COMPLEX ANALYSIS

(Complex analysis : Note-3)

SEMESTER-6; CORE COURSE-6-13

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UNIT-2

Be
ari
By
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Dr. Gour Hari Bera
Assistant Professor
St. Paul’s Cathedral Mission College
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33/1, Raja Rammohan Roy Sarani

Kolkata-700009
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Dr
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 2

# Upper bounds for moduli of contour integrals :

# Question :- Prove that if f (z) is integrable along a contour C having
R finite length L
and if M be the upper bound of |f (z)|, i.e., |f (z)| ≤ M on C, then  C f (z) dz  ≤ M L.

# Answer :- Let the equations of the contour C be x = φ(t), y = ψ(t), whose finite
length is L. Then

ra
s 
Z Z 2  2
dx dx
L = ds = + dt . (1)
dt dt

Be
p
Again z = x + i y, ⇒ dz = dx + i dy, ⇒ |dz| = |dx + i dy| = (dx)2 + (dy)2 .
Z Z p
∴ |dz| = (dx)2 + (dy)2

s 2 2

ari
Z Z 
dx dx
or, |dz| = + dt = L . [ by (1) ] (2)
C C dt dt
We know that the modulus of the sum of n complex numbers cannot exceed the sum
of their moduli, so
rH
 n  n
X  X
{f (ξr )(zr − zr−1 )} ≤ |f (ξr )(zr − zr−1 )|
 

 
r=1 r=1

n
X
= |f (ξr )| |(zr − zr−1 )| ,
ou

r=1

where ξr be a point on each arc joining zr−1 to zr , r = 1(1)n.

By making n → ∞ in the above inequality, we have
.G

Z  Z Z
 
 f (z) dz  ≤ |f (z)| |dz| ≤ M |dz| [ ∵ |f (z)| ≤ M ]
 
C C C
Z 
 
i.e.,  f (z) dz  ≤ M L . [ by (2) ] (Proved)

C
Dr

# Cauchy’s theorem :
0
If f (z) is analytic function with derivative
H f (z) which is continuous at all points inside
and on a simple closed curve C, then C f (z) dz = 0.

# Proof :- Let R be the region which consists of all points within and on the contour
C. Since f (z) = u + i v is analytic and has a continuous derivative f 0 (z) exists in R
and on C, so u, v, ux , uy , vx , vy are all continuous in R and on C.
I I
∴ f (z) dz = (u + i v) (dx + i dy)
C C

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 3

I I
= {u dx − v dy} + i {v dx + u dy}
C C
ZZ   ZZ  
∂v ∂u ∂u ∂v
= − − dx dy + i − dx dy = 0 ,
R ∂x ∂y R ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
using the Cauchy-Riemann equations ∂x
= ∂y
, ∂y
= − ∂x .

ra
# Cauchy–Goursat theorem :
HIf f (z) is a analytic function of z in a region R and on its boundary C, then
C
f (z) dz = 0.

Be
# Some consequences of Cauchy–Goursat theorem :
# Note 1 : Let f (z)Rbe
z
analytic in a simply-connected region R. If a and z are
any two points in R, then a
f (z) dz is independent of the path in R joining a and z.

ari
# Note 2 : Let f (z) be analytic
Rz in a simply-connected region R. If a and z are
any two points in R and G(z) = a
f (ξ) dξ, then G(z) is analytic in R and G0 (z) = f (z).

# Note 3 : Let f (z) be analytic in a simply-connected region R. If a and b are

rH
any two points in R and F 0 (z) = f (z), then
Z b
f (z) dz = F (b) − F (a) .
a

# Note 4 : Let f (z) be analytic in a region R bounded by two simple closed

ou

curves C and C1 , where C1 lies inside C and on these curves. Then

I I
f (z) dz = f (z) dz ,
C C1
.G

where C and C1 are both traversed in the anti-clockwise sense relatives to their interiors.
The result shows that if we wise to integrate f (z) along curve C we can equivalently
replace C by any curve C1 so long as f (z) is analytic in the region between C and C1 .

# Note 5 : Let f (z) be analytic in a region R bounded by the non-overlapping

Dr

simple closed curves C, C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn , where C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn lies inside C and on these

curves. Then
I I I I
f (z) dz = f (z) dz + f (z) dz + . . . + f (z) dz .
C C1 C1 Cn

# Question :- Suppose f (z) is analytic in a simply-connected region R. Prove that

Rb
a
f (z) dz is independent of the path in R joining any two points a and b in R.

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 4

# Answer :- By Cauchy’s theorem, we have

Z Z Z y 𝐶𝐶2 𝐵𝐵
f (z) dz = 0 or, f (z) dz+ f (z) dz = 0
ACBDA ACB BDA
𝐷𝐷
Z Z Z 𝐶𝐶1
or, f (z) dz = − f (z) dz = f (z) dz . 𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶
ACB BDA ADB
b O x

ra
Z Z Z
Thus f (z) dz = f (z) dz = f (z) dz .
C1 C2 a
Rb
Hence a f (z) dz is independent of the path in R

Be
joining any two points a and b in R.

# Question :- Let f (z) be analytic in a region RHbounded by Htwo simple closed

curves C1 and C2 and also on C1 and C2 . Prove that C1 f (z) dz = C2 f (z) dz, where
C1 and C2 are both traversed in the anti-clockwise sense relative to their interiors.
A

ari
# Answer :- We construct a cross-cut AE at D
joining a point A of the curve C1 and a point
E of C2 . Since f (z) is analytic in the region E
𝐶𝐶2 F
R, so by Cauchy’s theorem, we have
rH
Z C
𝐶𝐶1 G
ABCDAEF GEA
f (z) dz = 0
ℛ
Z Z Z Z B
or, f (z) dz+ f (z) dz+ f (z) dz+ f (z) dz = 0 .
ABCDA AE EF GE EA
ou

Z Z
But f (z) d = − f (z) dz .
AE EA
Z Z
Hence f (z) dz + f (z) dz = 0
ABCDA EF GE
.G

Z Z Z
or, f (z) dz = − f (z) dz = f (z) dz
ABCDA EF GE EGF E
Z Z
or, f (z) dz = f (z) dz .
C1 C2
Dr

H H H
# Question :- Prove (a) C dz = 0, (b) C z dz = 0, (c) C (z − z0 )dz = 0, where C is
any simple closed curve and z0 is a constant.

