Hitachi Authorized Dealer Use Only

HITACHI LX SERIES
WHEEL LOADERS

HL-E007
 CONTENTS
SECTION 1 OUTLINE OF WHEEL LOADER
1.1 Model Numbering System
1.2 LX Series Models

SECTION 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF WHEEL LOADER

2.1 Terminology
2.2 Tires
2.3 Features of Wheel Loader

SECTION 3 REFERENCE
3.1 Determining Production of Wheel Loader
3.2 LX Series Production Guideline (V-shaped Carry & Load Method)
3.3 Determining Fuel Consumption
3.4 Arm End Dimensions
 1 Outline of Wheel Loader

Contents
To SECTION 1
1. Outline of Wheel Loader -2 Family

1.1 Model Numbering

System
Hitachi LX Series Wheel Loader -5 Family

L X 70 -7
No. of Improvement (Family)
Operating Weight (ton) x 10
Excellent
Wheel Loader -7 Family
 Contents 1 Outline of Wheel Loader
To

Model
Operating weight
1.2 LX Series Models Output kW (PS)

Note:Dash 7A (-7A) of LX70-7A to LX230-7A is suffixed for Hitachi Identification. On the contrary, dash 7 (-7) is suffixed to model number of Hitachi product, except
LX300-7A (nominal model number).
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To

SECTION 2
Contents
To
2. Fundamentals of Wheel Loader
2.1 Terminology
(1) Specifications
(2) Power Transmission Mechanism
(3) Brake
(4) Steering
(5) Cab
(6) Attachments
(7) Other Functions

NOTE: Terminology may vary manufacturer by

manufacturer.
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(1) Specifications (1/6)
Term Unit Explanation Remarks
Operating kg Operating weight is machine weight plus • Does not include the load.
Weight operator’s weight (75 kg). • Net weight is machine weight minus implement
Machine weight is machine weight plus weight.
implement weight and specified amounts of
fuel, hydraulic oil, lubricant and coolant.
3
Rated Bucket m Heaped bucket capacity at slope of 2:1
Capacity Spill guard Bucket teeth
Specifications

Rated Bucket kg Allows for safe, efficient operation, and does

Load not exceed 50% of tipping load when the
(Operating Load) machine is articulated at maximum angle.
Tipping Load N(kgf) Minimum load when rear wheels starts floating • Tipping load is defined
from the ground, with the load applied at the in two ways: when the
center of gravity of the bucket, the machine machine is in straight
parked on firm, level ground, and the bucket position and articulated
extended and tilted up fully. Minimum load fully (full turn position).
when rear wheels starts floating from the The latter is smaller.
ground, with the load applied at the center of • Tipping load reflects machine stability.
gravity of the bucket, the machine parked on
firm, level ground, and the bucket extended
and tilted up fully.
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(1) Specifications (2/6)
Term Unit Explanation Remarks
Travel Speed km/h Maximum travel speed at each speed gear on • Travel speed is decreased when chains or the like
firm level ground, with the unloaded bucket in are fitted.
travel position.
Maximum N Maximum traction force of wheel loader on • Actual traction force during excavation (in
Traction Force (kgf) firm, level ground, with the bucket heaped with combined operation) is reduced to 50%-60% of
the rated load (operating weight) or less. maximum traction force.
Usually, 85% - 100% of operating weight. • This data is determined on condition that there is
no tire slippage.
Gradeability Degree Maximum slope angle at which the machine
can climb.
Maximum Degree Maximum angle between front and rear
Articulation structures when they are articulated at
Specifications

Angle maximum angle for steering.

Max.
articulation
Minimum Turning mm Minimum turning radius when the machine is angle
Radius articulated fully and turned, measured at the
outside corner of the bucket (sometimes at the
center of the furthest wheel.)
Min. turning
radius

Maximum N(kgf) Maximum vertical force due to bucket cylinder

Breakout Force or lift cylinder at 100 mm behind the bucket
cutting edge with the bucket bottom is
paralleled to the ground at height of 20 mm.
Usually, breakout force due to bucket cylinder 20 mm or
is larger. lower

100 mm
Max. breakout force (bucket cylinder)
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(1) Specifications (3/6)
Term Unit Explanation Remarks
Arm* Lift Force N Note: Generally, arm lift force due to larger
*Arm may be (kgf) bucket cylinder may be shown on
termed the catalog.
“boom” Arm Lift
depending on 20 mm or
manufacturer. lower

Tipping load

Bucket Hinge Pin Height

100 mm
Arm Lift Force (Arm Cylinder)

Arm hinge pin height • In combined operation of implement and travel,

traction force and arm lift force are reduced.
Specifications

Single operation

Arm Lift Force (Tipping Load) Combined operation

<Relationship between Arm Lift and Tipping　Load>

Traction Force (Penetration Force)

Bucket Rise Second Minimum time length required for raising the
Loading condition
Time loaded bucket from ground to maximum
height. Here, the bucket is heaped with the

Bucket rise time

rated load (operating load) and tilted up fully.
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(1) Specifications (4/6)
Term Unit Explanation Remarks
Bucket Lower Second Minimum time length required for lowering the
Time unloaded bucket from maximum height to Unloaded condition
ground.
There are two lowering ways: power fall and

lower time
Bucket
float fall. Normally, bucket lower time in power
lowering is expressed.

Bucket Tilt-out Second Minimum time length required for tilting the
Time unloaded bucket from full tilt-out to full tilt-in Unloaded condition
position at maximum height.
Specifications

Dumping mm Height from ground to bucket tilted at 45° at

Clearance: A maximum height.
Note: Dumping clearance may vary depending
on type of bucket top: bucket teeth,
bucket top (without teeth) or
bolt-on-cutting edge (BOC).
Dumping mm Horizontal distance between bucket top tilted
Reach: B at 45° at maximum height and front end of the
machine (usually, front end of front tire)

Maximum Bucket mm Height from ground to bucket hinge pin at

Hinge Pin maximum height
Height: C
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(1) Specifications (5/6)
Term Unit Explanation Remarks
Ground mm Minimum height from ground to machine
Clearance bottom.
Normally, height from ground to bottom of
center pin or axle.
Min. ground clearance

Bucket Tilt-back Degree Angle between level ground and bucket flat
Angle (on bottom when the bucket is tilted back fully.
Ground) Bucket tilt-back
angle

Level ground
Specifications

Maximum mm Depth between level ground and bucket

Digging Depth bottom top when the bucket is lowered fully
and leveled under the ground.

Max. digging depth

Bucket bottom leveled

Wheel Base mm Horizontal center-to-center distance between Wheel base

front and rear axles. The larger the wheel
base, the higher machine back-and-forth
stability.

Tread
Tread mm Horizontal center-to-center distance between
left and right tires. The larger the tread, the
higher machine sideway stability.
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(1) Specifications (6/6)
Term Unit Explanation Remarks
Axle Oscillation Degree Good tire traction is realized on rough terrain
Angle as wheel loader is provided with the
suspension in the undercarriage.
There are two oscillation ways: axle oscillation
(rear axle oscillates around the propel shaft)
and frame oscillation (front and rear axles
oscillate at front and rear center pins).
Specifications

• For larger wheel loaders with heavy oscillation, the

axle oscillation system is utilized.
Departure Angle Degree With large departure angle at the rear, the
machine is clear of the ground when
ascending or descending slope.

Departure
angle
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(2) Power Transmission Mechanism (1/7)
Term Explanation Reference
HST (HydroStatic Hydraulic travel system comprises variable • Reduction gear + HST motor (high/low speed
Transmission) displacement hydraulic pump and hydraulic selection)
motor in a closed circuit.
• Features wide speed range, smooth travel
speed control, and easy operation. Engine HST pump

• Adopted to minis to small sized loaders.

