.1 PIEZO ELECTRIC SENSOR:

A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure pressure,
acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical signal.

Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various
processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control and for research and development
in many different industries it was only in the 1950s that the piezoelectric effect started to be
used for industrial sensing applications. Since then, this measuring principle has been
increasingly used and can be regarded as a mature technology with an outstanding inherent
reliability. It has been successfully used in various applications, such as in medical, aerospace,
nuclear instrumentation, and as a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones. In the
automotive industry, piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion when developing
internal combustion engines. The sensors are either directly mounted into additional holes into
the cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is equipped with a built in miniature piezoelectric
sensor.

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Fig 5.1(a) Piezoelectric Crystal

The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly related to a set of inherent advantages.

The high modulus of elasticity of many piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many
metals and goes up to 10e6 N/m²[Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical
systems that react to compression, the sensing elements show almost zero deflection. This is the
reason why piezoelectric sensors are so rugged, have an extremely high natural frequency and an
excellent linearity over a wide amplitude range. Additionally, piezoelectric technology is
insensitive to electromagnetic fields and radiation, enabling measurements under harsh
conditions. Some materials used (especially gallium phosphate or tourmaline) have an extreme
stability even at high temperature, enabling sensors to have a working range of up to 1000°C.
Tourmaline shows piezoelectricity in addition to the piezoelectric effect; this is the ability to
generate an electrical signal when the temperature of the crystal changes. This effect is also
common to piezoceramic materials.

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Figure 5.1(b): Piezoelectric Sensor Testing

Elevated temperatures cause an additional drop in internal resistance and sensitivity. The main
effect on the piezoelectric effect is that with increasing pressure loads and temperature, the
sensitivity is reduced due to twin-formation. While quartz sensors need to be cooled during
measurements at temperatures above 300°C, special types of crystals like GaPO4 gallium
phosphate do not show any twin formation up to the melting point of the material itself.

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5.2 STUDY OF CONNECTIONS

Next to determine the kind of connection that gives appreciable voltage and current
necessary, three PZT are connected in series.

Fig 5.1(c): PZT in series connection

A force sensor and voltmeter is connected to this series combination. As varying

forces are applied on this connection, corresponding voltages are noted. Also the

Voltage generated across the series connection and the current is measured.
Similarly the connections are done for parallel and series-parallel connections are
done.

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5.3 WORKING:
The piezoelectric material converts the pressure applied to it into electrical energy. The
source of pressure can be either from the weight of the moving vehicles or from the weight of the
people walking over it. The output of the piezoelectric material is not a steady one. So a bridge
circuit is used to convert this variable voltage into a linear one. Again an AC ripple filter is used
to filter out any further fluctuations in the output. The output dc voltage is then stored in a
rechargeable battery. As the power output from a single piezo-film was extremely low,
combination of few Piezo films was investigated. Two possible connections were tested - parallel
and series connections. The parallel connection did not show significant increase in the voltage
output. With series connection, additional piezo-film results in increased of voltage output but
not in linear proportion. So here a combination of both parallel and series connection is
employed for producing 40V voltage output with high current density. From battery provisions
are provided to connect dc load. An inverter is connected to battery to provide provision to
connect AC load. The voltage produced across the tile can be seen in a LCD. For this purpose
microcontroller PIC16F873A is used. The microcontroller uses a crystal oscillator for its
operation. The output of the microcontroller is then given to the LCD which then displays the
voltage levels.

Fig 5.1(d): Schematic representation of the working model

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CHAPTER-6

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

6.1 MODULE
A Liquid crystal display (LCD) is a low cost, low power device capable of
displaying text and images. LCDs are extremely common in embedded systems, since such
systems often do not have video monitors like those that come standard with desktop systems.
LCDs can be found in numerous common devices like watches, fax and copy machines, and
calculators.

LCD is an electronically-modulated optical device shaped into a thin, flat panel made up
of any number of color or monochrome pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a
light source (backlight) or reflector.