# Answer :- These results follows from Cauchy’s theorem, because the functions
f (z) = 1 in (a), f (z) = z in (b) and f (z) = z − z0 in (c) are analytic everywhere in a
region and on its boundary C, and its derivative f 0 (z) = 0 in (a), f 0 (z) = 1 in (b) and
f 0 (z) = 1 in (c) are continuous everywhere.
2
# Question :- If f (z) = z +5z+6
z−2
does Cauchy’s theorem apply,
(a) when the path of integration C is a circle |z| = 3,
(b) when the path of integration C is a circle |z| = 1.

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 5

# Answer :- (a) When C is the circle |z| = 3, the point z = 2 lies inside it, so f (z) is
not
H analytic within the circle, hence in this case Cauchy’s theorem does not apply, i.e.,
C
f (z) dz 6= 0.
(b) When C is the circle |z| = 1, the point z = 2 lies outside it, so f (z) is analytic
H within
and on this circle, hence in this case Cauchy’s theorem does apply, i.e., C f (z) dz = 0.
H
# Question :- Apply the Cauchy-Goursat theorem to show that C f (z) dz = 0, when

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the contour C is the circle |z| = 1 and when
z2 −z 1
(a) f (z) = z− 3 , (b) f (z) = z e , (c) f (z) = z2 +2z+2 , (d) f (z) = Log(z + 2).
2

Be
# Answer :- (a) In the circle C : |z| = 1, the point z = 23 lies outside
H it, so f (z) is
analytic within and on this circle, hence Cauchy’s theorem apply, i.e., C f (z) dz = 0.
(b) Here f (z) = z e−z is an analytic function within
H and on the circle C given by |z| = 1,
hence in this case Cauchy’s theorem apply, i.e., C f (z) dz = 0.

ari
(c) In the circle C : |z| = 1, the points z = −1 ± i lies outside
H it, so f (z) is analytic
within and on this circle, hence Cauchy’s theorem apply, i.e., C f (z) dz = 0.
(d) Here f (z) = Log(z + 2) is an analytic everywhere insideH and on the circle C given
by |z| = 1, hence in this case Cauchy’s theorem apply, i.e., C f (z) dz = 0.
rH
dz
H
# Question :- Evaluate C z−z0
, where C is any simple closed curve and z = z0 is
(a) outside C, (b) inside C.

1
# Answer :- (a) If z0 is outside C, then f (z) = z−z0
is analytic everywhere inside and
H dz
on C. Hence by Cauchy’s theorem, C z−z = 0.
ou

C
1
(b) Suppose z0 is inside C, then f (z) = z−z 0
is not
analytic everywhere inside and on C. Let Γ be a
circle of radius ρ with center at z = z0 so that Γ ρ 𝑧𝑧
.G

1 0
Γ is inside C. Then f (z) = z−z 0
is analytic in a
region bounded by two simple closed curves C and
Γ, where Γ lies inside C and on these curves.
I I
dz dz
∴ = . (1)
C z − z0 Γ z − z0
Dr

On the circle Γ : |z − z0 | = ρ, i.e., z = z0 + ρeiθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, dz = ρi eiθ dθ.

Then the right side of (1) becomes
Z 2π Z 2π
ρi eiθ dθ
=i dθ = 2πi , which is the required value.
0 ρeiθ 0

dz
H
# Question :- Evaluate C (z−z0 )n
, n = 2, 3, 4, . . ., where z = z0 is inside the simple
closed curve C.

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 6
C
# Answer :- Since z0 is inside the simple closed
curve C and let Γ be a circle of radius ρ with center Γ ρ 𝑧𝑧
0
at z = z0 so that Γ is inside C.
I I
dz dz
∴ n
= n
. (1)
C (z − z0 ) Γ (z − z0 )

On the circle Γ : |z − z0 | = ρ, i.e., z = z0 + ρeiθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, dz = ρi eiθ dθ.

ra
Then the right side of (1) becomes
2π 2π 2π
ρi eiθ dθ e(1−n)iθ
Z Z 
i (1−n)iθ i
= n−1 e dθ = = 0,

Be
n
ρ e inθ ρ ρn−1 (1 − n)i
0 0 0

1  2(1−n)iπ 
= n−1
e − 1 = 0 , when n 6= 1 .
(1 − n)ρ

# Question :- Verify Cauchy’s theorem for the functions (a) 3z 2 + iz − 4, (b) 4 sin 2z,

ari
if C is the square with vertices at 1 ± i, −1 ± i.
𝐶𝐶1 y
(−1,1) (1,1)
# Answer :- (a) Let f (z) = 3z 2 + iz − 4. The
function f (z) is a polynomial in z, hence it is an- 𝐶𝐶2
alytic within and on the square C with vertices at
rH
1 ± i,H −1 ± i. Hence the Cauchy’s theorem apply, O x
𝐶𝐶4
i.e., C f (z) dz = 0.
The line integral can be written as (−1, −1) 𝐶𝐶3 (1, −1)
I Z Z Z Z
ou

f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz, (1)

C C1 C2 C3 C4

where C1 be the line joining (1, 1) and (−1, 1); C2 be the line joining (−1, 1) and
(−1, −1); C3 be the line joining (−1, −1) and (1, −1); C4 be the line joining (1, −1)
.G

and (1, 1).

On the line C1 : y = 1, z = x + i, dz = dx and x goes from 1 to −1.
Z Z −1
2
∴ (3z + iz − 4)dz = {3(x + i)2 + i(x + i) − 4}dx
C1 1
Dr

−1 −1
x3
Z 
2
= {3x + 7xi − 8}dx = 3 − 8x = −2 − 8(−2) = −2 + 16 = 14 .
1 3 1
On the line C2 : x = −1, z = −1 + i y, dz = i dy and y goes from 1 to −1.
Z Z −1
2
∴ (3z + iz − 4)dz = i {3(−1 + i y)2 + i(−1 + i y) − 4}dy
C2 1

−1 −1
y3
Z 
2
=i {−3y − (6i + 1)y − (i + 1)}dy = i −3 − (i + 1)y
1 3 1

= i[2 − (i + 1)(−2)] = i[4 + 2i] = −2 + 4i .

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 7

On the line C3 : y = −1, z = x − i, dz = dx and x goes from −1 to 1.