Power Transmission Mechanism

Accelerator pedal

Hyd. motor
Hyd. pump
Reduction gear HST motor
(high/low speed selection)

• Reduction gear + Variable displacement type

motor

Engine HST pump

Reduction gear HST motor

(variable displacement type)
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(2) Power Transmission Mechanism (2/7)
Term Explanation Reference
Torque Converter Amplifies and transmits the engine output • Torque converter + Reduction gear (power shift
Power Transmission Mechanism

through oil medium. transmission)

• Torque is amplified with the stator provided
between pump (input side) and turbine
(output side). Output torque can be adjusted Accelerator pedal
Torque converter
according to the load.
• Loader with torque converter combines torque
converter with power shift transmission (1st -
3rd gear or 1st - 4th gear).

Reduction gear
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(2) Power Transmission Mechanism (3/7)
Term Explanation Reference
Differential Gear Generally called “Diff”.
• When steering at a curve, the outer tire Straight-line Travel Curved-line Travel
rotates more, and the inner tire less, causing
automatically the difference in their rotations 3L 3R
for smooth travel.
• When steering at a curve, different resisting
Power Transmission Mechanism

forces act to left and right axles (3L and 3R)

Larger RPM Smaller
respectively. According to the difference in (Outer tire) RPM
resisting forces to inner and outer tires, pinion (Inner tire)
gears (1) rotate about pinion shafts (5), and
on the side gears （2） at the same time.
More specifically, when resisting force to the
right axle (3R) is larger, the pinion gears (1)
are driven by the side gear on the right axle
1. Pinion gear
(3R), also turning about the axle shafts (3) in
2. Side gear
the same direction. As a result, the right axle
3. Axle shafts (L and R)
(3R) transmits the reduced rotation to the left
axle (3L). Thus, “differential function” can be 4. Differential case
effected. 5. Pinion shaft
6. Drive pinion
7. Ring gear
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(2) Power Transmission Mechanism (4/7)
Term Explanation Reference
Torque Proportioning The torque proportioning differential (TPD) is Differential pinion gear
Differential (TPD) mounted on the axle to prevent the reduction in
operating efficiency and tire life due to tire Left side gear
Right side gear
slippage.
Travel on Soft Ground (When ground
resistance under left and right tires is different)
During travel on soft ground, if the left tire slips
due lower ground resistance, the left side gear
(on the left tire side) will rotate forward at faster
Rotating forward
Power Transmission Mechanism

speed than the right tire. At this time, in the

TPD, engagement between differential pinion Straight-line Travel (when ground
gear and left/right side gears is differentiated. resistance under left and right tires is similar)
When the left side gear turns faster than the Differential pinion gear
right side gear, engaging radius “a” between
differential pinion gear and left side gear
becomes longer than “b” (engaging radius Left side gear Right side gear
between differential pinion gear and right side
gear). At this time, the relationship of driving
torques becomes: a x TA (torque on left side
gear) = b x TB (torque on right side gear). The
ratio of “a” to “b” is increased to up to 1.38. Travel on Soft Ground
Differential pinion gear
Until the difference in ground resistance under
left and right tires exceeds 38%, left and right
side gears rotate together at the same speed,
Left side gear Right side gear
keeping the differential pinion gear stationary.
The right tire yields 38% more traction force
than the left tire. Thus, the left tire does not
rotate unnecessarily, causing no slippage. As a
result, tire life is extended, and operating TPD: Relationship of Driving Torques
efficiency is increased.
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(2) Power Transmission Mechanism (5/7)
Term Explanation Reference
Non Spin Differential NSD can transmit driving torque of a tire with
(NSD) lower ground resistance. When curving, the Outer tire disengaged,
inner tire transmits 100% driving torque, and allowing free rotation
the outer tire is disengaged, allowing free
rotation.

Inner tire transmitting

Power Transmission Mechanism

100% driving torque

(Driving torque)

(Free rotation)

N (No. of revolution)

Ordinary
differential

Non Spin Differential Vs. Ordinary Differential

 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(2) Power Transmission Mechanism (6/7)
Term Explanation Reference
Hydraulic Differential The differential is locked with the built-in
Lock hydraulic clutch to engage both left and right
axles. When traveling on soft ground, the
differential lock is effective in transmitting
driving torque to left and right axles at the same
time.
Power Transmission Mechanism

The operator can actuate the differential lock Differential lock

with the foot switch as required.

(driving torque)

Limited Slip LSD is an automatic lock that is one of

Differential (LSD) differential locks. Clutch capacity is limited.
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(2) Power Transmission Mechanism (7/7)
Term Explanation Reference
Inboard Axle, • Inboard axle: Final drives and brakes are Final drive
Outboard Axle provided on both sides of the differential.
Outboard axle: Final drives and brakes are Differential
provided in tire rims.
• The LX series utilizes inboard axles.
• The front axle is bolted directly to the rear
frame. The rear axle is mounted to the rear
frame through adapter so that tires follow up Wet type disc brake
the irregularity of rough terrain through the
Inboard Type
Power Transmission Mechanism

oscillation mechanism.
Final drive
Differential
Differential

Wet type disc brake

Outboard Type

Final Drive The final drive is a final reduction gear that

reduces speed through planetary gear to
increase traction force.

Inboard Type
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(3) Brakes (1/2)
Term Explanation Reference
Semi Floating Axle • In the semi floating type, the drive shaft
withstands both machine weight and sideway Bearing
Full Floating Axle
force caused during swing. The load to the Drive shaft
axle is transmitted to the drive shaft, bearings
Power Transmission Mechanism

and drive shaft tube. (The semi floating type

has better serviceability.)
The LX series employs the semi floating type.
• In the full floating type, the drive axle tube Semi Floating Type Drive shaft tube
withstands full machine weight. The drive
shaft withstands driving torque. Bearing
Large models employ the full floating type
because of less load to the drive shaft. Drive shaft

Axle hub Drive shaft tube

Full Floating Type

Service Brake The service brake regulates travel speed and

stops the machine. On public roads, the service
brake is used similar to automobile’s. Wheel
loaders usually use disc brakes of wet type or
dry type. The wet type service brake is mainly
Brakes

used on all wheel loaders including minis.

Wet Type Service Brake (Inboard Type)

 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(3) Brakes (2/2)
Term Explanation Reference
Inching Brake The inching brake is a left foot brake that is
Clutch Cutoff used for inching operation of a wheel loader.
• For the machine with torque converter, when
the inching pedal is depressed, the clutch for
transmission is disengaged to cut off travel
driving torque and to stop the machine with
the help of the service brake.
• Using the inching brake allows inching to a
dump truck, and simultaneous operation with
the implement.
• On slope, when clutch cutoff is disabled with Inching brake Service brake Accelerator pedal
the cutoff switch, descending of the machine
does on slope can be stopped with the
Travel pump
accelerator pedal, but the inching brake is (0 to max.)
Brake

disabled. Implement pump

Implement

Travel motor

Reduction gear

Inching pedal

Travel Speed Control System

(Machine with HST)
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(4) Steering
Term Explanation Reference
Parking Brake The parking brake is used for parking the
machine. Like an automobile’s, there are three
types: control lever, foot pedal and electric
switch (negative).
Emergency Bake If the service brake fails, the operator manually Brake performance stipulated by ISO:
Brake

Secondary Brake applies the emergency brake from operator’s (Test travel speed 24 km/h)
seat to stop the machine. Service brake Emergency brake
Usually, the parking brake functions as an Up to 13.3 ton, excl 9m 26 m
emergency brake.
16.3 to 32.0 ton, excl. 11 m 34 m
32.0 to 64.0, excl. 14 m 41 m
Steering Valve The steering valve is a
Steering cylinder
(Orbitroll) Steering cylinder Implement cylinder
rotary valve that is
Power Steering mounted to the steering
wheel to change
the oil flow direction Throttle
for power steering.
Pressure
Steering

Priority Valve The priority valve gives priority to steering, and Pressure Spring Priority is high!
distribute an appropriate amount of oil flow from reduces! valve
the pump to the implement. Pump Steering System
Emergency Steering If the engine stops accidentally during travel, • For large machines, power is usually taken from
System steering becomes disabled. To avoid this, the rotating tires to drive the hydraulic pump and
Secondary Steering emergency steering system uses additional deliver the required oil flow for steering.
System power for steering. • For small and medium machines, the hydraulic
For small machines, steering is possible without pump is usually driven by electric motor.
this system, but the required steering force
becomes heavy.
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(5) Cab
Term Explanation Reference
Tiltable Steering The steering column angle can be adjusted to
Wheel suit operator’s build.
Steering

Canopy The canopy is used to protect the operator from

Owning sunlight and rain.