LCDs with a small number of segments, such as the one shown in the above figure, have
individual electrical contacts for each segment. An external dedicated circuit supplies an electric
charge to control each segment. This display structure is unwieldy for more than a few display
elements.

The LCD controller provides a relatively simple interface between a processor and an
LCD. LCDs can be added quite easily to an application and use as few as three digital output
pins for control.

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LCD controller

Microcontroller R/W

R/S

DB7-DBO

Fig 6.1: Schematic Diagram of LCD

There are different types of LCDs such as reflective LCD, absorption LCD, dot matrix
LCD. Each type of LCD is able to display multiple characters. In addition, each character may be
displayed in normal or inverted fashion. The LCD may permit a character to be blinking or may
permit display of a cursor indicating the current character. Such functionality would be difficult

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to be implemented using software. Thus, an LCD controller is used to provide a simple interface
to an LCD, perhaps eight data inputs and one enable input.

This byte may be a control word, which can be an instruction or data word. The most
common connector used for the 44780 based LCDs is 14 pins in a row, with pin centers 0.100"
apart. The pins are wired as:

Pins Description

1 Ground

2 Vcc

3 Contrast Voltage

4 "R/S" _Instruction/Register Select

5 "R/W" _Read/Write LCD Registers

6 "E" Clock

7-14 Data I/O Pins

Table 1: LCD Pin Description

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6.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

 Display format - 16 characters x 2 lines.

 Construction - TN/STN LCD panel, Bezel, Zebra and PCB
 Optional Edge - Array LED or EL backlight.
 Controller - KS0066U or Equivalent.
 Power - 5V single power input.
 Temperature - Normal / Custom available.

6.3 PIN DESCRIPTION:

EN, RS and RW.

The EN line is called Enable. This control line is used to tell LCD that we are ending it
Data. To send data the, program should first send High in this line and then set the other two
Control line and put data on the data bus. When other lines are ready, EN should be made low.

The RS line is Register selector line .when RS is LOW, the data is to be treated as a
Command or special instruction (such as CLEAR SCREEN, ETC). When RS is HIGH, the data
being sent is text data that should be displayed on the screen. The RW line is read/write control
line. When it is LOW, the information on data bus is being written to LCD. When RW is HIGH,
the program is effectively querying the LCD with the instruction Get LCD status.

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CHAPTER-7

RECTIFIER
7.1 Typical Bridge Rectifier:

However in reality, during each half cycle the current flows through two diodes instead
of just one so the amplitude of the output voltage is two voltage drops ( 2 x 0.7 = 1.4V ) less than
the input VMAXamplitude. The ripple frequency is now twice the supply frequency (e.g. 100Hz
for a 50Hz supply or 120Hz for a 60Hz supply.)

Although we can use four individual power diodes to make a full wave bridge rectifier,
pre-made bridge rectifier components are available “off-the-shelf” in a range of different voltage
and current sizes that can be soldered directly into a PCB circuit board or be connected by spade
connectors.

The image to the right shows a typical single phase bridge rectifier with one corner cut
off. This cut-off corner indicates that the terminal nearest to the corner is the positive
or +ve output terminal or lead with the opposite (diagonal) lead being the negative or -veoutput
lead. The other two connecting leads are for the input alternating voltage from a transformer
secondary winding.

7.2 The Smoothing Capacitor

We saw in the previous section that the single phase half-wave rectifier produces an
output wave every half cycle and that it was not practical to use this type of circuit to produce a
steady DC supply. The full-wave bridge rectifier however, gives us a greater mean DC value
(0.637 Vmax) with less superimposed ripple while the output waveform is twice that of the
frequency of the input supply frequency. We can therefore increase its average DC output level
even higher by connecting a suitable smoothing capacitor across the output of the bridge circuit
as shown below.