Z Z 1
2
∴ (3z + iz − 4)dz = {3(x − i)2 + i(x − i) − 4}dx
C3 −1

1  3 1
x2
Z
2 x
= {3x − 5xi − 6}dx = 3 − 5i − 6x
−1 3 2 −1

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= 2 − 6(1 + 1) = 2 − 12 = −10 .
On the line C4 : x = 1, z = 1 + i y, dz = i dy and y goes from −1 to 1.
Z Z 1

Be
2
∴ (3z + iz − 4)dz = i {3(1 + i y)2 + i(1 + i y) − 4}dy
C4 −1

1 1
y3
Z 
2
=i {−3y + (6i − 1)y + (i − 1)}dy = i −3 + (i − 1)y
−1 3 −1

= i[−2 + (i − 1)2] = i[−4 + 2i] = −2 − 4i .

From (1), we have
I

C
ari
f (z)dz = 14 − 2 + 4i − 10 − 2 − 4i = 0 .
rH
Hence the Cauchy’s theorem is verified on C. 𝐶𝐶1 y
(−1,1) (1,1)

(b) Let f (z) = 4 sin 2z. The function f (z) is an 𝐶𝐶2

analytic everywhere inside and on the square C
with vertices at 1 ± Hi, −1 ± i. Hence the Cauchy’s O x
𝐶𝐶4
ou

theorem apply, i.e., C f (z) dz = 0.

The line integral can be written as (−1, −1) 𝐶𝐶3 (1, −1)
I Z Z Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz, (1)
.G

C C1 C2 C3 C4

where C1 be the line joining (1, 1) and (−1, 1); C2 be the line joining (−1, 1) and
(−1, −1); C3 be the line joining (−1, −1) and (1, −1); C4 be the line joining (1, −1)
and (1, 1).
On the line C1 : y = 1, z = x + i, dz = dx and x goes from 1 to −1.
Dr

Z Z −1 Z 1
∴ 4 sin 2z dz = 4 sin(2x + 2i) dx = −4 sin(2x + 2i) dx
C1 1 −1

On the line C2 : x = −1, z = −1 + i y, dz = i dy and y goes from 1 to −1.

Z Z −1 Z 1
∴ 4 sin 2z dz = 4i sin(−2 + 2iy) dy = −4i sin(−2 + 2iy) dy
C2 1 −1

On the line C3 : y = −1, z = x − i, dz = dx and x goes from −1 to 1.

Z Z 1
∴ 4 sin 2z dz = 4 sin(2x − 2i) dx .
C3 −1

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 8

On the line C4 : x = 1, z = 1 + i y, dz = i dy and y goes from −1 to 1.

Z Z 1
∴ 4 sin 2z dz = 4i sin(2 + 2iy) dy .
C4 −1

From (1), we have

I Z 1
f (z)dz = −4 {sin(2x + 2i) − sin(2x − 2i)} dx

ra
C −1
Z 1
+4i {sin(2 + 2iy) − sin(−2 + 2iy)} dy
−1

Be
Z 1 Z 1
= −8 cos 2x · sin 2i dx + 8i cos 2iy · sin 2 dy
−1 −1
 1  1
sin 2x sin 2iy
= −8 sin 2i + 8i sin 2
2 −1 2i −1
= −8 sin 2i · sin 2 + 8 sin 2 · sin 2i = 0 .
Hence the Cauchy’s theorem is verified on C.

ari
# Question :- Verify Cauchy’s theorem for the function z 3 − iz 2 − 5z + 2i, if C is
(a) the circle |z| = 1, (b) the circle |z − 1| = 2.
rH
# Answer :- (a) Let f (z) = z 3 − iz 2 − 5z + 2i.
y
The function f (z) is a polynomial in z, hence it
is analytic within and on the circle C given by
|z|
H = 1. Hence the Cauchy’s theorem apply, i.e.,
x
ou

C
f (z) dz = 0. O
On the circle C we take z = eiθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
∴ dz = i eiθ dθ.
I Z 2π
.G

3 2
e3iθ − i e2iθ − 5eiθ + 2i i eiθ dθ


∴ (z − iz − 5z + 2i)dz =
C 0

2π 2π
e4iθ e3iθ e2iθ eiθ
Z 
4iθ 3iθ 2iθ iθ


=i e − ie − 5e + 2ie dθ = i −i +5 + 2i = 0.
0 4i 3i 2i i 0
Hence the Cauchy’s theorem is verified on C.
Dr

y
3 2
(b) Let f (z) = z − iz − 5z + 2i. The func-
tion f (z) is a polynomial in z, hence it is ana-
lytic everywhere inside and on the circle C given
by |zH− 1| = 2. Hence the Cauchy’s theorem apply, O (1,0) x
i.e., C f (z) dz = 0.
On the circle C : |z − 1| = 2, we take z = 1 + 2eiθ ,
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π. ∴ dz = 2i eiθ dθ.
I Z 2π
3 2
(1 + 2eiθ )3 − i (1 + 2eiθ )2 − 5(1 + 2eiθ ) + 2i 2i eiθ dθ

∴ (z −iz −5z +2i)dz =
C 0

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 9

Z 2π  4iθ
8 e + 4(3 − i) e3iθ − 4(1 + i)e2iθ + (i − 4)eiθ dθ

= 2i
0
2π
e4iθ e3iθ e2iθ eiθ

= 2i 8 + 4(3 − i) − 4(1 + i) + (i − 4) = 0.
4i 3i 2i i 0
Hence the Cauchy’s theorem is verified on C.

dz
H
# Question :- Let C be the circle |z − 2| = 5. (a) Determine whether

ra
C z−3
= 0.
(b) Does your answer to (a) contradict Cauchy’s theorem?

1
y
# Answer :- (a) Let f (z) = z−3 . The function

Be
f (z) is not analytic everywhere inside and on C :
|z −2| = 5. Let Γ be a circle of radius ρ with center
1
at z = 3 so that Γ is inside C. Then f (z) = z−3 is O (2,0) x
analytic in a region bounded by two simple closed
(3,0)
curves C and Γ, where Γ lies inside C and on these
curves.

ari
I I
dz dz
∴ = . (1)
C z −3 Γ z −3

On the circle Γ : |z − 3| = ρ, i.e., z = 3 + ρeiθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, dz = ρi eiθ dθ.

