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Fault Analysis (Symmetrical Fault) : Nurul Huda Binti Ishak

1. The document discusses symmetrical faults in power systems where all three phases are shorted together. It defines different types of faults and their causes. 2. It provides examples of calculating fault current for a symmetrical fault using per-unit values based on a common system base. The calculations involve determining fault current from the equivalent impedance seen from the fault location. 3. Symmetrical faults cause high current flows that are detected by protective devices which isolate the affected system components to clear the fault. Fault analysis is important for relay settings and equipment ratings.

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Aisamuddin Subani
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105 views16 pages

Fault Analysis (Symmetrical Fault) : Nurul Huda Binti Ishak

1. The document discusses symmetrical faults in power systems where all three phases are shorted together. It defines different types of faults and their causes. 2. It provides examples of calculating fault current for a symmetrical fault using per-unit values based on a common system base. The calculations involve determining fault current from the equivalent impedance seen from the fault location. 3. Symmetrical faults cause high current flows that are detected by protective devices which isolate the affected system components to clear the fault. Fault analysis is important for relay settings and equipment ratings.

Uploaded by

Aisamuddin Subani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FAULT ANALYSIS

(SYMMETRICAL
FAULT)

Nurul Huda Binti Ishak


LEARNING OUTCOME
 Student
will be able to analyze
symmetrical fault.
INTRODUCTION
 Faults can be defined as any failure that interferes with the
normal flow of current to the loads.

 They can occur in power systems when equipment


insulation fails due to:
❑ System overvoltage due to lightning or switching surges.
❑ Insulation contamination.
❑ Mechanical and natural stress.

 In most faults, a current path forms between:


❑ Two or more phases.
❑ One or more phases and the neutral (ground).

 This current path has low impedance (represented by Zf)


resulting in excessive current flows.
TYPES OF FAULTS
 Faults
can be categorized into 2: symmetrical
and unsymmetrical.

 Symmetrical faults (three-phase faults).


❑ The magnitudes of the AC currents in each
phase are the same.
❑ All three phases of a transmission lines are
shorted together.
 Unsymmetrical faults
❑ The magnitudes of the AC currents in each
phase differ.
❑ Can be subdivided into 3:
i. Single line-to-ground fault (SLD) - One line
touch the ground
ii. Line-to-line fault (LL) - Two lines of a
transmission line touch.
iii. Double line-to-ground fault (DLG) - Two lines
touch and also touch the ground.
 When a fault occurs, the high current flow in the
line are detected by protective devices.

 Circuit breakers on affected transmission lines will


be automatically opened isolating the transmission
line until the fault can be located and cleared by
repair crew.

 Fault studies form an important part in power


system analysis:
❑ It consists of determining the bus voltages & line
currents during various types of faults.
❑ Information gained are used for:
✓ Proper relay setting and coordination
✓ Rating of the protective switchgears
BASIC WYE-DELTA TRANSFORM
 Totransform Δ-connection into a Y-
connection and vice versa, the following
formula can be used:
1
𝐼𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡(𝑝𝑢) =
𝑋𝑒𝑞

𝑀𝑉𝐴𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝐼𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡(𝑝𝑢) 𝑥𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡(𝑎𝑐𝑡) = 𝐼𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡(𝑝𝑢) 𝑥
3 𝑉𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑤)
Exercise :1
 Figure 1 shows a single line diagram with fault at
point F occur of three phase power system. Using
a base of 100 MVA and voltage reference of 100
kV at transmission line. Determine:

i. The base voltage at each zone.


ii. The new per unit reactance.
iii. The actual fault current and MVA fault level at
the indicated zone.
70 MVA
22 𝑘𝑉
X=20%

Figure 1
Solution:
Exercise :2
 Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of a three
phase power system. The ratings and reactance of
various parameters are shown along with the nominal
transformer rated voltages. Using a common base of
200 MVA and 132 kV at Bus 1 as new base voltage:

i. Convert the schematic one line diagram into per unit


equivalent circuit.
ii. Calculate the new per unit values of all impedances.
iii. Calculate the actual fault current and actual fault
MVA at the point of fault when a 3 phase symmetrical
fault occurs at Bus 3.
Figure 2

Data: Rated MVA Rated Voltage Reactance


Generator GA 100 MVA 10.5 kV x = 15%
Generator GB 100 MVA 20 kV x = 5%
Transformer TA 150 MVA 11 kV/132 kV x = 10%
Transformer TB 100 MVA 20 kV/132 kV x = 12%
Transformer TC 150 MVA 132 kV/11 kV x = 9%
Line L1 j 60 Ω
Line L2 j 50 Ω
Exercise :3
 The single line diagram of a three phase power system is shown in
Figure 3. Using a base of 200MVA and voltage reference of 15kV at
Zone A as shown. Determine the based voltage at each zone.
Subsequently, convert the schematic into an equivalent per-unit
circuit and calculate the new per-unit reactance, actual fault MVA
and actual fault current. Equipment ratings are given as follows:

G1: 100MVA 15kV X=18%


G2: 100MVA 15kV X=20%
G3: 50MVA 13.8kV X=15%
G4: 75MVA 13.8kV X=30%
T1: 100MVA 15/132kV X=10%
T2: 100MVA 15/132kV X=10%
T3: 50MVA 15/132kV X=12%
T4: 75MVA 14.8/132kV X=11%
L1: X=50Ω
L2: X=40Ω
L3: X=40Ω
1 3 T3
Zone A L2

T1
G1 G3

L1 2 L3
T4

G4
T2

Fault
G2

Figure Q1
Figure 3

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