Canopy
ＲＯＰＳ Abbreviation for Rollover Protective Structure.
ROPS protects the operator secured by seal
belt if the machine is turned over. There are
canopy and cab type.
Cab There are ROPS cab and steel cab.
Cab Pressurizer When operating in dusty environment, fresh air
is sucked into the cab through air filter to
Cab

prevent the entry of dust and dirt.

ROPS cab ROPS canopy

 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(6) Attachments (1/3)
Term Explanation Reference
Spill Guard The spill guard is provided at the rear top of
bucket to prevent load spills out when the Spill guard
bucket is tilted in.
Cutting Edge • The cutting edge is provided at the front of
bucket bottom to increase penetration ability.
The front of bucket bottom is termed the Side cutting edge
“bottom cutting edge”, and the front of bucket
Corner tooth
side is termed the “side cutting edge”.
• The cutting edge is made of special Tooth
wear-resistant steel.
Bottom cutting edge
Bolt-On Cutting Edge Additional cutting edge is bolted for easy
replacement. Bolt-on cutting edge (BOC)
(BOC)
Attachments

The front and rear of BOC age reversible.

Corner Tooth The corner tooth is provided to protect the
bucket corner from wear.
Lift Arm* The lift arm is equivalent to the arm of the
hydraulic excavator. Bucket cylinder
Bell link
*May be called the
boom depending on Link
manufacturer.
Lift arm (boom)

Lift arm cylinder

Bucket
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(6) Attachments (2/3)
Term Explanation Reference
Z-Bar Linkage • Z-bar linkage is formed in Z shape, and can
Parallel Linkage increase bucket breakout force. Z-Bar Linkage Parallel Linkage
• The parallel linkage can move up and down
the load like a forklift.

Bucket Positioner • The bucket positioner functions to

Bucket Positioner
Return-to-Dig automatically return the bucket into the
horizontal position on the ground after
Bucket Auto leveler dumping, with the bucket lever in the tilt
detent.
Attachments

Arm Kick-out • When loading to a dump truck or dumping

Max. bucket height Arm kick-out
into a hopper, the arm kick-out functions to
automatically stop the bucket at the preset Preset height
height.
• With the arm lever in the raise detent, the arm
lever is returned automatically to neutral at
the preset height. The bucket can be
manually raised further.
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(6) Attachments (3/3)
Term Explanation Reference
Arm Positioner • The arm positioner functions to automatically
stop the lift arm in the carry position after
loading.
The arm positioner facilitates complicated
loading operations. Stop position can be
Attachments

arbitrarily changed.
• The arm positioner works automatically with
the switch ON.
Arm positioner
Preset height
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(7) Other Functions (1/2)
Term Explanation Reference
High Mount Type There are two ways of mounting the lift arm
Low Mount Type cylinder: high and low mount. Small and
Small
Attachments

medium machines utilize the high mount type Large

for better visibility. Large machines utilize the
low mount type for greater lifting force.
The LX series uses the high mount type.
High Mount Type Low Mount Type

Down Shift Switch The down shift switch (DSS) is attached atop of
(DSS) the lever grip. With the lever in 2nd gear, when
Kick Down switch pressing DSS, speed is shifted down to 1st
gear, without need for leaving hand from the
Easy Shift Switch lever. When shifting the forward/reverse lever
Shift Down Switch to forward, speed is automatically shifted back
to 2nd gear. Thus, DDS can increase job
Quick Shift Switch efficiency.
Other Functions

Shift Down Switch

Automatic Travel speed and engine RPM can be

Transmission automatically changed according to job
requirements, eliminating complicated manual
operation and reducing operator fatigue.
Using the automatic transmission with SDS
increases job efficiency.

Automatic Transmission
 Contents 2.1 Terminology
To
(7) Other Functions (2/2)
Term Explanation Reference
Travel The travel shock-dampening system
Shock-Dampening suppresses pitching and bouncing for comfort
System ride. Accumulator
Lift arm cylinder
Other Functions

Ride Control System The accumulator is used to dampen pitching.

Dynamic Dampener Notice that rolling cannot be suppressed.
System
Anti-Pitching System
Travel Dampener
Tire
 Contents 2.2 Tires
To

SECTION 2
Contents
To

2.2 Tires
(1) Construction of Tire
(2) Types and Characteristics of Tires
(3) Selection Tires
(4) Tire Damage
 Contents 2.2 Tires
To

(1) Construction of Tire

(1) Tread
a. Section of Tire A portion of tire in direct contact with road surface,
made of rugged rubber to protect carcuss, and
provided with various patterns to increase
mobility.
(1)Tread (2) Carcuss
Shoulder The foundation of tire for tread and sidewall,
made of rubber-coated fabric (mainly nylon) or
(6) Inner liner
wire (ply) to maintain air pressure and resist
(2) Carcuss external impact. Inflammable.
(3) (3) Breaker
Breaker Rubber-coated cords that are provided between
(5) Bead wires tread rubber and carcuss to keep them in close
(4) Sidewall
contact, and absorb external impact. Steel cords
are used instead of fabric cords to increase
resistance to damage.
(4) Sidewall
Construction of Tire for Construction Machinery
A rubber layer protects the side of carcuss, and
has high resistance to bending. Sidewall
incorporating steel cords are available for higher
resistance to damage.
 Contents 2.2 Tires
To
(5) Bead Wires
A portion of tire that secures tire to the rim. As all layers of carcuss are wound around a bundle of rubber-
coated steel wires, bead wires bear all tensile forces acting on carcuss cords due to air pressure.
(6) Inner Liner in Tubeless Tire
The inner liner is an air-tight rubber layer that is in close contact with the inside of tire (inner layer of carcuss),
and withstands tire air pressure, instead of the tube.

Tube Type Tubeless Type

Tube
Tire
Tire

O-ring
Flap
Valve
Valve
Valve extension

Tubeless Tire and Tube-type Tire

Tubeless tires are used mainly on large construction machinery.

Tubeless tires are widely used, for the following reasons:
• Easy attaching to and detaching from rim
• Heated air in tubeless tire directly contacts the rim, promoting heat dissipation and preventing temperature
rise during travel.
• Valve can be flexibly positioned at the rim according to rim construction. There is no need for valve extension.
• Tube and flap are unnecessary, reducing the frequency of failure.
• Damage can be remedied to a certain extent without need for detaching tire from the rim.
 Contents 2.2 Tires
To

(2) Types and Characteristics of Tires

a. Dimensions of Tire

Tire width A : Tire width (inch)

Tire height
B : Flattening ratio = x 100
Tire width
C : Rim diameter (inch)
Tire height
D : Ply rating
Indicates the strength of tire depending on the strength of wire cords,
Outside diameter irrespective of number of plies. The higher the ply rating, the higher the
Rim
diameter air pressure in the tire (the higher the loading capacity).

(Bias Tires )
Type Tire designation
Standard tire 18.00 – 33 – 32PR.
A C D
Wide base tire 26.5 - 25 25.20PR.
A C D
Super-wide 35 / 65 - 33 24PR.
base tire A B C D

Wheel loaders are usually fitted with wide base tires.