Then the right side of (1) becomes
rH
Z 2π Z 2π
ρi eiθ dθ
=i dθ = 2πi .
0 ρeiθ 0
H dz
Hence C z−3 6= 0.
ou

(b) The answer of (a) does not contradict Cauchy’s theorem, because Cauchy’s theo-
rem
H state that, if f (z) is a analytic everywhere inside and on its boundary C, then
C
f (z) dz = 0.
H
# Question :- By evaluating C ez dz around the circle |z| = 1, show that
.G

R 2π cos θ R 2π cos θ
0
e cos(θ + sin θ)dθ = 0
e sin(θ + sin θ)dθ = 0.
y
z
# Answer :- Let f (z) = e . The function f (z)
is analytic everywhere inside and on the circle C
given by |z|H = 1. Hence the Cauchy’s theorem
Dr

apply, i.e., C f (z) dz = 0. O x

iθ
On the circle C : |z| = 1, we take z = e , 0 ≤ θ ≤
2π. ∴ dz = i eiθ dθ.
I Z 2π Z 2π Z 2π
z eiθ iθ cos θ+i sin θ iθ
∴ e dz = e i e dθ = i e e dθ = i ecos θ ei(θ+sin θ) dθ
C 0 0 0
Z 2π
=i ecos θ {cos(θ + sin θ) + i sin(θ + sin θ)} dθ
0
Z 2π Z 2π
cos θ
=i e cos(θ + sin θ) dθ − ecos θ sin(θ + sin θ) dθ .
0 0

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 10

H
Since C
f (z) dz = 0, so
Z 2π Z 2π
cos θ
e cos(θ + sin θ)dθ = ecos θ sin(θ + sin θ)dθ = 0 .
0 0

# Question :- For
H any simple closed curve C, explain clearlyHthe relationship between
the observations C (x − y 2 + 2y)dx + (2x − 2xy)dy = 0 and C (z 2 − 2iz) dz = 0.
2

ra
# Answer :- Let f (z) = z 2 − 2iz. The function f (z) is a polynomial in z, hence it is
analytic
H within and on the simple closed curve C. Hence the Cauchy’s theorem apply,
i.e., C f (z) dz = 0.

Be
I I
2
 2
x − y 2 + 2i xy − 2i(x + i y) (dx + i dy)

Now (z − 2iz) dz =
C C
I
 2
(x − y 2 + 2y) + i(2xy − 2x) (dx + i dy)

=
C
I I
 2 2
(2xy − 2x)dx + (x2 − y 2 + 2y)dy .

= (x − y + 2y)dx + (2x − 2xy)dy + i

ari
C C
I I
(z 2 − 2iz) dz = 0 , ⇒ (x2 − y 2 + 2y)dx + (2x − 2xy)dy = 0 ,

∴
C C
I
(2xy − 2x)dx + (x2 − y 2 + 2y)dy = 0 .

rH
C
I I
 2 2
(z 2 − 2iz) dz = 0 .

But (x − y + 2y)dx + (2x − 2xy)dy = 0 , ;
C C
R 4−3i
# Question :- Show directly that 3+4i (6z 2 + 8iz)dz has the same value along the
following paths C joining the points 3 + 4i and 4 − 3i : (a) a straight line, (b) the
ou

straight lines from 3 + 4i to 4 + 4i and then from 4 + 4i to 4 − 3i, (c) the circle |z| = 5.
Determine this value. y (3,4)
# Answer :- (a) The given integral along the
.G

straight line C joining the points 3 + 4i and 4 − 3i is 𝐶𝐶

Z 4−3i
4−3i
(6z 2 + 8iz)dz = 2z 3 + 4iz 2 3+4i
 
3+4i
O x
= 2 (4 − 3i)3 − (3 + 4i)3 +4i (4 − 3i)2 − (3 + 4i)2 = (4, −3)
 

2 {64 − 144i − 108 + 27i − (27 + 108i − 144 − 64i)}+4i {16 − 24i − 9 − (9 + 24i − 16)}
Dr

= 146 − 322i + 192 + 56i = 338 − 266i .

(b) Along the straight line C1 from (3, 4) to (4, 4) for which y = 4, dy = 0 and the given
line integral becomes
Z 4 Z 4
2
{6(x + 4i) + 8i(x + 4i)}dx = {6x2 + 56ix − 128}dx
x=3 3
4
x3 x2

= 6· + 56i · − 128x
3 2 3
= 2 × 37 + 28i × 7 − 128 = −54 + 196i .

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 11

Along the straight line C2 from (4, 4) to (4, −3) for

which x = 4, dx = 0 and the given line integral y 𝐶𝐶1
(3,4) (4,4)
becomes
Z −3
{6(4 + iy)2 + 8i(4 + iy)}i dy 𝐶𝐶2
y=4

Z −3 O x

ra
2
=i {−6y + (48i − 8)y + (96 + 32i)}dy
4 (4, −3)
 3 2
−3
y y
= i −6 · + (48i − 8) · + (96 + 32i)y

Be
3 2 4

= i [−2 × (−91) + (24i − 4) × (−7) + (96 + 32i) × (−7)]

= i [182 − 168 i + 28 − 672 − 224 i] = i [−462 − 392 i] = 392 − 462 i .
The required value of the integral = −54 + 196 i + 392 − 462 i = 338 − 266 i .
C : |z|
= 5 joining the points (3, 4) and (4, −3), we take z = 5 eiθ ,

ari
(c) Along
the circle −1
−1 4
tan 3
≤ θ ≤ tan − 34 , dz = 5ieiθ dθ.
Z 4−3i Z tan−1 (− 43 )
2
∴ (6z + 8iz)dz = i {750e3iθ + 200ie2iθ }dθ
rH
4
3+4i tan−1 ( )
3

tan−1 (− 34 )
e3iθ e2iθ

= i 750 · + 200i ·
3i 2i tan−1 ( 4 )
3

tan−1 (− 3 )
= 250 e3iθ + 100i e2iθ tan−1 4 4

ou

(3)

# Question :- Show that C e−2z dz is independent of the path C joining the points
R

1 − πi and 2 + 3πi and determine its value.

.G

y (2,3π)
# Answer :- (i) The integral along the line C joining
the points 1 − πi and 2 + 3πi is
2+3πi 2+3πi
e−2z
Z Z 
−2z −2z
e dz = e dz =
C 1−πi −2 1−πi 𝐶𝐶
Dr

1 −2+2πi
1 −2
1 O x
− e−4+6πi = e − e−4 = e−2 1 − e−2 .


