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Types of Operating System

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Operating systems are there from the very first computer generation and they keep evolving with time. In
this chapter, we will discuss some of the important types of operating systems which are most commonly
Operating System Tutorial used.

OS - Home
Batch operating system
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The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his Dedicated Server
OS - Types
job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing,
OS - Services jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave their programs fmphost.com/databaseho... Visit Site

with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches.
OS - Properties
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OS - Processes

OS - Process Scheduling Lack of interaction between the user and the job.

OS - Scheduling algorithms
CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
Difficult to provide the desired priority.
OS - Multi-threading

OS - Memory Management Time-sharing operating systems

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OS - Virtual Memory Dedicated Server
Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular
OS - I/O Hardware computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of
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OS - I/O Software multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as
time-sharing.
OS - File System
The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case
OS - Security
of Multiprogrammed batch systems, the objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing
OS - Linux Systems, the objective is to minimize response time.

Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches occur so frequently.
OS - Exams Questions with Answers
Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing, the
OS - Exams Questions with Answers processor executes each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation. That is, if n users are
present, then each user can get a time quantum. When the user submits the command, the response time
Operating System Useful Resources is in few seconds at most.

The operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small
OS - Quick Guide
portion of a time. Computer systems that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to
OS - Useful Resources time-sharing systems.
OS - Discussion Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are as follows −

Selected Reading Provides the advantage of quick response.

Avoids duplication of software.
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Reduces CPU idle time.
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Disadvantages of Time-sharing operating systems are as follows −
Questions and Answers
Problem of reliability.
Effective Resume Writing Question of security and integrity of user programs and data.
HR Interview Questions Problem of data communication.
Computer Glossary

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Distributed operating System
Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple
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users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.

The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-speed
buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.
Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites,
nodes, computers, and so on.

The advantages of distributed systems are as follows −

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Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
Better service to the customers.
Reduction of the load on the host computer.
Reduction of delays in data processing.

Network operating System

A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network
operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network,
typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.

Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows
Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD.

The advantages of network operating systems are as follows −

Centralized servers are highly stable.

Security is server managed.
Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.
The disadvantages of network operating systems are as follows −

High cost of buying and running a server.

Dependency on a central location for most operations.
Regular maintenance and updates are required.

Real Time operating System

A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process
and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the system to respond
to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the response time. So in this
method, the response time is very less as compared to online processing.

Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or the
flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device in a dedicated application. A real-time
operating system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the system will fail. For
example, Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems,
robots, air traffic control systems, etc.

There are two types of real-time operating systems.

Hard real-time systems

Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time. In hard real-time systems,
secondary storage is limited or missing and the data is stored in ROM. In these systems, virtual memory is
almost never found.

Soft real-time systems

Soft real-time systems are less restrictive. A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains
the priority until it completes. Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard real-time systems. For
example, multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea exploration and planetary
rovers, etc.

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