 Contents 2.2 Tires
To

b. Groove Depth
Patterns and Groove Depths by Use
Type of Pattern Characteristics Use and Selection
L2 (Traction) Wide grooves increase greater traction force Effective in travel on dry river bed, gravel, sand, and developed
on soft ground, but have less resistance to housing site. Notice that L3 is suitable for rough road and rocky
cutting and wear. ground.
L3 (Lock) Suitable for general-purpose application, Suitable for a wide range of applications, including mines with
having high resistance to cutting and wear. crushed stones and iron ore, developed housing sites, and
river construction fields.
L4 (Lock) Grooves are 1.5 times deeper than L3 lug in Effective in loading ore on rocky ground containing sharply
depth, having high resistance to cutting and edged rocks. Due to less heat dissipation, it is required to
wear. consider TKPH (Ton Km Per Hour = Average load per tire x
Average travel speed per day) for long-distance travel.
L5 (Lock) Grooves are 2.5 times deeper than L3 lug in Effective in loading on rough job site requiring high resistance
depth, having extremely high resistance to to cutting.
cutting and wear.

c. Characteristics of Tires €Superior {Fair ∆Inferior

Rubber tread Construction Basic performance by pattern
Required Extra-
General Deep
characteristics Heart Cut Nylon Steel Side steel deep Traction
Standard groove groove
resistance resistance breaker breaker breaker groove (L2)
(L3) (L4)
(L5)
Wear resistance { ∆ € { { { { € € ∆
Cut Tread { ∆ € { € € { € € ∆
resistance Side { { ∆ { 〇 € { 〇 € ∆
Heat resistance { € ∆ { ∆ ∆ { ∆ ∆ €
Traction force { { { { { { { { { €
 Contents 2.2 Tires
To

d. Cut Resistant Tire and Special Breaker Tire

Cut Resistant Tire (Nylon Breaker)
Protects the carcuss from damage on mines and quarries
sites with sharply edged aggregate.
Tread rubber material and thickness are selected carefully to
Nylon breaker
give high resistance to cutting and tipping.

Cur Resistant Tire

e. Steel Cord Breaker Tire

Suitable for quarries sites with lot of sharply edged aggregate, and
iron-making plant with scattered scraps. This tire can well prevent
puncture by through cutting. Thick breaker layer using steel cords is
substituted for fabric cords to protect the carcuss against the entry of
Steel cord breaker
foreign material.
Notice that steel cords may be corroded on muddy sites. Pay
attention to how to use the steel cord breaker tire.

Steel Cord Breaker Tire

 Contents 2.2 Tires
To

f. Side Steel Tire

Effectively prevents puncture by side cutting at job sites with lots of
aggregates and at scrap handling yards.
The breaker, composed of multi-layer steel cords adhered using special
rubber, is used to protect the carcass from damage on the tread side. steel cord breaker

Also, the steel cord layer protects the carcuss from damage on the thin
Side Steel
sidewall side.
Similar to the steel cord breaker tire, pay attention to how to use the side
steel tires on muddy sites.

Side Steel Tire

g. Tire with Side Protector
On limestone, crushed stone and civil-engineering job sites, the service
life of tires is shortened by cutting or through cutting. This often increases
tire costs significantly.
The tire with side protector is available to prevent side cutting. This tire is
such that special cut resistant rubber layer is affixed to the portion
vulnerable to side cutting.
• High resistance to side cutting, avoiding the development of cutting and Side Protector

reducing tire costs.

• Suitable for wheel loaders and dump trucks on job sites causing
frequent side cutting troubles.
• New and recycled tires with side protectors (on one side or both sides) Tire with Side Protector
are selectable according to types of job sites.
• No tire heating by side protector
 Contents 2.2 Tires
To

(3) Selecting Tires

(Factor) (Required (Check item)
a. Selecting Proper Tires characteristics)
Load
Ply
The optimum selection of tires
Air pressure
according to operating conditions of the
machine can prevent failure of tires, Size

enhance the performance of the TKPH Groove depth

machine, increase job efficiency, and (heat
Tread rubber
resistance)
reduces tire costs. Speed
Construction
In the selection of tires, it is very Through
Selecting tires Special structure tire
important to give due consideration to cutting
resistance
operating conditions, including Lock chain
Durability
maximum load per tire, travel speed, Wear
Tread rubber

tire heating, tire durability, type of resistance

Groove depth
machine, and operating costs.
Pattern
Determining proper tires
Floatation Air pressure

Wide space tire

Mobility Tire ballast

Traction
stability Pattern

Spike tire

Costs Tire chain

(economy)
 Contents 2.2 Tires
To
b. Selecting Tires by TKPH
Among various factors, TKPH (Ton Km Per Hour) is the important factor in selecting tires.
Relationship between operation TKPH and tire TKPH is described below. In selecting tires, be sure that
operation TKPH does not exceed tire TKPH.
　　　Tire TKPH ≥ Operation TKPH → Applicable
For tire TKPH, inquire tire manufacturer through sales people or technician.
1. Determining Operation TKPH
Operation TKPH = Average load per tire x Average travel speed per day

Unloaded weight x Loaded weight

Average load =
2
Turnaround distance x Turnaround Times
Average travel speed =
Daily operating hours
(Daily operating hours include rest time and machine stop time.)
Road Maintenance
To achieve high performance of the machine and
Road Surface Vs. Tire Service Life
extend service life, road
maintenance is essential. Soft road (without rocks)

Soft road (without stones)

Well maintained stone road

Poorly maintained stone road

Road with sharp gravel

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 (%)
 Contents 2.2 Tires
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2. Rough Roads and Failure

Rough blasting and
excavation

Sump, muddy site

Bench Road with sharp rocks

Burst due to
Falling stones
shocks
Large-scale earth falling,
Burst due to cutting

Shortened service life

sedimentary rocks

Irregularity Tread cutting

Rough roads

Falling stones Side cutting

Road
Poor drainage and
Tread chipping
muddy ground

Sharp curves, slopes Frequent punctures

Scattered rocks

Stocky Sump, muddy ground

Soft ground, irregularity

 Contents 2.2 Tires
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(4) Tire Damage 1. Insufficient Air Pressure

a. Tire damage and Causes If air pressure is

• Partial wear insufficient, vertical
• Side cutting Insufficient air pressure deflection increases,
• Burst by promoting partial wear.
disengagement
from rim (Partial wear)
• Wear at center Excessive air pressure Side cutting and entry
• Exposed cords of foreign matter

(Side cutting)
Tire may burst by
disengagement from
the rim due to
deflection.

(Burst by disengagement from rim)

 Contents 2.2 Tires
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2. Excessive Air Pressure 3. Exposed Cords
Typical wear at the Tire damage may develop up to cords.
center of tire due to As a result, cords will be exposed. In
excessive air this case, it is required to immediately
pressure replace tire with a new one, as tire will
burst soon.

The puncture-free tire is a solid tire that

Puncture-free tire
is filled with urethane, and used on
scrap handling yard, demolition site and
(Wear at center of tire) glass plant. Tire is called differently
manufacturer by manufacturer.
Price of a solid tire is as high as three to
five times ordinary tire price.

Snow tire The snow tire is used for smooth starts,

stops and control on snow road through
the use of special tread, construction
and rubber material. Tread pattern is a
block pattern.
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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SECTION 2
Contents
To

2.3 Features of Wheel Loader

(1) HST System for Wheel Loader
(2) HST Control Method
(3) Matching of Implement
and Travel
(4) Steering System
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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(1) HST System for Wheel Loader

HST(HydroStatic Transmission) is a hydraulic drive travel system that
comprises variable displacement type hydraulic pump and hydraulic Hyd. pump
pump in a closed circuit. Hyd. motor

a. Advantages of HST
„ Ease of operation in a wide range of travel speed
„ Excellent HST brake (engine braking).
„ Smooth forward/reverse selection
„ Excellent acceleration Accelerator pedal

Hyd. motor
Hyd. pump
The wheel loader provides the following advantages by accelerator pedal
control thanks to the advanced hydraulic technology.
„ Smooth acceleration and deceleration
This control feeling is similar to that on the machine with torque
converter.
„ Easy start on slope
„ Easy positioning thanks to the inching pedal
„ The operator, skilled and unskilled, can easily familiarize with
operation of wheel loader.

