Whoi

stheaut
hor
izedi
ndi
vi
dual
toi
nter
pretaboutcul
tur
eandsy
mbol
s?Ant
hropol
ogi
st
Aquali
tat
iver
esearchwher
ether
esear
cherobser
vesdi
rect
lyt
her
espondentorr
espondent
s.Et
hnogr
aphi
cor
obser
vati
onresear
ch
Anexplor
ator
yresearchwheretheresearcherwil
lsol
i
citi
deasaboutapar
ti
cul
art
opi
corpr
obl
em f
rom t
he
tar
get10-
12respondent
s.Focusgroupdiscussi
on
Anexpl
orat
oryresear
chwher
ether
esear
cherconduct
sadet
ail
edper
sonali
nter
view wi
tht
her
espondent
.
Dept
hint
ervi
ew
Thisresear
chi sdesi
gnedtofi
ndmor einf
ormat
ionaboutthepr oblem,i
ssueorphenomenon.I
tisal
so
i
ntendedtoreducet
heresear
chopt
ionst
oamanageabl
esize.Expl
oratoryr
esear
ch
I
tisaki
ndofquant
it
ati
ver
esear
cht
hathy
pot
hesi
zest
hecauseandef
fectofv
ari
abl
es.Causalr
esear
ch
Thi
sresear
chisaki ndofquantitat
iver
esearchthatmeasuresstat
ist
ical
l
yther
elat
ionshi
pofv
ari
abl
est
o
det
ermi
neitsdependenceori
nter
dependence.Cor
rel
ati
onalr
esearch
Thisresear
chisdesi
gnedtohel
pmanager
smakedeci
sionbasedont
hei
nfor
mat
ionpr
ovi
dedbybusi
ness
resear
ch.Concl
usi
veresear
ch
Thistypeofresearchi
sdependentontheproblem t
hatt
hecli
entwoul
dwantt
obesol
vedandt
hef
indi
ngs
cannotbegeneral
izedacr
osst
hepopulat
ion.Appli
edbusi
nessr
esear
ch
Thistypeofr
esear
chi
sdependentont
hepr
obl
emat
icsi
tuat
ioni
dent
if
iedbyt
her
esear
cher
.Basi
cbusi
ness
resear
ch
Thi
srefer
stoasupposi
ti
onaboutasi
tuat
iont
hatdoesnotr
equi
ret
obest
udi
edorr
esear
chedany
mor
e.
Assumpti
on
Whatshoul
dbei
ncl
udedi
ntheoper
ati
onal
def
ini
ti
onoft
erms?Var
iabl
esbei
ngst
udi
ed
Whatdoy
oumeansi
gni
fi
canceoft
hest
udy
?Li
stofpeopl
ewhowi
llbenef
iti
nyourst
udy
I
nconcept
ual
framewor
ks,
howar
ethepr
ocessesshown?Bymeansofar
rows
Whati
sstati
sti
caltr
eatmentareyougoingtouseifyouwoul
dli
ket
omeasur
ehowy
ouri
ndependentv
ari
abl
es
pr
edi
ct/
inf
luenceyourdependentvar
iabl
e?Regressi
on
Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
sat
heor
yint
hemanagementf
iel
d?Tr
ansf
ormat
ionall
eader
shi
ptheor
y
Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
sat
heor
yint
heent
repr
eneur
shi
pfi
eld?LocusofCont
rol
Whatt
ypeofr
esear
chshoul
dbehy
pot
hesi
zed?Cor
rel
ati
onalr
esear
ch
Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngshoul
dbei
ncl
udedi
nthescopeandl
i
mit
ati
onsoft
hest
udy
?Al
loft
heabov
e
Thi
ski
ndofr
esear
chmaynotneedaconcept
ual
framewor
k.Descr
ipt
iver
esear
ch
Thi
spartoftheresearchst
ruct
uredi
scussest
hegaps/
probl
emst
hatt
her
esear
cher
sist
ryi
ngt
oaddr
ess.
