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Muhammad Rashid Usman: Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology University of The Punjab, Lahore

This document provides an overview of a course on fundamentals of heat transfer taught in 2014 at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. The course covers three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation), Fourier's law of heat conduction, thermal conductivity, steady-state heat transfer through plane walls, hollow cylinders and spheres, thermal resistances, free and forced convection, heat transfer coefficients, and heat transfer correlations. The textbook for the course is Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles by C.J. Geankoplis.

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jamil ahmed
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51 views16 pages

Muhammad Rashid Usman: Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology University of The Punjab, Lahore

This document provides an overview of a course on fundamentals of heat transfer taught in 2014 at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. The course covers three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation), Fourier's law of heat conduction, thermal conductivity, steady-state heat transfer through plane walls, hollow cylinders and spheres, thermal resistances, free and forced convection, heat transfer coefficients, and heat transfer correlations. The textbook for the course is Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles by C.J. Geankoplis.

Uploaded by

jamil ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Fundamentals of Heat

Transfer-CHE 216
Year 2014

Muhammad Rashid Usman


Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology
University of the Punjab, Lahore.

Figure taken from: http://heatexchanger-design.com/2011/10/06/heat-exchangers-6/ Accessed on: 17-Jan-2012


Course contents mid term
Introduction to transfer processes. Definition, applications, and various units of
heat transfer. Modes of heat transfer: Conduction, convection, and radiation heat
transfer. Fourier’s law of heat conduction. Thermal conductivity of gasses,
liquids, and solids. Units of thermal conductivity. Effect of temperature, pressure,
and composition on thermal conductivity of materials. Estimation of thermal
conductivity of gases, liquids, and solids. Introduction to steady-state heat
transfer. Heat conduction through plane wall, hollow cylinder, and hollow
sphere. Numerical problems related to heat conduction through plane wall,
hollow cylinder, and hollow sphere. Thermal resistances in series: Composite
plane wall, composite hollow cylinder, and composite hollow sphere. Numerical
problems related to heat conduction through composite plane wall, composite
hollow cylinder, and composite hollow sphere. Free and forced convection. Rate
equation for convective heat transfer coefficient. Brief description of
hydrodynamic boundary layer and heat transfer coefficient. Units of heat transfer
coefficient. Individual and overall heat transfer coefficients: plane wall and
hollow cylinder. Numerical problems regarding overall heat transfer coefficient.
Determination of heat transfer coefficient. Description of various heat transfer
correlations. Heat transfer in coiled and jacketed agitated vessels. 2
The text book

Please read
and consult to
know and learn.

Geankoplis, C.J. (2003). Transport processes and separation


process principles: includes unit operations. 4th ed. Prentice-
Hall International, Inc.
3
Transfer processes
For a transfer or rate process

Rate of a quantity  driving force

Rate of a quantity  area for the flow of the quantity


 1 
Rate of a quantity     Area  driving force
 resistance
Rate of a quantity  conductance Area  driving force
Flux of a quantity  conductance driving force
Driving force is the corresponding gradient and conductance is a
transport property.
Compare the above equations with Ohm’s law of electrical 4
conductance.
Transfer processes

change in the quanity


Rate of a quantity 
change in time

rate of the quantity


Flux of a quantity 
area for flow of the quantity

change in the quanity


Gradient of a quantity 
change in distance

The gradient is defined in differential form, i.e., it is the


change in a quantity with respect to change in distance
when distance approaches to zero. 5
Transfer processes

In chemical engineering, we study three transfer


processes (rate processes), namely

Momentum transfer or Fluid flow

Heat transfer

Mass transfer

6
Transfer processes

Conductance Law for molecular


Rate Process Driving force
(Transport property) transfer

Momentum Newton’s law of


Velocity gradient Viscosity
transfer viscosity

Temperature
Heat transfer Thermal conductivity Fourier’s law
gradient

Concentration
Mass transfer gradient (chemical Mass diffusivity Fick’s law
potential gradient)

7
Temperature gradient

8
Transfer processes

Transfer processes are either:

Molecular (rate of transfer is only a function


of molecular activity), or
Convective (rate of transfer is mainly due to
fluid motion or convective currents)

We now start “principles of heat transfer”.