HST is now widely utilized on mini wheel loaders and small-sized wheel loaders (LX70 and LX80) worldwide.
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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b. Basic Configuration of HST

HST comprises the following two circuits:
• Main Relief Valve (high-pressure open valve)
• Charge Circuit (oil replenishment circuit)
• Flushing/cooler circuit
(oil cleaning/cooling circuit)
„ The main relief valve is a protection valve
for the HST main circuit, which is set at high
pressure.

„ When the accelerator pedal is released

(during engine idling), the pump does not
deliver the oil, thus stopping oil flow and
preventing descending on slope with
hydraulic power*1.
This function facilitates starting on slope.

„ The charge circuit supplements the oil to the HST circuit to offset the leaked oil, using the charge pump.
Also, the oil is exchanged through the flushing/cooler circuit to properly maintain the oil temperature in the
HST circuit (LX70 and LX80).

*1 Limited to the Low mode only. (Maximum 15 degrees) Grader bility: Maximum 25 degrees

Note: When leaving from the machine on slope for long time, make sure to apply the parking brake, lower the implement on
ground and stop the engine, avoiding descending due to oil leakage from the hydraulic circuit.
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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1. Basic Circuit for Inching Pedal

When loading, the wheel loader approaches slowly to a dump truck Easy positioning
for loading
using the inching pedal while controlling the speed of the implement
with the accelerator pedal.

Quick implement speed plus slow traveling increases operating Quick implement speed
Fast
efficiency.

„ For the loader with torque converter, when loading on slope, it

Travel Speed
is required to simultaneously make clutch & brake control and
Smooth
accelerator pedal control to prevent coasting. deceleration

„ For the machine with HST, travel speed can be freely

Slow
controlled with the inching pedal, irrespective of accelerator
Inching Pedal Stop
pedal control. (Travel speed control)
So, there is no need for simultaneous control of the inching
Machine with HST
pedal and the accelerator pedal.
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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„ The machine can be locked in position due

to hydraulic power even when releasing the
accelerator pedal, enabling easy dumping
into a hopper on slope.

Easy Dumping into Hopper on Slope

 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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Accelerator pedal

Engine
Charge pump
Implement
Implement circuit pressure
Inching pedal
HST circuit pressure Small

Master
cylinder

Travel
pump HST
Forward/reverse
Service selection valve Implement Travel
brake Inching valve Matching valve pump motor
(variable throttling)
Basic Circuit for Inching Pedal and Matching Valve

When depressing the inching pedal, the inching valve can be Travel pump (0 to max.)
Implement pump
throttled according to inching pedal stroke.
In other words, the pump displacement angle (pump delivery flow)
Implement
can be controlled according to inching pedal stroke.
That is, inching travel control can easily be done. Travel motor
In addition, smooth braking can be achieved with engine brake and
service brake as the inching pedal works together with the service
Reduction gear
brake.
Inching pedal

Travel Speed Control

 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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2. Basic Circuit for Matching Valve (on LX70 and LX80) (Patent Pending)
High Cutoff pressure
The matching valve (cutoff valve) is a flow-in valve that controls the

HST Circuit Pressure

Reduction in traction force
pump displacement angle (pump delivery flow) using HST circuit
pressure and implement circuit pressure as pilot pressure.

Relief pressure
„ Single Operation of Travel Low
Low High
As the HST circuit pressure is built up to cutoff pressure, the pump Implement circuit pressure
displacement angle is returned to prevent energy loss.
At this time, HST circuit pressure remains unchanged, but pump
delivery flow is minimized.

„ Combined Operation of Implement and Travel

When the implement circuit pressure is built up, HST circuit
pressure is lowered according to implement circuit pressure.
Less tire slippage
With the reduction in the HST circuit pressure, traction force is and higher job
reduced, and pump delivery flow is minimized. efficiency

Thus, tire slippage can be prevented.

With the reduction in traction force, the reduction in lifting force
(due to reaction force) is reduced, allowing powerful, quick
Matching
excavation and loading. valve

For matching between implement and travel, refer to Section of

"Matching between Implement and Travel".
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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(2) HST Control Method

Accelerator
The required performance for wheel loader is smooth Increase
pedal High HST
engine circuit
acceleration and deceleration with the accelerator pedal. RPM pressure
The machine with HST is capable of smooth travel with the
accelerator pedal (HST pump and motor) in the range from
zero to maximum speed according to operator's feeling.
Hyd. motor

Hyd. pump

Pump/Motor Control

a. Pump Control Method High

Engine output
　Depends on the following information.

HST Circuit Pressure

• Engine RPM Pump input
• HST circuit pressure
„ When depressing the accelerator pedal, engine RPM is
increased. As a result, the pump displacement angle is
increased for more delivery flow and higher travel Low

speed. Small Large

Pump Delivery Flow
This control is termed the "speed sensing control" as it
depends on engine speed. Engine/Pump Output
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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„ When HST circuit pressure increases by increasing the travel load on slope, pump displacement angle and
travel speed are reduced, but traction force is increased.
This control is termed the "summation control" as it depends on engine output. Pump control method
combines speed sensing control with summation control. That is, when travel load is large, the pump can
always be controlled for maximum use of engine output, with slight reduction in engine RPM. Thus, no engine
stall is caused.

b. Motor Control Method

Depends on the following information:
• HST circuit pressure
„ When HST circuit pressure increases, motor displacement angle
is increased for greater traction force. This control is termed the
"pressure control" as it depends on HST circuit pressure.

High engine High

RPM High
pressure
pressure

Increase
pump Decrease
delivery flow! pump
Combination delivery flow! Increase motor
displacement
Pump Control Method Motor Control Method angle!
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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c. Operator's Travel Feeling
When the engine idles, the pump stops, and does not deliver oil flow.

„ When depressing the accelerator pedal for acceleration:

Pump delivery flow increases according to engine RPM, and the
Large
machine starts traveling. At this time, high pressure is generated in the
HST circuit.(Large force is required to move a stationary object.) This

Traction Force
Engine output
high pressure decreases pump delivery flow by summation control.
Also, as high pressure acts on the motor, the motor displacement angle
is maximized, thus increasing the traction force. Low range

When travel speed increases and HST circuit pressure decreases, Small
Slow Fast
pump delivery flow increases, and motor displacement angle
Travel Speed
decreases for higher travel speed.
Smooth acceleration can be done as these actions are interacted with Travel Performance Curve

accelerator pedal control. This control feeling is similar to that on the

machine with torque converter.
When returning
accel. pedal
„ When returning the accelerator pedal for deceleration: Hyd.
Engine is
The hydraulic motor is driven by the inertial force of the machine to driven. pump

actuate the pump. Hyd. motor

As a result, the delivery side of hydraulic motor becomes high pressure,
so that hydraulic pump acts as a hydraulic motor. Hyd. pump

Then, the engine starts running to apply engine braking. This braking is
termed the "HST brake". HST Brake (Engine Brake) Machine's
inertial force
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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„ As explained above, acceleration and the deceleration can be

Accelerator pedal control
achieved by accelerator pedal control.
Also, when releasing the accelerator pedal, the oil flow is shut
off, thus preventing the backflow due to hydraulic power.
As a result, starting on slope can easily be done. Deceleration Acceleration
(HST brake)
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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(3) Matching of Implement and Travel

The required performance of wheel loader is
Wheel Loader
optimum matching between arm lift force and traction
force. „ When traction force is too large ...
As arm lift force and traction force are contradictory
to each other, it is important how to match them, with Do not push with
excessive power!
efficient use of engine horsepower. Tires will slip, wasting
power.

a. What's Matching?
If pump capacity is limited, traction force is increased
excessively, causing tire slippage and disabling
excavation.
On the other hand, if pump capacity is increased for „ When arm lift force is too large ...
higher implement speed and arm lift force, traction Clean cutting
force is reduced excessively, disabling excavation. Push with
more power!