= e
2 2 2
(ii) Along the straight line C1 from (1, −π) to (2, −π) (1, −π)
for which y = −π, dy = 0 and the given line integral
becomes
Z 2 Z 2  −2 x 2
−2(x−i π) −2 x e 1
= e−2 1 − e−2 .


e dx = e dx =
x=1 1 −2 1 2

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 12

Along the straight line C2 from (2, −π) to (2, 3π) y (2,3π)
for which x = 2, dx = 0 and the given line integral
becomes
Z 3π Z 3π  −2i y 3π
−2(2+i y) −4 −2i y −4 e
e i dy = i e e dy = i e = 0.
y=−π −π −2i −π 𝐶𝐶2

The required value of the integral O x

ra
= 12 e−2 (1 − e−2 ) + 0 = 12 e−2 (1 − e−2 ) . R 𝐶𝐶1
From the above discussion, we say that C e−2z dz is (1, −π) (2, −π)
independent of the path C joining the points 1 − πi

Be
and 2 + 3πi.

ari
rH
ou
.G
Dr

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 13

# Cauchy integral formula :

# Question :- If f (z) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C and z0 is any
1
H f (z)
point within C, then prove that f (z0 ) = 2πi C z−z0
dz.

f (z)
# Answer :- Since z0 is inside C, so φ(z) = z−z 0 C
is not analytic everywhere inside and on C. Let

ra
Γ be a circle of radius ρ with center at z = z0 so
Γ ρ 𝑧𝑧
f (z)
that Γ is inside C. Then φ(z) = z−z 0
is analytic
0
in a region bounded by two simple closed curves C

Be
and Γ, where Γ lies inside C and on these curves.
Hence by Cauchy’s theorem for multiply-connected
region, we have
I I
f (z) f (z)
dz = dz
C z − z0 Γ z − z0

ari
I I I I
f (z) f (z0 ) f (z) f (z0 )
or, dz − dz = dz − dz
C z − z0 Γ z − z0 Γ z − z0 Γ z − z0
 
f (z) − f (z0 )
I I I
f (z) dz
or, dz − 2πi f (z0 ) = dz ∵ = 2πi
C z − z0 z − z0 Γ z − z0
rH
Γ
I  I 
 f (z)   f (z) − f (z0 ) 
or,  dz − 2πi f (z0 ) =  dz 
C z − z0 Γ z − z0

|f (z) − f (z0 )|
I I

≤ |dz| ≤ |dz|
Γ |z − z0 | ρ Γ
ou

[ since f (z) is continuous at z0 , so |f (z) − f (z0 )| ≤  and |z − z0 | = ρ for z on Γ ]


· 2πρ = 2π → 0 as  → 0 .
=
ρ
.G

I I
f (z) 1 f (z)
Hence dz − 2πi f (z0 ) = 0 , ⇒ f (z0 ) = dz . (Proved)
C z − z0 2πi C z − z0
The above formula is called Cauchy’s integral formula.

# Note : The Cauchy’s integral formula tells us that, if a function f is to be

analytic within and on a simple closed curve C, then the values of f inside C are
Dr

completely determined by the values of f on C.

# Question :- If f (z) is analytic inside and on the boundary C of a simply-connected

H f (z)
region R and z0 is any point inside C, then prove that f 0 (z0 ) = 2πi
1
C (z−z0 )2
dz.
C
# Answer :- Let z0 + h be a point in the neigh-
bourhood of the point z0 so that z0 , z0 + h in R. Γ
ρ
Then by Cauchy’s integral formula, we have ℛ 𝑧𝑧0
𝑧𝑧0 + ℎ
I
1 f (z)
f (z0 ) = dz
2πi C z − z0

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 14

I
1 f (z)
and f (z0 + h) = dz .
2πi C z − z0 − h
I  
1 1 1
∴ f (z0 + h) − f (z0 ) = − f (z) dz
2πi C z − z0 − h z − z0
I  
1 h
= f (z) dz
2πi C (z − z0 − h)(z − z0 )

ra
f (z0 + h) − f (z0 )
I
1 f (z)
or, = dz
h 2πi C (z − z0 − h)(z − z0 )
I I
1 f (z) h f (z)
= dz + dz .

Be
2πi C (z − z0 ) 2 2πi C (z − z0 − h)(z − z0 )2
The result follows on taking the limit as h → 0, if we can show that the last term
approaches zero.
If Γ is a circle of radius ρ and center at z0 so that Γ lies entirely in R, then by Cauchy’s
theorem for multiply-connected region, we have

ari
I I
h f (z) h f (z)
2
dz = dz .
2πi C (z − z0 − h)(z − z0 ) 2πi Γ (z − z0 − h)(z − z0 )2
Choosing h so small in absolute value that a + h lies in Γ and |h| < ρ2 , and the fact that
Γ has equation |z − z0 | = ρ, we have
rH
ρ ρ
|z − z0 − h| ≥ |z − z0 | − |h| > ρ − = .
2 2
Since f (z) is analytic in R, so we can find a positive number M such that |f (z)| < M
and the length of Γ is 2πρ, we have
ou

 
 |h| M (2πρ)
I
 h f (z) 2|h|M
 dz ≤ · ρ
2 =
2 ρ2
Γ (z − z0 − h)(z − z0 )
 2πi  2π (ρ)
2

and it follows that the left side approaches zero as h → 0, thus

.G

f (z0 + h) − f (z0 )
I
0 1 f (z)
f (z0 ) = lim = dz . (Proved)
h→0 h 2πi C (z − z0 )2

# Question :- If f (z) is analytic inside and on the boundary C of a simply-connected

region R and z0 is any point in R, derivatives of allH orders, all of which are again
n! f (z)
analytic functions in R, then prove that f (n) (z0 ) = 2πi dz.
Dr

C (z−z0 )n+1

# Answer :- We shall prove this by mathematical induction method.

Let f (z) be an analytic function inside and on the boundary C of a simply-connected
region R and z0 is any point in R, then we have
I
0 1 f (z)
f (z0 ) = dz . (1)
2πi C (z − z0 )2
Assume that the result is true for n = m, i.e.,
I
(m) m! f (z)
f (z0 ) = dz is true.
2πi C (z − z0 )m+1

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 15

f (m) (z0 + h) − f (m) (z0 )

