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SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Instructional Module in Management Science

Preliminaries
I. Lesson Number 7
II. Lesson Title Data Analysis
III. Brief Introduction Statistics is basically a science that involves data collection, data
of the Lesson interpretation and finally, data validation. Statistical data analysis is a
procedure of performing various statistical operations. It is a kind of
quantitative research, which seeks to quantify the data, and typically,
applies some form of statistical analysis. Quantitative data basically
involves descriptive data, such as survey data and observational
data.
IV. Lesson Objectives a. Identify the purpose of data analysis in transforming and
modeling data to create a useful information for decision making
b. Identify different data analysis tools
c. Examine different data analysis techniques and methods

Lesson Proper
I. Getting Started
For each question:
 Is it possible to answer?
 Can we answer it exactly (or close enough)?
 Do we know what each part of it means?
 Ask "does that depend on ... "

1. How many trees in the park?

2. How long would it take to cut the grass along the street?
II. Discussion
What is Statistical Data Analysis?
 
Being a branch of science, Statistics incorporates data acquisition, data interpretation, and data
validation, and statistical data analysis is the approach of conducting various statistical
operations, i.e. thorough quantitative research that attempts to quantify data and employs some
sorts of statistical analysis. Here, quantitative data typically includes descriptive data like survey
data and observational data.
 
In the context of business applications, it is a very crucial technique for business intelligence
organizations that need to operate with large data volumes.
 
The basic goal of statistical data analysis is to identify trends, for example, in the retailing
business, this method can be approached to uncover patterns in unstructured and semi-
structured consumer data that can be used for making more powerful decisions for enhancing
customer experience and progressing sales.
 
Apart from that, statistical data analysis has various applications in the field of statistical analysis
of market research, business intelligence(BI), data analytics in big data, machine learning and
deep learning, and financial and economical analysis.

Significance of data under statistical data analysis, 

 
Data comprises variables which are univariate or multivariate, and extremely relying on the
number of variables, the experts execute several statistical techniques. 
If the data has a singular variable then univariate statistical data analysis can be conducted
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including t-test for significance, z test, f test, ANOVA test- one way, etc. 

And if the data has many variables then different multivariate techniques can be performed such
as statistical data analysis, or discriminant statistical data analysis, etc. 
Data is of two types, continuous data and discrete data. The continuous data cannot be counted
and changes over time, e.g the intensity of light, the temperature of a room, etc. 
 
The discrete data can be counted and has a certain number of values, e.g. the number of bulbs,
the number of people in a group, etc.
Under statistical data analysis,  
the continuous data is distributed under continuous distribution function, also known as the
probability density function, and 
the discrete data is distributed under a discrete distribution function, also termed as the
probability mass function.
 
Data can either be quantitative or qualitative. 
Qualitative data are labels or names that are implemented to find a characteristic of each
element, whereas 
quantitative data are always in the form of numbers that intimate either how much or how
many. 
Under statistical data analysis, cross-sectional and time-series data are important. For a
definition, cross-sectional data are the data accumulated at the same time or relatively the same
point in time, whereas, time-series data are the data gathered across certain time periods.
Statistical data analysis can be adopted in;
 
Existing essential findings/conclusions unveiled through a dataset.
Abstract and compile information.
Compute measures of cohesiveness, relevance, or diversity in data.
Originate forthcoming prophecies on the basis of earlier reported data.
Test experimental forecasts.
 
 
Statistical Data Analysis Tools
 
Generally, under statistical data analysis, some form of statistical analysis tools are practised
that a layman can’t do without having statistical knowledge.
 
Various software programs are available to perform statistical data analysis, these software
include Statistical Analysis System(SAS), Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), Stat
soft and many more. 
 
These tools allow extensive data-handling capabilities and several statistical analysis methods
that could examine a small chunk to very comprehensive data statistics.
 
Though computers serve as an important factor in statistical data analysis that can assist in the
summarization of data, statistical data analysis concentrates on the interpretation of the result in
order to drive inferences and prophecies.
What are the Types of Statistical Data Analysis?
 
There are two important components of a statistical study, that are:
 
Population - an assemblage of all elements of interest in a study, and
Sample - a subset of the population.
 
And, there are two types of widely used statistical methods under statistical data analysis
techniques;
 
Descriptive Statistics 
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It is a form of data analysis that is basically used to describe, show or summarize data from a
sample in a meaningful way. For example, mean, median, standard deviation and variance.
 
In other words, descriptive statistics attempts to illustrate the relationship between variables in a
sample or population and gives a summary in the form of mean, median and mode.
 
Inferential Statistics 
This method is used for making conclusions from the data sample by using the null and
alternative hypotheses that are subjected to random variation.
 
Also, probability distribution, correlation testing and regression analysis fall into this category. In
simple words, inferential statistics employs a random sample of data, taken from a population,
to make and explain inferences about the whole population.
4 Basics Steps for Statistical Data Analysis
 
In order to analyze any problem with the use of statistical data analysis comprises four basic
steps;
 
1. Defining the problem
 
The precise and actuarial definition of the problem is imperative for achieving accurate data
concerning it. It becomes extremely difficult to collect data without knowing the exact
definition/address of the problem.
 
2. Accumulating the data
 
After addressing the specific problem, designing multiple ways in order to accumulate data is an
important task under statistical data analysis.
 