Insufficient penetration
power, causing poor
bucket loading
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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b. Matching of Traction Force and Arm Lift Force

Arm lift force
In combined operation of implement and travel, both traction force and
arm lift force are reduced.
Lift force is reduced greatly (about 30 - 50 percent of that in a single
Slippage prevention
operation) due to reaction force of traction force. Thus, arm lift force is
Traction force Combined operation
reduced in inverse proportion to traction force. Single operation
In short, in combined operation, the balance between arm lift force and
traction force is important. Do not increase traction force only.

To achieve well matching, pay attention to the following points.

„ Effective use of engine output

(Reduce the decrease in engine RPM. ) Fc = FL - fr

Fc: Arm lift force
„ Matching of traction force and implement speed (in combined operation)
FL: Arm lift force
„ Balance between traction force and arm lift force (in single operation)
fr: Arm lift force due to reaction
„ Prevention of tire slippage force (in combined operation)
Fa¯B
In other words, characteristics of a wheel loader are greatly influenced Fl=
L
by settings of pump capacity, lift cylinder and engine torque. Fa: Lift arm cylinder force
Fr¯H
Fr=
L
Fr: Reaction force of traction
force (in combined operation)
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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c. Achieving Excellent Matching

„ Preventing Tire Slippage
The traction force of the machine with torque converter increases in
proportion to engine RPM. To prevent the tire slippage of the Efficient job with
less tire slippage
machine with torque converter, traction force is reduced by reducing
engine RPM according to the load to the implement.
For efficient use of engine output, accelerator pedal control is
important, and high skill of the operator is required. Matching
valve
„ Influence of Reaction Force of Traction Force to Arm Lift Force
Arm lift force of wheel loader is reduced by the reaction force of
traction force. If traction force is excessive, arm lift force is decreased,
Max. traction force Traction force is reduced
disabling excavation. Then, it is needed to reduce traction force. Large according to the load to
implement.

Traction Force
■Function of Matching Valve (on LX70 and LX80, Patent Pending).
When the load to the implement increases during excavation, the
matching valve on the machine with HST reduces HST output for Relief pressure
Small
less traction force. Small Large
Moreover, the matching valve prevents tire slippage, and Load to Implement

automatically decreases the reduction in lift force due to traction force.

As a result of the reduction in the HST output, more engine output Functions of Matching Valve

can be utilized for the implement. Then, all the operators, skilled and
unskilled, can make powerful, swift operation by using fuel efficiently.
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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Engine torque Rated engine

output

Implement HST torque

Torque
pump torque (matching valve)
(at relief)
e)
v alv
g
hin
mat c
(No Matching point
Engine RPM
Small reduction

Machine with HST:

Note: Matching valve is not provided on mini wheel loaders (LX20 to Distribution of Engine Output Torque

LX50) because of light-duty applications.

Rated engine
„ If the matching valve is not provided on the machine with HST, Engine output output
the matching point A is lowered greatly in engine RPM, similar to
the machine with torque converter (matching point D), thus

Torque
disabling efficient use of engine output. ter)
ver
e con
qu
(tor
rque
T o Matching point
„ When the matching valve is provided on the machine with HST,
Engine RPM
the match point shifts to B point. As a result, the reduction in the
Large reduction
engine RPM becomes small, and the engine output (C point) can
Machine with Torque Converter:
effectively be utilized, thus achieving excellent matching Distribution of Engine Output Torque
performance with ease.
 Contents 2.3 Features of Wheel Loader
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(4) Steering System

a. Steering Performance Wheel Loaders…
The required steering performance for wheel loader is
・ both on a rough terrain and
positive steering even on rough terrain and in combined
in a combined operation of
operation with the implement. steering and front-end
attachment.

・ have to surely perform the

steering operation.

Smooth steering

The above-mentioned steering performance can be obtained by

Steering cylinder Implement
combining the steering valve (orbitroll*) and priority valve. This cylinder

steering system can give priority to steering, and deliver an

appropriate amount of oil flow to the implement.
Throttle
*A rotary valve, attached to the steering wheel, changes oil flow
direction (clockwise and counterclockwise) during power steering.
High
Orbitroll is a trademark of Eaton Fluid Power Ltd. Reduction in Spring Priority pressure
pressure valve
Pump

Steering System
 Contents 3.1　Determining Productivity of Wheel Loader
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SECTION 3
Contents
To
3. Reference
3.1 Determining Productivity of Wheel Loader
(1) Load & Carry Method and
Shovel Dump Method
 Contents 3.1　Determining Productivity of Wheel Loader
To

The customers always require higher productivity, lower operating costs and easy operation in the selection of wheel
loaders.
Hitachi have long provided the wheel loaders, bearing the following in mind:
(1) Higher productivity than competitors
(2) Lower operating costs than competitors
From Items (1) and (2) above, Hitachi pursuits the ultimate production below.
Operating costs/hour
Costs per m3 =
Production (m3/hour)

High production (less operating costs per m3) is very important for both customers and manufacturers. Especially,
construction machinery is severely reviewed in terms of production. How to determine productivity of wheel loader will
be described in detail.

(1) Load & Carry Method and Shovel Dump Method

Hourly production of wheel loader varies according to load-carrying distance. Generally, load & carry method is
adopted for short carrying distance (50 to 100 m), and wheel loader/dump truck combination method for medium
carrying distance (over 100 m).
Determining productivity of wheel loader will be explained in terms of these two methods.

Load & Carry Method by Wheel Loader Wheel Loader/Dump Truck Combination Method
 Contents 3.1　Determining Productivity of Wheel Loader
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a. Symbols and Units

1. Symbols
In determining production of wheel loader, the following symbols are used as listed below.

<Explanation of Symbols>
Symbol Explanation Unit
Q Production per hour m3/h
V // t/h
q Heaped bucket capacity m3
γt Specific gravity of material −
Es Operating efficiency of wheel loader −
Ed Operating efficiency of dump truck −
K Bucket efficiency −
V1 Travel speed (loaded) km/h
V2 Travel speed (unloaded) km/h
Load-carrying distance m
L1 L2 Required distance for dumping and direction changing m
Required time length for scooping up and dumping of
Cs Sec
wheel loader
Required time length for dumping and direction
a Sec
changing
Cms Cycle time of wheel loader Sec
Cmd Cycle time of dump truck Sec
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2. Specific Gravity of Material (γt)

In determining productivity, density (specific gravity) of loose materials to be loaded is tabulated below. In
general, the following values are used.
(a) Sand: 1.6 (b) Coal: 1.0 (c) Iron ore: 2.4 (d) Rock: 1.6

<Characteristics of Materials to Be Loaded >

Overburden weight Loose material per Expansion
3 3 B
Kinds of materials per m (kg) m (kg) coefficient
A B A B
( A -1 ) ¯100%
Clay (natural) 1 700 1 250 0.74 36
Clay containing gravel (dry) 1 800 1 300 0.72 38
Clay containing gravel (wet) 2 200 1 600 0.73 38
Loam (dry) 1 500 1 250 0.83 20
Load (wet) 2 000 1 600 0.80 25
Sand (dry, loose) 1 800 1 600 0.89 13
Sand (wet, compacted) 2 100 1 900 0.90 11
Gravel (0.5 - 5 cm) (dry) 1 800 1 650 0.92 9
Gravel (wet) 2 000 1 800 0.90 11
Sandstone (blasted) 2 400 1 600 0.67 50
Limestone 2 700 1 600 0.59 69
Igneous rock 3 000 1 900 0.63 58
Gypsum 3 000 1 700 0.57 76
Coal (natural, hard coal) 1 450 1 100 0.76 32
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3. Operating Efficiency of Wheel Loader and Dump Truck (Es,Ed)