I  
1 m! 1 1
∴ = − f (z) dz
h h 2πi C (z − z0 − h)m+1 (z − z0 )m+1
I " ( −(m+1) )#
1 m! 1 h
= 1− −1 f (z) dz
h 2πi C (z − z0 )m+1 z − z0
h2
I   
1 m! 1 h (m + 1)(m + 2)
= (m + 1) + + . . . f (z) dz
h 2πi C (z − z0 )m+1 z − z0 2! (z − z0 )2

ra
I   
m! 1 1 (m + 1)(m + 2) h
= (m + 1) + + . . . f (z) dz .
2πi C (z − z0 )m+1 z − z0 2! (z − z0 )2
Taking limit as h → 0, we have

Be
f (m) (z0 + h) − f (m) (z0 )
I  
m! 1 m+1
lim = f (z) dz
h→0 h 2πi C (z − z0 )m+1 z − z0
I
(m+1) n! f (z)
i.e., f (z0 ) = dz .
2πi C (z − z0 )n+1

ari
This shows that the result hold for n = m + 1, if we assume it to hold for n = m and
the result holds for n = 1.
Therefore, by the principle of mathematical induction, the result holds for all positive
integers n, i.e.,
rH
I
(n) n! f (z)
f (z0 ) = dz . (Proved)
2πi C (z − z0 )n+1
1
H ez πz 2 +cos πz 2
H ezt
dz, (b) C sin(z−1)(z−2) 1
H
# Question :- Evaluate (a) 2πi C z−2
dz, (c) 2πi C z 2 +1
dz,
H e2z
t > 0, (d) C (z+1)4 dz, where C is the circle |z| = 3.
y
ou

# Answer :- (a) Let f (z) = ez . Since f (z) is

analytic everywhere inside and on C, and z0 = 2
is inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula with O (2,0) x
z0 = 2, we have
.G

ez
I I
f (z) 2 1
dz = 2πi f (2) = 2πi e , ⇒ dz = e2 .
C z − 2 2πi C z − 2 y
C
(b) Let f (z) = sin πz 2 + cos πz 2 . Since f (z) is
analytic everywhere inside and on C, and z0 =
Dr

2, z0 = 1 are inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral O (1,0) (2,0) x

formula with z0 = 2 and z0 = 1 respectively, we

have I
f (z)
dz = 2πi f (2) = 2πi [sin 4π + cos 4π] = 2πi ,
C z −2
I
f (z)
dz = 2πi f (1) = 2πi [sin π + cos π] = −2πi .
C z −1
I I I
f (z) f (z) f (z)
∴ dz = dz − dz = 2πi − (−2πi) = 4πi .
C (z − 1)(z − 2) C z −2 C z −1

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 16

(c) Let f (z) = ezt , t > 0. Since f (z) is analytic

y
everywhere inside and on C, and z0 = i, z0 = −i
are inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula with (0, 𝑖𝑖)
z0 = i and z0 = −i respectively, we have
I
f (z)
dz = 2πi f (i) = 2πi eit ,
O (0, −𝑖𝑖) x
C z −i

ra
I
f (z)
dz = 2πi f (−i) = 2πi e−it .
C z + i
I I I 
f (z) 1 f (z) f (z)
∴ dz = dz − dz

Be
2 2i C z − i
C z +1 C z +i
1  eit − e−it
2πi eit − 2πi e−it = 2πi

= = 2πi sin t ,
2i 2i
ezt
I
1
⇒ dz = sin t, t > 0.
2πi C z 2 + 1

ari
(d) Let f (z) = e2z . Since f (z) is analytic every- y
where inside and on C, and z0 = −1 is inside C,
so by Cauchy’s integral formula for derivative with
z0 = −1, we have
rH
(−1,0) O x
I
f (z) 2πi 000 πi 3 −2
4
dz = f (−1) = 2e ,
C (z + 1) 3! 3
e2z
I
8πi −2
⇒ 4
dz = e .
C (z + 1) 3
1
H ez
ou

# Question :- Evaluate 2πi C z−2

dz, if C is the circle |z| = 1.

e z
# Answer :- Evidently z0 = 2 lies outside C. Hence z−2 is analytic everywhere inside
H ez 1
H ez
and on C. So by Cauchy’s theorem, we have C z−2 dz = 0, i.e., 2πi C z−2
dz = 0 .
.G

sin 3z
H
# Question :- Evaluate C z+ π2
dz, where C is the circle |z| = 5.

# Answer :- Let f (z) = sin 3z. Since f (z) is y

C
analytic everywhere inside and on C, and z0 = − π2
lies inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula with
Dr

z0 = − π2 , we have
π O x
I I − ,0
f (z)  π sin 3z 2
π dz = 2πi f − = 2πi, ⇒ π dz = 2πi .
C z + 2 2 C z + 2

eiz
H
# Question :- Evaluate C z3
dz, where C is the circle |z| = 2.

# Answer :- Let f (z) = eiz . Since f (z) is analytic everywhere inside and on C, and
z0 = 0 is inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula for derivative with z0 = 0, we have
I
f (z) 2πi 00 2 i0


3
dz = f (0) = πi i e = −πi .
C z 2!

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 17

eiz
I
⇒ 3
dz = −πi .
C z
H e3z
# Question :- Evaluate C z−πi dz, where C is (a) the circle |z − 1| = 4, (b) the ellipse
|z − 2| + |z + 2| = 6.
y C
3z
# Answer :- (a) Let f (z) = e . Since f (z) is
(0, π)

ra
analytic everywhere inside and on C, and z0 = πi
is inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula for
derivative with z0 = πi, we have O (1,0) x

Be
e3z
I I
f (z)
dz = 2πi f (πi) = −2πi , ⇒ dz = −2πi .
C z − πi C z − πi

(b) Here C is the ellipse |z − 2| + |z + 2| = 6

p p
or, (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 6 − (x + 2)2 + y 2

ari
p
or, x2 + y 2 + 4 − 4x = 36 + (x2 + y 2 + 4 + 4x) − 12 (x + 2)2 + y 2 , [by squaring]
p
or, 12 (x + 2)2 + y 2 = 8x + 36
p
or, 3 (x + 2)2 + y 2 = 2x + 9
rH
or, 9(x2 + y 2 + 4 + 4x) = 4x2 + 36x + 81 , [again by squaring]
x2 y 2
or, 5x2 + 9y 2 = 45 or, + = 1.
9 5 y
x2 y2 (0, π)
Comparing a2
+ b2
= 1, we get a2 = 9 , b2 = C
ou

5 , ⇒ a = ± 3 , b = ± 2.24 approximately.
Evidently z0 = πi = 3.14i approx. lies outside C.
e3z
Hence z−πi is analytic everywhere inside and on C.
H e3z
O x
So by Cauchy’s theorem, we have C z−πi dz = 0.
𝑧𝑧 − 2 + 𝑧𝑧 + 2 = 6
.G

H tan( z2 )
# Question :- Evaluate C (z−x0 )2 dz, if C is the
boundary of the square whose sides lie along the lines x = ±2 , y = ±2 and it is
described in positive sense, where |x0 | < 2.