Backgr
oundofthestudy
Iftheart
icl
eisnotsour
ceddi
rect
lyf
rom t
hemai
naut
horbutf
rom t
heci
tat
ionofanot
heraut
hor
,itshoul
dbe
statedascit
edby
Ther
esear
cherhast
oacknowl
edget
hewor
dsandi
deasofot
her
sbyl
ett
ersA,
BandD
I
ncor
rel
ati
onal
studi
es,
ther
esear
cherai
mst
ofi
ndoutanyl
i
ter
atur
eaboutbot
hlet
ter
sAandBar
ecor
rect
Themainconsider
ati
oninvar
iousl
iter
atur
esandst
udiescompi
l
edinchapt
er3i
stocomeupwi
thagood
synt
hesi
sbasedonthefol
lowi
ngconcerns:
let
ter
sAandBarecor
rect
Thet
opi
csoft
hechapt
ershoul
dbei
ncl
udedi
nthi
sar
ea.I
ntr
oduct
orypar
agr
aph
Apartofchapt
er3t
hatcapt
urest
hei
deasoft
hedi
ff
erentaut
hor
sinamor
ehol
i
sti
candunder
standabl
e
f
ashi
on.Synt
hesi
s
Av i
olat
ionmaybecommit
tedbyanyper
sonont
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nst
ances,exceptci
ti
ngi
nfor
mat
ionwhi
char
e
consi
der edt
obecommonknowl
edge.
Rev
iewmeanst
hef
oll
owi
ngconcept
s,exceptpl
easur
abl
ereadi
ng
Thesei
nfor
mat
ionmaybef
oundi
ntheRRL,
exceptbackgr
oundoft
her
esear
cher
s
Resear
cher
smayoptt
ogett
hei
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
hef
oll
owi
ngexcepti
nter
netwebsi
tes
Onewr
it
eri
sci
tedi
nthi
smanner
:Lee,
M.(
2007)
I
fthedat
eisnotknown,
thenot
ati
oni
snodat
e
Joi
nthewr
it
ers’
fami
l
ynamewi
thwhatsi
gn?Amper
sand
Thecommonci
tat
ionmet
hodusedbyBusi
nessResear
ch.APA–Amer
icanPsy
chol
ogi
calAssoci
ati
on
Themeanst
ocapt
uret
hei
deasoft
hedi
ff
erentaut
hor
sinamor
ehol
i
sti
cfashi
oni
nrev
iewofr
elat
edl
i
ter
atur
e.
Synt
hesi
s
Theli
terat
ureaboutt
hev
ari
abl
esi
ntheconcept
ualf
ramewor
kist
hor
oughl
ydi
scussedi
nor
dert
odot
he
fol
l
owing,except
:
Ther
elat
edst
udi
esar
enecessar
yforcor
rel
ati
onalst
udi
est
ofi
ndoutt
hef
oll
owi
ngi
tems,exceptf
or:l
evelof
i
mport
ance
Li
ter
atur
erev
iewdi
scl
osessomet
hingaboutt
hest
udy
.Gap
Thef
ocusoft
hel
i
ter
atur
eshoul
dbeconcept
ualf
ramewor
kvar
iabl
es
Thi
sr ef
erstotheet
hicalconsi
der
ati
onont
hedat
a/r
esponsespr
ovi
dedbyt
her
espondent
sofy
ourst
udy
.