9
Introduction to heat transfer
Heat transfer is a science which deals with the energy transfer
between two given locations as a result of temperature
difference.
First law of thermodynamics says energy can neither be created nor be destroyed.
However, energy can be transformed from one from to the other and can be transferred
from one point (location) to the other. For an open system, energy can be transferred by
mass, heat, and work. Though for a closed system (no mass enters or leaves the system)
energy can only be transferred by heat and work. It is important to mention here that
heat and work are forms of energy by which energy is transferred from one point to the
other or from one body to the other. These two forms are not properties and therefore
not possessed by a body. These are energies in transit and vehicles or conveyances to
transport energy from one point to the other and unlike properties such as temperature,
pressure, and specific volume they do depend on the path followed by energy for its
transference. When energy is transferred by a temperature gradient (difference), heat is
said to be transferred while transfer of energy by work does not require any kind of such
temperature difference. Work is considered a high quality energy compared to heat
energy and that leads us to define second law of thermodynamics. An introductory
thermodynamics course in the next semesters will hopefully make your concepts of heat
10
and work and their interrelationships more clear.
Introduction to heat transfer
Thermodynamics encompasses systems at equilibrium and
does not give any information about rate of a quantity, say,
rate of heat transfer. Time is not a thermodynamic variable.
Thermodynamics predicts only the maximum (or minimum)
possible amount of a quantity that can be transferred. Heat
transfer, on the other hand, deals with rates and predicts how
fast or slow the heat will flow from one point to the other.
Heat transfer, therefore, helps in sizing the heat transfer
equipment.
Chemical kinetics determines rate of a chemical reaction
while heat transfer deals with rate of heat transfer where rate
of transfer is a physical phenomenon.

11
Introduction to heat transfer: Applications

Knowledge of heat transfer is important in


designing refrigeration systems, power plants,
motor vehicles, major pieces of equipment for
petroleum refinery and chemical plants, etc.

Think of daily life examples!!!


What about wearing warm cloths in
winter?

12
Introduction to heat transfer: Applications

Car radiator [3]


Cooling fins in an
electronic device [2]

Boiler

Heat exchanger [3]


13
Figure on far right is taken from http://www.lenntech.com/applications/process/boiler/boiler-feed-water.htm
Introduction to heat transfer: Applications

Source: Couper, J.R. et al. 2005. Chemical process equipment: Selection


14
and design. 2nd ed. Gulf professional publishing.
Units of energy and heat transfer

• SI units of heat is J (Joule), while in English system


units are British thermal unit (Btu).
• SI units of rate of heat transfer = J·s–1, while in
English system units are Btu·h–1.

1.0 cal (thermochemical) = 4.1840 J


1.0 cal (IT) = 4.1868 J
1.0 Btu = 1055.06 J = 252.16 cal (TC)
1.0 J·s–1 = 1.0 W (Watt)
1.0 Btu·h–1 = 0.29307 W
15
References
1. Geankoplis, C.J. (2003). Transport processes and separation process
principles: includes unit operations. 4th ed. Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
2. Holman, J.P. (2010). Heat transfer. 10th ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education,
Singapore.
3. Cengel, Y.A. (2003). Heat transfer: A practical approach. 2nd ed. McGraw-
Hill.
4. Incropera, F.P.; DeWitt, D.P.; Bergman, T.L.; Lavine. A.S. (2007)
Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer. 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5. Kern, D.Q. (1965). Process heat transfer. McGraw-Hill International Book
Co., Singapore.
6. McCabe, W.L.; Smith, J.C.; Harriott, P. (1993). Unit operations of chemical
engineering. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., Singapore.
7. Coulson, J.M.; Richardson, J.F.; Backhurst, J.R.; Harker, J.H. 1999. Coulson
and Richardson’s Chemical engineering: Fluid flow, heat trasnfer and mass
transfer. vol. 1. 6th ed. Butterwoth-Heinemann, Oxford.
8. Staff of Research and Education Association. (1984). The heat transfer
problem solver. Research and Education Association, New Jersey.

16

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