# Answer :- Let f (z) = tan z2 . Since f (z) is an-

Dr

alytic everywhere inside and on C, and z0 = x0 lies y

inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula for deriva- (−2,2) (2,2)
tive with z0 = x0 , we have
𝐶𝐶
I
f (z) 2πi 0
2
dz = f (x0 ) (−𝑥𝑥0 , 0) O (𝑥𝑥0 , 0) x
C (z − x0 ) 1!
  
1 2 x0
x 
0
= 2πi sec = πi sec2 , (−2, −2) (2, −2)
2 2 2
tan z2
I

2 x0
 
⇒ 2
dz = πi sec .
C (z − x0 ) 2

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 18

1
H cos πz
# Question :- Evaluate 2πi C z 2 −1
dz around a rectangle C with vertices at :
(a) 2 ± i, −2 ± i, (b) −i , 2 − i , 2 + i , i.

# Answer :- (a) Let f (z) = cos πz. Since f (z) (−2,1) y (2,1)
is analytic everywhere inside and on C, and z0 =
𝐶𝐶
1, z0 = −1 are inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral
formula with z0 = 1 and z0 = −1 respectively, we (−1,0) O (1,0) x

ra
have I
f (z) (2, −1)
dz = 2πi f (1) = 2πi cos π = −2πi , (−2, −1)
C z −1
I
f (z)

Be
dz = 2πi f (−1) = 2πi cos(−π) = −2πi .
C z +1
I 
−2πi − (−2πi)
I I
f (z) 1 f (z) f (z)
∴ 2
dz = dz − dz = = 0,
C z −1 2 C z−1 C z +1 2
I
1 cos πz
⇒ dz = 0 .
2πi C z 2 − 1 y

ari
(b) Let f (z) = cos πz (2,1)
z+1
. Since f (z) is analytic every- (0,1)
where inside and on C, and z0 = 1 lies inside C, so
by Cauchy’s integral formula with z0 = 1, we have
𝐶𝐶
(1,0) x
I
f (z) cos π 2πi O
rH
dz = 2πi f (1) = 2πi =− ,
C z − 1 2 2 (0, −1)
(2, −1)
I
1 cos πz 1
⇒ 2
dz = − .
2πi C z − 1 2
1
H
# Question :- Evaluate C z2 +2z+2 dz, where C is the square having vertices at (0, 0),
ou

(−2, 0), (−2, −2), (0, −2) oriented in anti-clockwise sence.

# Answer :- Here z 2 + 2z + 2 = 0, y
⇒ z = −1 + i , z = −1 − i. (−2,0) (0,0)
.G

1
Let f (z) = z+1−i . Since f (z) is analytic every-
where inside and on C, and z0 = −1 − i lies O x
inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula with
z0 = −1 − i, we have (−1, −1)
𝐶𝐶
 
(0, −2)
I
f (z) 1
dz = 2πi f (−1 − i) = 2πi − = −π ,
C z +1+i 2i (−2, −2)
Dr

I
1
⇒ 2
dz = −π .
C z + 2z + 2

# Question :- Evaluate (a) C z21+4 dz, (b) C (z2 +4)

1
H H
2 dz, where C is the circle |z−i| = 2.

1
# Answer :- (a) Let f (z) = z+2i . Since f (z) is analytic everywhere inside and on C,
and z0 = 2i lies inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula with z0 = 2i, we have
I
f (z) 1 π
dz = 2πi f (2i) = 2πi = ,
C z − 2i 4i 2

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 19

y
I
1 π
⇒
z2 +4
dz = .
2 (0,2)
C
C
(b) Let f (z) = 1
.
Since f (z) is analytic ev-
(z+2i)2
(0,1)
erywhere inside and on C, and z0 = 2i lies inside
C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula for derivative O x
with z0 = 2i, we have

ra
I  
f (z) 2πi 0 2 π
2
dz = f (2i) = 2πi − 3
= ,
C (z − 2i) 1! (2i + 2i) 16

Be
I
1 π
⇒ 2 2
dz = .
C (z + 4) 16
6z H sin6 z
# Question :- Evaluate (a) C sin
H
π dz, (b)
z− 6 C (z− π )3
dz, if C is the circle |z| = 1.
6

# Answer :- (a) Let f (z) = sin6 z. Since f (z) is y

ari
analytic everywhere inside and on C, and z0 = π6 C
is inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula with
z0 = π6 , we have
 6
π x
I
f (z) π  1
rH
O
π dz = 2πi f = 2πi , ,0
C z − 6 6 2 6
sin6 z
I
πi
⇒ π dz = .
C z − 6 32

(b) Let f (z) = sin6 z. Since f (z) is analytic everywhere inside and on C, and z0 = π
is
ou

6
inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula for derivative with z0 = π6 , we have
I
f (z) 2πi 00  π 
= πi 30 sin4 z0 cos2 z0 − 6 sin6 z0 z0 = π
 
3 dz = f
π 2! 6


C z − 6
.G

  1 4 √3 2
 ! 
 6   
1 90 6 21
= πi 30 −6 = πi − = πi .
 2 2 2  64 64 16

⇒
I
sin6 z
dz =
21
πi .
y
Dr

3
π 16


C z −
6
H
# Question :- Evaluate C z(z+πi) 1
dz, if C is the
O x
circle |z + 3i| = 1.
C
# Answer :- Let f (z) = z1 . Since f (z) is analytic (0, −3)
everywhere inside and on C, and z0 = −πi is inside (0, −π)
C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula for derivative
with z0 = −πi, we have
I  
f (z) 1
dz = 2πi f (−πi) = 2πi − = −2 .
C z + πi πi