Confi
denti
ali
ty
Whati
sthei
deal
numberofev
aluat
orsi
nthev
ali
dit
ytest
?3
Thiswasdev
elopedbyLeeCr
onbachi
n1951,andi
tmeasur
esr
eli
abi
l
ity
,ori
nter
nalconsi
stency
.Cr
onbach’
s
Alpha
Thi
sref
erst
othei
deal
numberofr
espondent
sfort
her
eli
abi
l
ityt
est
.30
Whenar esear
cherwi
l
lpr
oceedwi
tht
hev
ali
dit
ytest
,whatspeci
fi
cdocument
/sshoul
dbeat
tachedt
othe
ev
aluat
ionsheet
?A&B
Thesear
ethei
ndi
vi
dual
swhowi
l
ldot
hev
ali
dit
ytestofy
oursur
veyquest
ionnai
re.Exper
tval
idat
ors
I
fthest
andar
dizedquest
ionswi
l
lnotf
ull
yaddr
essy
ourr
esear
chpr
obl
ems,
whatwi
l
lyoudo?B&C
Thi
sresear
chi
nst
rumenti
susedt
ocompl
ementt
hesur
veyquest
ionnai
re.I
n-dept
hint
erv
iew
Thi
stechnol
ogywi
l
lhel
pyoumeasur
eyouract
ual
sampl
esi
ze.Raosof
tcal
cul
ator
Whati
sthemi
nimum sampl
esi
zef
orunder
graduat
eresear
chst
udi
es?100
Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
scat
egor
ical
var
iabl
e?Whet
heracust
omerhasacr
edi
tcar
dornot
Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
sanexampl
eofquant
it
ati
vedat
a?Dai
lyal
lowancesoft
heempl
oyee
Nomi
nal
dat
acanbebestr
epr
esent
edbywhi
chgr
aphi
cal
techni
ques?Barchar
tandpi
echar
t
Tov eri
fywhichi
nter
netprovi
derhast hehighestmarketshareamongi nternetusersinacer tai
ncit
y,a
resear
cherr
andomlyasked450inter
netusersaboutwhichnet
worktheysubscribeto.Whattypeofdatawas
coll
ect
edandhowcouldthisbebestrepr
esented?Qual
it
ati
vedatat
ober epresentedinapiechart
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethegoal
sofdescr
ipt
ivest
ati
sti
cs,
except
:di
spl
ayi
ngf
eat
uresoft
hecol
lect
eddat
a
Ast udywasconduct edtodet
erminet
hespendinghabitsoft
hestudentsinacertainuniv
ersi
ty.Oneoft he
researchquesti
onsisknowift
hereisasi
gnif
icantdi
ff
erencei
nthespendinghabi
toft hest
udentswhent hey
aregr oupedaccordi
ngtosex.Whatstati
sti
cscouldbebestusedt oaddr essthisconcern?Independent
sampl et-t
est
Toinv
est
igat
etherel
ati
onshi
pbetweenbr
andi
mageandapparelpur
chasei
ntent
ionamongthecust
omer
sina
cer
tai
nst
ore,whatst
ati
sti
cscanbeusedt
oanal
yzet
herel
evantdatagat
her
edf r
om thesur
vey
?
Toconductthehy pothesi
stestregar
dingt
heeffect
ivenessofthet
rai
ninginenhanci
ngt hejobperf
ormanceof
theemployees,thecompanywi shestocomparetheper f
ormanceevaluat
ionrati
ngofi t
sempl oyeesbef
ore
versus3mont hsafterthetr
aini
ngwasconducted.Whatwoul dbetheappropri
atestat
isti
cs?Pair
edsamplet-
test
Meanandst andarddevi
ati
oncanbeappr opr
iat
elyusedt
oanal
yzet
hedat
athatdet
ermi
neswhi
chr
esear
ch
obj
ect
ive?Levelofcust
omersati
sfact
ion
To deter
minewhich oft
he managementrelat
ed fact
orscan si
gni
fi
cantl
yinf
luence empl
oyee r
etent
ion,
av
ailabl
edatawi
l
lbeanaly
zedusi
ngwhatstat
isti
cal
tool?Regr
essi
onanaly
sis
I
nacorr
elat
ionalst
udyt
hati
nvol
vesbot
hcont
inuousv
ari
abl
es,
whi
cht
ypeofcoef
fi
cientshoul
dbecal
cul
ated?