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Fig 7.1: Full-wave Rectifier with Smoothing Capacitor

The smoothing capacitor converts the full-wave rippled output of the rectifier into a
smooth DC output voltage. Generally for DC power supply circuits the smoothing capacitor is an
Aluminum Electrolytic type that has a capacitance value of 100uF or more with repeated DC
voltage pulses from the rectifier charging up the capacitor to peak voltage.
However, there are two important parameters to consider when choosing a suitable
smoothing capacitor and these are its Working Voltage, which must be higher than the no-load
output value of the rectifier and its Capacitance Value, which determines the amount of ripple
that will appear superimposed on top of the DC voltage.

Too low a capacitance value and the capacitor has little effect on the output waveform.
But if the smoothing capacitor is sufficiently large enough (parallel capacitors can be used) and
the load current is not too large, the output voltage will be almost as smooth as pure DC. As a
general rule of thumb, we are looking to have a ripple voltage of less than 100mV peak to peak.

The maximum ripple voltage present for a Full Wave Rectifier circuit is not only
determined by the value of the smoothing capacitor but by the frequency and load current, and is
calculated as:

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Bridge Rectifier Ripple Voltage

Where: I is the DC load current in amps, ƒ is the frequency of the ripple or twice the input
frequency in Hertz, and C is the capacitance in Farads.

The main advantages of a full-wave bridge rectifier is that it has a smaller AC ripple value for a
given load and a smaller reservoir or smoothing capacitor than an equivalent half-wave rectifier.
Therefore, the fundamental frequency of the ripple voltage is twice that of the AC supply
frequency (100Hz) where for the half-wave rectifier it is exactly equal to the supply frequency
(50Hz).

The amount of ripple voltage that is superimposed on top of the DC supply voltage by the diodes
can be virtually eliminated by adding a much improved π-filter (pi-filter) to the output terminals
of the bridge rectifier. This type of low-pass filter consists of two smoothing capacitors, usually
of the same value and a choke or inductance across them to introduce a high impedance path to
the alternating ripple component

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CHAPTER-8
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
8.1 Working:

Fig 8.1(a) Block diagram of voltage regulator

A voltage regulator is one of the most widely used electronic circuitry in any device. A
regulated voltage (without fluctuations & noise levels) is very important for the smooth
functioning of many digital electronic devices. A common case is with micro controllers, where
a smooth regulated input voltage must be supplied for the micro controller to function smoothly.

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Voltage regulators are of different types. In this article, our interest is only with IC based
voltage regulator. An example of IC based voltage regulator available in market is the popular
7805 IC which regulates the output voltage at 5 volts. Now let’s come to the basic definition of
an IC voltage regulator. It is an integrated circuit whose basic purpose is to regulate the
unregulated input voltage (definitely over a predefined range) and provide with a constant,
regulated output voltage.
An IC based voltage regulator can be classified in different ways. A common type of
classification is 3 terminal voltage regulator and 5 or multi terminal voltage regulator. Another
popular way of classifying IC voltage regulators is by identifying them as linear voltage
regulator & switching voltage regulator.  There is a third set of classification as 1) Fixed voltage
regulators (positive & negative) 2) Adjustable voltage regulators (positive & negative) and
finally 3) Switching regulators. In the third classification, fixed & adjustable regulators are
basically versions of linear voltage regulators.

Fig 8.1(b) Regulator circuit

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CHAPTER-9

SOLAR POWER

Fig 9.1: Solar Cell

Solar power systems provide a continuous, reliable power solution that's easily deployed,
cost-effective and requires little maintenance. Solar Power Systems are complete, fully
integrated solar power supplies designed for site loads requiring 12, 24 or 48 volts DC. Each
solar power system provides safe and reliable power generation without the need and expense of
installing utility power. The sealed, maintenance free batteries are designed for deep cycle
operation and extended life in solar applications. The aluminum array support structures and
battery enclosures are strong yet lightweight and corrosion resistant for harsh marine or severe
weather locations. Solar power system is the one which can be conveniently installed and
transported. It also has the perfect characteristics of self-control, self-protection, needing no
attention, compact structure, elegant outline and convenience for using etc.