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 20

I
1
⇒ dz = −2 .
C z(z + πi)

# Question :- Evaluate C (9−z2z)(z+i) dz, if C is the circle |z| = 2 described in the

H

positive direction.
# Answer :- Let f (z) = 9−z z
2 . Since f (z) is an-
y
alytic everywhere inside and on C, and z0 = −i C

ra
is inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula for
derivative with z0 = −i, we have
I
f (z)

−i

π O x

Be
dz = 2πi f (−i) = 2πi = , (0, −1)
C z +i 9 − (−i)2 5
I
z π
⇒ 2
dz = .
C (9 − z )(z + i) 5
 
# Question :- Evaluate C sinπz 3 dz, if C is the circle z − π4  = 12 .
H

ari
(z− 4 )
# Answer :- Let f (z) = sin z. Since f (z) is an- π 1
alytic everywhere inside and on C, and z0 = π4 y𝑧𝑧 − =
4 2
is inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula for C
rH
derivative with z0 = π4 , we have

π
I
f (z) 2πi 00  π  πo x
n
dz = f = πi − sin , O ,0
π 3 2! 4 4 4


C z −
4
I
sin z πi
dz = − √ .
ou

⇒ 3
π


C z −
4
2
H −z
# Question :- Evaluate C ez2 dz, if C is the unit circle about the origin described
in anti-clockwise direction.
.G

# Answer :- Let f (z) = e−z . Since f (z) is analytic everywhere inside and on C, and
z0 = 0 is inside C : |z| = 1, so by Cauchy’s integral formula for derivative with z0 = 0,
we have I
f (z) 2πi 0  −z0 
2
dz = f (0) = 2πi −e z0 =0
= −2πi ,
C z 1!
Dr

I −z
e
⇒ 2
dz = −2πi .
C z

# Question :- Evaluate C cosh(πz)

H
z(z 2 +1)
dz, if C is the circle |z| = 2.

# Answer :-
1 1 A B C
Let = = + + ,
z(z 2 + 1) z(z + i)(z − i) z z+i z−i

⇒ 1 = A(z + i)(z − i) + Bz(z − i) + Cz(z + i). (1)

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 21

Putting z = 0 in (1), we get 1 = −A i2 , ⇒ A = 1.

Putting z = −i in (1), we get 1 = B 2i2 , ⇒ B = − 12 .
Putting z = i in (1), we get 1 = C 2i2 , ⇒ C = − 12 .
I I I I
cosh(πz) cosh(πz) 1 cosh(πz) 1 cosh(πz)
∴ 2
dz = dz − dz − dz .
C z(z + 1) C z 2 C z+i 2 C z−i
Let f (z) = cosh(πz). Since f (z) is analytic everywhere y

ra
inside and on C, and z0 = 0, z0 = −i, z0 = i are C
inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula with z0 = 0,
(0,1)
z0 = −i, z0 = i respectively, we have

Be
I
f (z)
dz = 2πi f (0) = 2πi cosh(π 0) = 2πi , O (0,0) x
z
C (0, −1)
I
f (z)
dz = 2πi f (−i) = 2πi cosh(−π i) = −2πi ,
C z +i
I
f (z)
dz = 2πi f (i) = 2πi cosh(π i) = −2πi .

ari
C z −i
I I I I
f (z) f (z) 1 f (z) 1 f (z)
∴ 2
dz = dz − dz − dz
C z(z + 1) C z 2 C z+i 2 C z−i
1 1
= 2πi − (−2πi) − (−2πi) = 4πi ,
rH
2 2
I
cosh(πz)
⇒ 2
dz = 4πi .
C z(z + 1)

1 ezt
H
# Question :- Evaluate 2πi C (z 2 +1)2
dz, if t > 0 and C is the circle |z| = 3.
ou

# Answer :-
1 1 A B C D
Let = = + + + ,
(z 2 + 1) 2 2
(z + i) (z − i) 2 z + i (z + i) z − i (z − i)2
2
.G

⇒ 1 = A(z + i)(z − i)2 + B(z − i)2 + C(z − i)(z + i)2 + D(z + i)2 . (1)
Putting z = i in (1), we get 1 = D4i , ⇒ D = − 14 .
2 y
Putting z = −i in (1), we get 1 = B4i2 , ⇒ B = − 41 .
Putting z = 0 in (1), we get (0, 𝑖𝑖)
1 = −Ai − B + Ci − D, ⇒ C − A = 2i1 .
Equating z 3 from both sides of (1), we get O (0, −𝑖𝑖) x
Dr

0 = A + C, ⇒ A + C = 0.
Solving these, we get C = 4i1 and A = − 4i1 .
ezt ezt ezt ezt ezt
I I I I I
1 1 1 1
2 2
dz = − dz − dz + dz − dz.
C (z + 1) 4i C z + i 4 C (z + i)2 4i C z − i 4 C (z − i)2
Let f (z) = ezt , t > 0. Since f (z) is analytic everywhere inside and on C, and z0 = i,
z0 = −i are inside C, so by Cauchy’s integral formula and its derivative with z0 = i
and z0 = −i respectively, we have
I
f (z)
dz = 2πi f (−i) = 2πi e−it ,
C z +i

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933
Semester-6; CC-6-13; Unit-2; Note-3 : Com. Analysis [dated : 01.05.2021] 22

I
f (z)
dz = 2πi f (i) = 2πi eit ,
C z−i
I
f (z) 2πi 0
2
dz = f (−i) = 2πi t e−it ,
C (z + i) 1!
I
f (z) 2πi 0
2
dz = f (i) = 2πi t eit .
C (z − i) 1!

ra
I I I  I I 
f (z) 1 f (z) f (z) 1 f (z) f (z)
∴ 2 2
dz = dz − dz − dz + dz
C (z + 1) 4i C z − i C z +i 4 C (z − i)2 C (z + i)
2

1   1
2πi eit − 2πi e−it − 2πi t eit + 2πi t e−it

=

Be
4i 4
−it
it
e −e e + e−it
it
= πi − πi t = πi (sin t − t cos t) ,
2i 2
ezt
I
1 1
⇒ 2 2
dz = (sin t − t cos t), t > 0.
2πi C (z + 1) 2

ari
rH
ou
.G
Dr

Dr. Gour Hari Bera; St. Paul’s C. M. College; Kolkata; Phone no. : 9433763933