Pear
son
I
naone-wayANOVA,
ift
hecomputedpv al
uei
slesst
hanthesigni
fi
cancelevelof0.05,wemayr
ejectt
henul
l
hypot
hesi
ssi
ncet
her
eisev
idencethatt
hemeanscoresofal
lthegroupssignif
icantl
y
Youarecomparingt wogroups(maleandf emal
e)onameasur eofinvestmentbehav
ior
.T-
testproducedt
he
fol
l
owing:t-
val
ue-8.241andSi g-
0.019.Whatdot hesefi
guresimply?Thep- val
ueissmall.Thereisgood
evi
dencethatt
het wogroupmeansoni nv
estmentbehav
iordif
fersi
gnifi
cant
ly.
ThePearson’
scorr
elat
ioncoef
fi
cientmeasur
est
hest
rengt
hofl
inearr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weencat
egor
icaland
quant
it
ati
vevari
abl
es
Whi
choft
hePear
son’
scor
rel
ati
oncoef
fi
cient
sindi
cat
ethest
rongestr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenv
ari
abl
es?0.
81
Whichofthefoll
owingstat
ementsi
snott
rue?Hi
ghr
eli
abi
li
tymeanst
hatt
hesur
veyquest
ionnai
rehas
enoughnumberofit
em st
atement
s.
Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
snott
hei
nfor
mat
iondi
spl
ayedi
naf
requencyt
abl
e?Tot
alnumberofr
espondent
s
Demogr
aphi
cpr
ofi
l
eoft
her
espondent
sisbestdescr
ibedusi
ngf
requency
Whichofthef
oll
owi
ngdat
acanbestpr
esent
edbyaf
requencyt
abl
e?Sav
inghabi
tsoft
hewor
ker
sofa
company
Tabl
eofweight
edmeancanbet
hei
dealwayt
opr
esentwhi
chdat
a?Cust
omer
s’pr
ofi
l
ewhet
heracr
edi
tcar
d
hol
derornot

 Appar
elpur
chasei
ntent
ionoft
hecust
omer
s
 Educat
ional
att
ainmentoft
heempl
oyees
Thesequenceofpr
esenti
ngt
hediscussi
onandt
abl
eofr
esul
tsshoul
dbebasedont
hesub-
probl
emsf
oundat
thest
atementoft
heprobl
em.Tr
ue
Respondent
s’demogr
aphi
cpr
ofi
l
ecanonl
ybepr
esent
edbyf
requencyt
abl
e.Fal
se
Whendi
scussi
ngt
hef
indi
ngsoft
hest
udy
,itshoul
dbesuppor
tedwi
thanRRL.Tr
ue
I
naf r
equencytabl
e,t
he numberofrespondent
s bel
ongi
ng t
o each oft
he cat
egor
ies ofa par
ti
cul
ar
demographi
cpr
ofi
lei
spresent
ed.Tr
ue
Fr
equencyt
abl
eisbestusedt
opr
esentcat
egor
ical
dat
asuchasdemogr
aphi
cpr
ofi
l
eofr
espondent
s.Tr
ue
Present
ati
onoft
her
espondent
s’demogr
aphi
cpr
ofi
l
eisusual
l
ydoneaf
tert
hemaj
orf
indi
ngsoft
hest
udy
.