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9.1 WORKING:
The most important physical phenomena employed in all solar cells are illustrated
schematically in Fig. 1.1. Sunlight enters the semiconductor and produces an electron and a hole
a negatively charged particle and a positively charged particle, both free to move. These particles
diffuse through the semiconductor and ultimately encounter an energy barrier that permits
charged particles of one sign to pass but reflects those of the other sign. Thus the positive
charges are collected at the upper contact in Fig. 1.1, and the negative charges at the lower
contact. The electric currents caused by this charge collection flow through metal wires to the
electric load at the right side.

The current from the cell may pass directly through the load, or it may be changed first
by the power-conditioning equipment to alternating current at voltage and current levels different
from those provided by the cell. Other sub-systems that may also be used include energy-storage
devices such as batteries, and concentrating lenses or mirrors that focus the sunlight onto smaller
and hence less costly semiconductor cell. If concentration is employed, a tracking subsystem
may be required to keep the array pointed at the sun throughout the day.

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CHAPTER-10
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

Fig 10.1: LDR circuit

Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) are also called photo resistors. They are made of high
resistance semiconductor material. When light hits the device, the photons give electrons energy.
This makes them jump into the conductive band and thereby conduct electricity.

10.1 How the LDR Circuit Diagram Works:

The LDR circuit diagram works like this:

 When it’s dark, the LDR has high resistance. This makes the voltage at the base
of the transistor too low to turn the transistor ON.

 Therefore, no current will go from the collector to the emitter of the transistor. All
the current will instead pass through the LDR and the potentiometer.

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 When it’s light, the LDR has low resistance. This makes the voltage at the base
of the transistor higher. High enough to turn the transistor ON.

 Because the transistor is turned on, current flows through the transistor. It flows
from the positive battery terminal, through R1, the LED, and the transistor down
to the negative battery terminal.

 This makes the LED light up.

10.2 Components Used In the Light Detector Circuit

The resistor R1 controls the amount of current going through the LED. It’s simple to
calculate. I have written an article on how to calculate the resistor value for an LED.

If you are using an LED with 2V voltage drop, you will have a 7V voltage drop over the
resistor when the transistor is ON. By using Ohm’s law we can find the current:

And 18 mA is usually a good current value for common LEDs.

What if you want to power the circuit with something other than a 9V battery? Then you
need to change the resistor value to get the right amount of current flowing through the
LED.

The variable resistor R2 is used to change the trigger point for the LED. That is, how
much light that is needed for the LED to turn ON and OFF.

You can probably get away with a 10k potentiometer. It depends on the resistance of
your LDR. But with a 100k potentiometer you will have room for a wider range of LDR
values.

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CHAPTER-11

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 11.1: Circuit diagram

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FLOW CHART
`

Start

Read the all

Status of system

NO NO
Piezo Solar
sensor panel
Stop
Stop
Yes Yes

Battery

LDR Yes
S Sun light sensor Lights on

NO

Lights off

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PROGRAM

#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
#include"global.h"
#include"lcd.h"

#define LIGHT_1_on sbi(PORTC,PC5) ////ligths 1

#define LIGHT_1_off cbi(PORTC,PC5)

#define LIGHT_2_on sbi(PORTC,PC4) //////ligths 2

#define LIGHT_2_off cbi(PORTC,PC4)

#define LIGHT_3_on sbi(PORTC,PC3) //// ligths 3

#define LIGHT_3_off cbi(PORTC,PC3)

int LDR=0,A=0,B=0,C=0,i=0,temp=0;

int main(void)
{

DDRA=0b11111101; // temp sen i/p

// DDRB=0b10111011;// LCD

DDRC=0xff; // LIGHTS
DDRD=0b11110000;/// INPUTS SWITCHES

InitLCD(LS_BLINK);
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LCDClear();
LCDWriteStringXY(0,0," DSDNP,Shimoga");
LCDWriteStringXY(0,1," 2016 ");
_delay_ms(3000);
LCDClear();