Data can be collected from the actual sources or can be obtained by observation and
experimental research studies, conducted to get new data. 
 
In an experimental study, the important variable is identified according to the defined problem,
then one or more elements in the study are controlled for getting data regarding how these
elements affect other variables. 
In an observational study, no trial is executed for controlling or impacting the important variable.
For example, a conducted surrey is the examples or a common type of observational study. 
 
3. Analyzing the data
 
Under statistical data analysis, the analyzing methods are divided into two categories;
 
Exploratory methods, this method is deployed for determining what the data is revealing by
using simple arithmetic and easy-drawing graphs/description in order to summarize data.  
Confirmatory methods, this method adopts concept and ideas from probability theory for trying
to answer particular problems. 
 
Probability is extremely imperative in decision-making as it gives a procedure for estimating,
representing, and explaining the possibilities associated with forthcoming events. 
 
4. Reporting the outcomes
 
By inferences, an estimate or test that claims to be the characteristics of a population can be
derived from a sample, these results could be reported in the form of a table, a graph or a set of
percentages.
 
Since only a small portion of data has been investigated, therefore the reported result can depict
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some uncertainties by implementing probability statements and intervals of values. 

III. Application(Performance Task -40%)

ACTIVITY 7

IV. Assessment(Written Works-30%)

Read each statements carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The first step for a researcher after finishing data collection is to start hypothesis testing
procedures.
a. True
b. False
2. A researcher should explore the characteristics of the data and the examined variables to
summarise the data once data is clean and ready for investigation.
a. True
b. False
3. One of the important considerations in preliminary analysis is to look for patterns in the data
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CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano
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Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818
CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805
Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

and to check if any specific variable looks extremely erratic.

a. True
b. False
4. Descriptive statistics are mathematical techniques which are used make inferences about the
population of interest based on data collected from a representative sample.
a. True
b. False
5. Blunders are errors made in transferring the manual data onto software for analysis during
data entry or coding.
a. True
b. False
6. Preliminary analysis through descriptive summaries can be used to portray frequency of
responses for each of the key study variables through tables of visual charts.
a. True
b. False
7. Different data types command the use of similar analysis techniques, whereby statistical
methods for analysing categorical data can also be used for continuous data.
a. True
b. False
8. Criteria that can be used to assess the best statistical technique to employ for examining a
phenomenon and testing hypothesis include (please select the answer that DOESN’T apply)
______.
a. the number of variables to be analysed
b. the type of variables
c. techniques the researcher prefers to use
d. the purpose of the analysis
9. Bivariate statistical methods analyse any number of variables and can offer different types of
inferences, whereas multivariate statistical techniques analyse two variables at a time.
a. True
b. False
10. Univariate analysis, through one-way frequencies and descriptive statistics, offer a good
understanding of variables, but only individually.
a. True
b. False
11. Parametric statistical techniques underscore stringent assumptions regarding the
distribution of data for the population under study.
a. True
b. False
12. Parametric statistical techniques are best used to analyse categorical data.
a. True
b. False
13. Non-parametric statistics are less sensitive than parametric statistics, whereby they may not
detect significant relationships or differences when they actually exist.
a. True
b. False
14. Parametric statistics permit the analysis of small data samples.
a. True
b. False
15. In using any non-parametric statistical tools, assumptions must be checked first to ensure
they are not violated.
a. True
b. False
16. Independent t-tests and compares data about (please select the ONE answer that applies)
______.
a. two distinct groups of different (independent) respondents
b. three distinct groups of different (independent) respondents
c. multiple distinct groups of different (independent) respondents
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17. To investigate relationships, bivariate correlation analysis can be used when the analysis
involves two continuous variables.
a. True
b. False
18. Multiple regression analysis enables an understanding of a set of DVs for their ability to
explain variance in the IV.
a. True
b. False
19. Regression analysis has stringent assumptions that must be checked before running the
tests to ensure they are not violated towards achieving a good regression model.
a. True
b. False
20. It is likely that with large samples even minor differences/relationships may appear to be
statistically significant so the researcher must interpret the results in perspective to reflect the
real theoretical/practical significance of findings.
a. True
b. False
V. Reflection(Performance Task -40%)
You learnt about statistical data analysis. Discuss the ways on giving description and
analysis to a given data. Write your response in paragraphs and use specific situations as
examples. You will be graded using the criteria below.
Criteria: Content (10 pts.)                                         Organization of Ideas (3 pts.)

Relevance to the topic (5 pts.)                    Brevity (2 pts.)

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VI. References
Calderon, Jose and Gonzales, Expectacion (2015), Methods of Research and Thesis
Writing, National Bookstore, Mandaluyong City, Philippines
Trinidad, Jose Eos and ADMU (2028), Researching: Philippine Realities - A Guide to
Qualitative, Quantitative, and Humanities Research, Ateneo de Manila University Press,
Quezon City, Philippines
Paler-Calmorin, Laurentina and Calmorin, Mechor (2010), Research Methods and Thesis
Writing, Rex Bookstore, Inc., Manila. Philippines

Prepared by:

JEWELSON M. SANTOS, LPT,EdD,DHum

Professor

Reviewed by: Approved by:

JOHN MARC R. MENDOZA, MAEd, MLIS JESS JAY M. SAJISE, DBA

Program Head, School of Teacher Education Vice President of Academic Affairs External