In determining operating efficiency of wheel loader, operating efficiencies tabulated below are used. In
general, the following values are used.
(a) Hourly productivity: 0.83 (50 minutes/60 minutes) • • • • • • Es
(b) Daily productivity: 0.75 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Es'
(c) Operating efficiency of dump truck: 0.9 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ed

<Determining Hourly Productivity>

Job progress Operating efficiency Es

Ordinary 0.83 (50 min/60 min)
Delayed 0.73 (45 min/60 min)

<Determining Daily Productivity >

Work hours a Average work Efficiency

Work shift
day (A) hours a day (B) Es' (B/A)
1 shift 8 5.5 to 6.5 0.75
2 shift 16 10 to 11.5 0.70
3 shift 24 13.5 to 15.5 0.60
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4. Bucket efficiency (K)

In determining productivity, bucket efficiencies tabulated below are used. In general, the following values are
used.
(a) Sand, sandy loam, and crushed stones: 1.0
(b) Ordinary blasted stones: 0.8

<Bucket Efficiencies>
Bucket
Loading Description Earth types
efficiency
Loading of loose stockpile rehandled by Loose stockpile:
excavator. Material can easily loaded into and Sandy loam
Easy 1.0
heaped on bucket without digging force. Low Crushed stones (2.5 - 5 mm)
water content
Loading of relatively compacted stockpile. Relatively compacted stockpile:
Relatively difficult penetration, allowing full Sand, sandy loam
Ordinary 0.9
bucket loading. Crushed stones (20 - 30 mm)
Direct excavation and loading of soft Relatively compacted overburden:
overburden. Sand, sandy loam
Difficult to fully load rocks into bucket, such as Blasted stones:
stockpile of blasted round stones collected by Relatively round limestone
Rather difficult 0.8
other machine. Hard clay
Soil containing gravel (100 - 300 mm)
Hard to load rocks into bucket. Irregularly Blasted stones:
Difficult shaped, bulky rocks with large void. Stratified tuffaceous sandstone 0.6
Large blocks (1 m or greater dia.) contained
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5. Travel Speeds (V1, V2)

Travel speeds (V1, V2) used in determining productivity are tabulated below. In general, the following values
are used.
(a) Travel speed of loaded wheel loader 15 km / h
(b) Travel speed of unloaded wheel loader 18 km / h
(c) Travel speed of loaded dump truck 15 km / h
(d) Travel speed of unloaded dump truck 20 km / h

<Average Travel Speed of Dump Truck>

Average travel speed (km/h)
Road condition Loaded Unloaded
dump truck dump truck
Pavement 25 to 35 30 to 40
2 or more lanes Relatively good road 20 to 30 25 to 35
Rough road 20 to 25
1 lane Good road 15 to 25 20 to 30
(すれちがい可能) Rough road 10 to 20
Well maintained wide haulway 15 to 25 20 to 30
Relatively good road, but poorly
Job site 10 to 15
maintained
Poorly maintained narrow rough road 5 to 10 8 to 13
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6. Carrying Cycle by Model <Carrying Cycle >

Load & carry method (loader) Loader/truck combination method
In determining productivity,
carrying cycles tabulated
below are used. In general,
"Ordinary" values are used.

Work cycle

Hopper

Hopper
Truck
Total cycle times of (1) to (3) Carrying Loader Truck
distance cycle time cycle time transport Applicabl
L1 and (6) to (7) L2
Model of of e truck
Cs(sec) (loader) (1) to (6) (8) to (10) distance
(m) Easy Ordinary Difficult (m) (m) Cms (sec) a(m) (m) (t)
LX15 to Cycle
5 15 20 25 2
LX60
times (Cs)
LX70 to
10 20 25 30 of (1) to 11
LX80
LX100 to (3) and
15 25 30 35 1 L1 20 50 2 L2 11
LX130 (6) to (7)
LX160 to in load &
15 25 30 35 11 to 18
LX230 carry
LX300 20 30 35 40 11 to 25
method
LX400 20 30 35 40 11 to 37
(1) "Difficult"--Bucket efficiency 0.8 - 0.6 (12) to (14) are included in (1) to (3) and (4) to (6) by
Remarks (2) "Ordinary"--Bucket efficiency 0.8 - 0.9 wheel loader.
(3) "Easy"--Bucket efficiency 1.0 - 0.9
 Contents 3.1　Determining Productivity of Wheel Loader
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c. Determining Productivity (Example 1) (Load & carry method) Goto

to"Calculation"
"Calculation"window
window
Go
Determining productivity of wheel loader LX100 by load & carry method
Hourly productivity of LX100 with 1.9 m3 bucket:
Bucket capacity (heaped) q = 1.9
Specific gravity of loading material γt = 1.6
Operating efficiency Es = 0.83
Bucket efficiency K = 0.9
Travel speed (loaded) V1 = 15 km/h
Travel speed (unloaded) V2 = 18 km/h
Carrying distance 1 = 50 m
Required distance for dumping and direction changing L1 = 15 m
Required time length for scoop up and dumping Cs = 30 sec
(1) Cycle time (2) Hourly production
1 1 3600 ¯ 1.9 ¯ 0.83 ¯ 0.9
Cms = 3.6 ( 1– L1) (
+ ) + Cs Q = 3600 ¯ ｑ ¯ Es ¯ Ｋ =
V１ V２ Cms 45
= 3.6 ( 50 - 15 ) ( 1 + 1 )+ 30 = 113 m3/h
15 18
= 45 sec V = Q ¯ γt = 113 ¯ 1.6 =182 t/h

d. Determining Productivity (Example 2) (Loader/truck combination method)

Determining productivity of wheel loader LX150 by load & carry method Goto
Go to"Calculation"
"Calculation"window
window
Hourly productivity of LX150 with 2.8 m3 bucket:
 Contents 3.1　Determining Productivity of Wheel Loader
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(1) Production of Wheel Loader by Load & Carry Method

Bucket capacity (heaped) q = 2.8 m3 Qs = 3600 ¯ q ¯ Es ¯ K
Specific gravity of loading material γt = 1.6 Cms
Operating efficiency of wheel loader Es = 0.83 = 3600 ¯ 2.8 ¯ 0.83 ¯ 0.9
30
Bucket efficiency K = 0.9
Cycle time Cms = 30 sec = 250 m3/h
Vs = Qs ¯ γt = 250 ¯ 1.6 = 400 t/h
(2) Production of Wheel Loader by Loader/Truck Combination Method
(a) Cycle time of dump truck
Travel speed (loaded) V1 = 15 km/h
Travel speed (unloaded) V2 = 20 km/h
Carrying distance 2 = 300 m
Required distance for dumping and direction changing L2 =　 20 m
Required time length for scoop up and dumping a =　 50 sec
Operating efficiency of dump truck Ed =　 0.9

• Cycle time of dump truck

1 1 1 1
3.6 ( 2 – L2) ( V1 + V2 ) + a 3.6 ( 300 – 20 ) ( 15 + 20 ) + 50
C1 = = = 187 sec
Ed 0.9
• Loading capacity of applicable dump truck Vt = 11 t
• Loading frequency (integral number) by wheel loader to dump truck
Vt 11
N1 = = = 3 times
q ¯ γt ¯ K 2.8 ¯ 1.6 ¯ 0.9
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• Loading time length by wheel loader to dump truck

Cms ¯ N1 30 ¯ 3
C2 = = = 108 sec
Es 0.83
• Number of required dump trucks (round-up integral number)
C1 + C2 187 + 108
N2 = = = 3 unit
C2 108
• Waiting time of dump truck
W = N2 ¯ C2 – ( C1 + C2) = 3 ¯ 108 – ( 187 + 108 ) = 29 sec
• All cycle times of dump truck
Cmd = C1 + C2 + W = 187 + 108 + 29 = 324 sec
(b) Carrying frequency per hour of dump truck