LCDWriteStringXY(0,0,"FOOT STEP POWER");

LCDWriteStringXY(0,1,"GENARATION");
_delay_ms(3000);
LCDClear();

LCDWriteStringXY(0,0,"SELECT THE MODE");

LCDWriteStringXY(0,1,"AUTO/MANUAL");
_delay_ms(3000);
LCDClear();
while(1){

if((PIND&0x01)==0x01){ /// SWITCHES AUTO MANUAL

i++;
_delay_ms(50);
LCDClear();
}

if(i==2)
{
i=0;
}

if(i==1){
LCDWriteStringXY(3,0,"AUTO ");

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 Foot Step Power Generation With Solar Hybrid System

//LCDWriteStringXY(0,1,"LDR IS ACTIVE");
if((PINA&0x02)==0x02){

LIGHT_1_on;
LIGHT_2_on;
LIGHT_3_on;
LCDWriteStringXY(0,1,"LIGHTS ON ");

}
else
{
LIGHT_1_off;
LIGHT_2_off;
LIGHT_3_off;
LCDWriteStringXY(0,1,"LIGHTS OFF ");
}
}

else
{
LCDWriteStringXY(2,0,"MANUAL");
LCDWriteStringXY(0,1,"LDR IS OFF ");

if((PIND&0x02)==0x02){ /// LIGTH 1 ON/OFF

A++;
_delay_ms(50);
}

if(A==2){
A=0;

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 Foot Step Power Generation With Solar Hybrid System

if(A==1){
LIGHT_1_on;
LCDWriteStringXY(13,0,"L1N"); /// on

else
{
LIGHT_1_off; /// off

if((PIND&0x04)==0x04){ /// SWITCHES AUTO MANUAL

B++;
_delay_ms(50);
}

if(B==2){

B=0;
}

if(B==1){
LIGHT_2_on;
LCDWriteStringXY(13,0,"L2N"); /// on

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 Foot Step Power Generation With Solar Hybrid System

else
{
/// off
LIGHT_2_off;
}

if((PIND&0x08)==0x08){ /// SWITCHES AUTO MANUAL

C++;
_delay_ms(50);
}

if(C==2){
C=0;
}
if(C==1){
LIGHT_3_on; /// on
LCDWriteStringXY(13,0,"L3N");
}

else
{
/// off
LIGHT_3_off;
}
}
}
}

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 Foot Step Power Generation With Solar Hybrid System

CHAPTER-12

ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS

AND FUTURE SCOPE
12.1 Advantages:
 Reliable, Economical and Eco-Friendly.
 Less consumption of non-renewable energies.
 Compact yet highly sensitive.
 No moving parts-long service life.
 Self-generating-no external power required.
 Great variety of models available for nearly any purpose .

12.2 Disadvantages:
 Only applicable for the particular place.
 Mechanical moving parts are high.
 Initial cost of this arrangement is high.
 Care should be taken for batteries.

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 Foot Step Power Generation With Solar Hybrid System

12.3 Application:
 Foot step generated power can br used for agricultural, home applications , street-
lighting.
 Foot step power generation can be used in emergency power failure situations.
 Metros, Rural Applications etc.,
 It can be used in colleges, Schools, Shopping complex, many other buildings.

12.4 FUTURE VISION

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 Foot Step Power Generation With Solar Hybrid System

CONCLUSION:

The project “POWER GENERATION USING FOOT STEP” is successfully tested and
implemented which is the best economical, affordable energy solution to common people.
This can be used for many applications in rural areas where power availability is less or
totally absence As INDIA is a developing country where energy management is a big challenge
for huge population. By using this project we can drive both A.C as well as D.C loads according
to the force we applied on the piezo electric sensor.

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BIBOLOGRAPHY:
 www.embededieeeprojects.blogspot.com
 www.journals.com
 www.quora.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/NXP_LPC

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