False
Thesequenceofpr
esenti
ngt
hediscussi
onandt
abl
eofr
esul
tsshoul
dbebasedont
hesub-
probl
emsf
oundat
thest
atementoft
heprobl
em.Tr
ue
Notonlythatt
her esearcherwil
llookforthel
it
eratur
eofv ar
iabl
esandi
ndi
cat
orsi
ndi
ff
erentj
our
nal
s,but
shoul
dcheckseri
ouslythefindi
ngsofchosenst
udies.True
I
tisgoodtojustcopyalltheinf
ormat
ionofast
udyandpast
eitt
other
evi
ewofr
elat
edl
i
ter
atur
etomaket
he
workoft
heresearchereasy.Fal
se
Ther
evi
ewofr
elat
edl
i
ter
atur
emayal
soi
ncl
udet
hebackgr
oundoft
hei
ndust
ryorgr
oupbei
ngst
udi
ed.Tr
ue
Rev
iewofr
elat
edl
i
ter
atur
esi
mpl
ydef
inest
hev
ari
abl
esasshowni
ntheconcept
ual
framewor
k.Fal
se
Sy
nthesi
sissi
mpl
ythepr
esent
ati
onofi
deast
hatt
her
esear
chercant
hinkof
.Fal
se
Par
aphr
asi
ngmeansdel
eti
ng,
rear
rangi
ng,
andsummar
izi
ngt
hegi
stoft
hewor
ds/
thought
sbei
ngci
ted.Tr
ue
Theresear
cher
sneednotacknowl
edget
hesour
ceoft
hewor
dsandi
deasi
fiti
sconsi
der
edacommon
knowl
edge.Tr
ue
Theresear
cher
sneednotacknowl
edget
hesour
ceoft
hewor
dsandi
deasi
fiti
sconsi
der
edacommon
knowl
edge.Tr
ue
I
nRRL,
somement
orswoul
dal
l
owt
hedi
scussi
onoft
hemaj
ort
ool
sappl
i
edi
nthest
udy
.Tr
ue
Researcher
smustacknowl
edget
hewor
dsori
deasofanot
herwr
it
erbycopy
ingal
lthewor
dsi
nyourown
paper.Fal
se
I
fther
ear
e5wr
it
ers,
onl
yoneshoul
dbewr
it
ten,
ifci
tedf
ort
hef
ir
stt
ime.Fal
se
Rev
iewofr
elat
edl
i
ter
atur
epr
ovi
dest
hedef
ini
ti
onoft
ermsusedi
nthest
udy
.Fal
se
I
tiseasi
ert
ofor
mul
atepr
obl
emsi
nacademi
cresear
cht
hani
nappl
i
edr
esear
ch.Fal
se
Jour
nal
art
icl
esof
ferr
esear
chi
deasf
ory
oungr
esear
cher
s.Tr
ue
I
tisnotnecessar
yfort
hef
indi
ngsoft
hest
udyt
obesuppor
tedwi
tht
heor
iesandf
indi
ngsoft
hel
i
ter
atur
e.
Fal
se
Theor
eti
cal
framewor
kisconsi
der
edast
hebackboneoft
hest
udy
.Fal
se
At
heor
eti
cal
framewor
krequi
resagr
aphi
cal
model
showi
ngt
her
elat
ionshi
pofv
ari
abl
es.Fal
se
Resear
chquest
ionsper
tai
ningt
other
elat
ionshi
psofv
ari
abl
esmaybemeasur
edusi
ngcent
ralt
endenci
es.
Fal
se
I
fther
esear
chst
udywoul
dmeasur
ether
elat
ionshi
psofv
ari
abl
es,
thenhy
pot
hesi
stest
ingi
snecessar
y.Tr
ue
Asi
gni
fi
canceoft
hest
udymayi
ncl
udei
ndi
vi
dual
s.Tr
ue
Oneoftheusesoftheresear
cher
’sr
ecommendat
ionsi
sfort
hedeci
sionmaki
ngoft
hosei
ncl
udedi
nthe
si
gni
fi
canceoft
hest
udy.True
Researchersshoul
dal
sobesel
ect
ivei
nfi
ndi
ngj
our
nal
sandshoul
dpr
ior
it
izet
hosepubl
i
shedi
nhonor
abl
e
spaces.True
Onl
ythei
temst
hatappear
sint
heconcept
ual
framewor
kshoul
dbeoper
ati
onal
l
ydef
ined.Tr
ue
I
tmayt
akemor
ethanonet
heor
ytosuppor
tyourconcept
ual
framewor
k.Tr
ue