3600 3600
N3 = = = 11 times
Cmd 324
(c) Carrying volume of material per hour of dump truck
Qd = q ¯ N1 ¯ K ¯ N3 = 28 ¯ 0.9 ¯ 11 = 83 m3/h
Vd = Qd ¯ γt = 83 ¯ 1.6 = 133 t/h

(d) Production of loader/truck combination

Q = Qd ¯ N2 = 83 ¯ 3 = 249 m3/h
V = Vd ¯ N2 = 133 ¯ 3 = 399 t/h
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SECTION 3
Contents
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3.2 LX Series Production Guideline

(V-shaped Carry & Load Method)
 Contents 3.2　 LX Series Production Guideline
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LX Series Hourly Production Guideline

Bucket capacity Cycle time a. Production b. Production
Model
(sec) (sec) (t/h) *1 (m3/h) *2
LX15-7 0.3 20 65 40
LX20-7 0.4 20 86 54
LX30-7 0.5 20 108 67
LX40-7 0.6 20 129 81
LX50-7 0.9 20 194 121
LX60-7 1.0 20 215 134
LX70-7 1.3 25 224 140
LX80-7 1.6 25 275 172
LX110-7 2.0 30 287 179
LX130-7 2.7 30 387 242
Notes:
LX160-7 3.2 30 459 287
• Loading material is crushed stones
LX190-7 3.5 30 502 314 (20 to 30 mm dia).
LX230-7 4.0 30 574 359 Apparent weight 1.6 t/m3
LX300-7A 5.0 35 615 384 • Bucket efficiency 0.9
LX450-7 6.0 35 738 461 • Operating efficiency 0.83

*1 a. Production = Bucket capacity m3 x Bucket efficiency 0.9 x Specific gravity 1.6 t/m3 x Operating
efficiency 0.83 / cycle time
*2 b. Production = Bucket capacity m3 x Bucket efficiency 0.9 x Operating efficiency 0.83 / cycle time
Daily production guideline (per 8 hours) can be determined as follows:
Above production x 8 hours x Operating efficiency 0.9
The above guideline is intended to estimate the production, and is not guaranteed.
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SECTION 3
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3.3 Determining Fuel Consumption

 Contents 3.3　Determining Fuel Consumption
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Hourly fuel consumption can be determined from fuel consumption ratio.

p¯q
f = ¯C
1000¯ρ
where f : Hourly fuel consumption ρ: Specific gravity of fuel
p: Engine output (kW) C:Engine loading ratio
q: Fuel consumption ratio (g/kW•h)
q : Fuel Consumption Ratio ρ : Specific Gravity of Fuel
Fuel consumption ratio is defined as engine fuel consumption (g) Specific gravity of fuel is listed
per power and hour (kW•h), as tabulated below. below.
Engine Performance
Engine fuel Specific gravity
Rated output Displacement
Model Name consumption ratio
kW min -1
L g/kW•h Kerosene 0.78 to 0.83
LX15-7 Kubota D1105-K2A 16.2 2500 1.123 285 Light gas oil 0.83 to 0.86
LX20-7 Kubota D1503-DI-K2A 21.3 2400 1.499 238
LX30-7 Kubota D1503-DI-T-K2A 27.2 2500 1.499 238 Heavy fuel oil 0.87 to
LX40-7 Kubota D1503-DI-T-K2A 27.2 2500 1.499 238
LX50-7 Kubota V3300-DI-KA 44.1 2200 3.318 225
LX60-7 Kubota V3300-DI-KA 48.5 2500 3.318 238
LX70-7 Isuzu BB-4BG1T 64.7 2100 4.329 253
LX80-7 Isuzu DD-4BG1T 80.9 2100 4.329 257
LX110-7 Isuzu 6BG1T 96 2200 6.494 242
LX130-7 Isuzu 6HK1T 129 2300 7.790 238
LX160-7 Isuzu 6HK1T 143 2200 7.790 231
LX190-7 Mitsubishi 6D24TL 165 2100 11.945 251
LX230-7 Mitsubishi 6D24TL 198 2100 11.945 244
LX300-7 Isuzu 6WG1T 235 2000 15.681 245
LX300-7A Isuzu CC-6WG1X 243 1800 15.681 243
LX450-7 Mitsubishi S6A3-Y2TAA1 331 2050 18.560 275
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C : Engine Operating Ratio
Fuel consumption ratio is determined when the engine is fully loaded. To estimate actual fuel consumption, it is
required to give consideration to operating ratio of the engine in actual operation. This operating ratio varies
greatly depending on model, type of job and operator’s skill, as listed below.

Light-duty operation …………… C : 0.35 to 0.45 (Handling soft material)

Medium-duty operation ……….. C : 0.45 to 0.60 (Normal operation)
Heavy-duty operation………….. C : 0.60 to 0.90 (Handling hard material)

f : Hourly Fuel Consumption

Hourly production of LX series is listed below.

f : Hourly Fuel Consumption (L) *Specific gravity of light oil: 0.85

Full loading Light duty Medium duty Heavy duty Ordinary operation
(C:1.0) (C:0.35 to 0.45) (C:0.45 to 0.60) (C:0.60 to 0.90) (C:0.55)
LX15-7 5 2 to 2 2 to 3 3 to 5 3
LX20-7 6 2 to 3 3 to 4 4 to 5 3
LX30-7 8 3 to 3 3 to 5 5 to 7 4
LX40-7 8 3 to 3 3 to 5 5 to 7 4
LX50-7 12 4 to 5 5 to 7 7 to 11 6
LX60-7 14 5 to 6 6 to 8 8 to 12 7
LX70-7 19 7 to 9 9 to 12 12 to 17 11
LX80-7 24 9 to 11 11 to 15 15 to 22 13
LX110-7 27 10 to 12 12 to 16 16 to 25 15
LX130-7 36 13 to 16 16 to 22 22 to 33 20
LX160-7 39 14 to 17 17 to 23 23 to 35 21
LX190-7 49 17 to 22 22 to 29 29 to 44 27
LX230-7 57 20 to 26 26 to 34 34 to 51 31
LX300-7 68 24 to 30 30 to 41 41 to 61 37
LX300-7A 69 24 to 31 31 to 42 42 to 63 38
LX450-7 107 37 to 48 48 to 64 64 to 96 59
Notes: Listed data is intended for reference when the engine runs under ordinary loading, and is not guaranteed.
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3.4 Arm End Dimensions

 Contents 3.4 Arm End Dimensions
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Note:Dimensions shown are only a guideline for

installation. Be careful that some attachments
cannot be installed because of the differences in
arm height/width, pin joint, and hydraulic
pressure/oil flow; or interference with other
components at cylinder stroke ends.

Bucket Side Bucket Bracket

Arm Tip
 Contents 3.4 Arm End Dimensions
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Unit:mm
LX70-5 LX80-5 LX100-5 LX120-5 LX150-5 LX230-5
A (diameter) 55 55 59 59 64 79
B (diameter) 55 55 69 74 89 89
C 910 910 915 918 920 955
D 86 86 92 133 138 115
E 78 88 129 145 154 180
F 90 90 104 143 148 123
G 150 150 252 274 302 296
H 302 320 389 418 450 439
I 0 0 29 45 17 23
J 142 156 205 249 244 304
K 154 158 200 225 256 211

Unit:mm
LX70-7 LX80-7 LX110-7 LX130-7 LX160-7 LX190-7 LX230-7 LX300-7 LX450-７
A (diameter) 60 75 75 75 85 100 100 172 183
B (diameter) 60 75 75 75 85 100 100 172 183
C 772 792 844 887 882 972 972 960 1016
D 76 96 94 109 114 124 124 187 200
E 76 96 96 113 118 128 128 200 214
F 78 98 96 113 118 128 128 200 214
G 178 175 200 250 260 260 260 275 280
H 347 345 353 382 395 410 410 445 520
I 48 60 73 -20 -20 -50 -50 -5 45
J 148 178 178 241 258 280 280 326 390
K 150 180 178 221 232 242 254 326 390