Self-Learning Module for Grade 11

Mathematics
Statistics and Probability

CHAPTER III: SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

LESSON 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Introduction
In Statistics, it is sometimes impossible to gather data from the entire population or
collection of objects being examined in the study but through the use of samples or
representatives of the population, researchers get a clearer picture of the whole group being
studied. The method of getting samples is called sampling where it needs not to be biased to
give justice to the group it represents. Random sampling is a method wherein each of the
members of the population has a chance of being taken as sample.

How to Use this Module

For you to illustrate the random sampling, you must first answer the pre-test
before proceeding to the self-learning part. Study and analyze each example in each
part for you to be able to answer the exercise that is especially created for you. For
you to be able to unlock the dissimilarity between parameter and statistic.

PRE-TEST

The Philippine High School has 5,000 senior students. Mr. Manalo, the principal, wants
to obtain information from the senior high students as to their plans after graduation.
A B C D 1. Principal Manalo writes all the names of the senior high school students on
small pieces of paper and draws 500 names to participate in the study. Which
random sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster B. simple C. stratified D. systematic

A B C D 2. The principal creates a list of all senior high students, decides to survey
every tenth name on the list and later asks those students that are selected.
Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster B. simple C. stratified D. systematic

A B C D 3. Mr. Manalo divides the senior high students as to their grade level and
strand. He proportionately chooses students from each strand. Which random
sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster B. simple C. stratified D. systematic

A B C D 4. The principal divides the senior high school students depending on the
barangay where they live and randomly picks some of the barangays to answer
the questionnaire. Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster B. simple C. stratified D. systematic

A B C D 5. All LRN of each senior high student are written in pieces of paper and placed
in a bowl. Mr. Manalo picks the samples based from the table of numbers.
Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster B. simple C. stratified D. systematic
 Competency

1. Illustrates a random sampling.(M11/12SP-IIId-2)

2. Distinguish between parameter and statistic. (M11/12SP-IIId- 3)
3. Identifies sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean). (M11/12SP-IIId- 4)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. define sampling,
2. illustrate different sampling technique,
3. differentiate between parameter and statistic
4. identify sample mean

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

The key to understand random sampling is to understand first the different types of it and
know the reason why those kinds of sampling becomes random.

Match the word from column A to its definition in column B.

Column A Column B

____ 1. Simple a. methodical procedure

____ 2. Systematic b. to divide or arrange into classes
____ 3. Stratified c. a number of similar things that occur together
____ 4. Cluster d. having few parts; not complex

Since you are already familiar with random sampling words, identify the random
sampling used in each of the following situations. Choose from simple, systematic, stratified
and cluster.
______________ 1. A researcher writes the name of each student on a piece of paper, mixes
the papers in a bowl, and draws 7 pieces of paper.

______________ 2. A researcher selects every 7th students from a list.

______________ 3. A researcher tells the class to count off, and then selects those numbers
that are multiple of 7.

______________ 4. A researcher separates the list from boys and girls then draws 7 names
per each gender.

______________ 5. A researcher surveys all students from 3 randomly selected classes out
of 7 classes.

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 Analysis

Challenge yourself to think about the questions given based from our activity.

1. What is a random sampling?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________

2. What are the different types of random sampling?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________

3. How do they differ from one another?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

Let us analyze the situations given earlier.

1. A researcher writes the name of each student on a piece of paper, mixes the papers in a
bowl, and draws 7 pieces of paper.
Situation number 1 uses simple random sampling since the pieces of paper represent
the students as elements of the population. All of them have an equal chance of being selected
as samples and the method of selection involves picking those 7 pieces of paper as samples.

2. A researcher selects every 7th students from a list.

3. A researcher tells the class to count off, and then selects those numbers that are multiple
of 7.
Situations number 2 and 3 apply systematic random sampling since samples are being
selected based from the kth consistent intervals. On these cases, 7 th names on the list and
multiple of 7 were the interval used.

4. A researcher separates the list from boys and girls then draws 7 names per each gender.
Situation number 4 uses stratified random sampling because the students are divided
into two different strata, boys and girls and then the selection of samples in each gender was
done.

5. A researcher surveys all students from 3 randomly selected classes out of 7 classes.

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 Situation number 5 practices cluster sampling since all students are divided into
clusters or classes and then the classes were randomly selected. All of the students in the
classes that were randomly selected are considered the samples of the study.

Random Sampling is a sampling method of choosing representatives from the population

wherein every sample has an equal chance of being selected.

There are different types of random sampling.

a. Simple random sampling is the most basic random sampling wherein elements are
usually represented by a number that are written on equal sized and shaped papers
and then selection of samples is possible through the lottery method. Drawing number
of paper is based from the desired number of sample.

b. Systematic random sampling is a random sampling which uses a list of all the
elements in the population and then elements are being selected based from the kth
consistent intervals. To get the kth interval, divide the population size by the sample
size.

c. Stratified random sampling is a random sampling wherein the population is divided

into different strata. Selection of samples will be proportionately randomly picked in
each stratum that is why all strata have representatives in forming the samples.

d. Cluster sampling is a random sampling wherein population is divided into clusters

and then the clusters is randomly selected. All elements of the clusters randomly
selected are considered the samples of the study.

Application

Since you already know a lot of things about random sampling, let us assess that knowledge!

Identify the random sampling method used in each item.

_______________1. You are given a list of all graduating students in your school. You decide
to survey every tenth name on the list and ask in which organization they
belong.
_______________2. You wish to make a comparison about the gender differences on
Mathematics performance. You divide the population into two groups,
male and female, and randomly pick respondents from each of the gender.
_______________3. You assign numbers to the members of the population and then use
draw lots to obtain your samples.
_______________4. You randomly pick five out of fifteen barangays to where to conduct your
survey in your municipality or city.
_______________5. You write the names of each student in pieces of paper, shuffles and
then draw eight names.

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Each of the 30 basketball high school teams has 12 players. The organizer wants to have a
quick survey to know the average height of the players.

A B C D 1. Each team will be asked to place papers with its players’ names into a
fishbowl and randomly drew out five names. The five names from each team
will be combined to make up the sample. Which of the following sampling
techniques is being used in this situation?
A. systematic B. stratified C. simple D. cluster

A B C D 2. The organizer will create a list of all players and they will be represented by
a number. Sixty numbers will be picked to know the samples. Which random
sampling technique did he apply?
A. systematic B. stratified C. simple D. cluster

A B C D 3. All players will be grouped according to their age and will proportionately
choose players to measure their height. Which random sampling technique did
he apply?
A. systematic B. stratified C. simple D. cluster

A B C D 4. The organizer created a list of all players, decided to survey every sixth
name on the list and later asked those players that were selected. Which
random sampling technique did he apply?
A. systematic B. stratified C. simple D. cluster

A B C D 5. Each player of the five teams that will be randomly chosen to answer the
question prior to the study. Which random sampling technique did he apply?
A. systematic B. stratified C. simple D. cluster

Reflection

What do you think would be the greatest description of a best sample? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

94
 POST - TEST

The Philippine High School has 5,000 senior students. Mr. Manalo, the principal, wants to
obtain information from the senior high students as to their plans after graduation.

A B C D 1. Principal Manalo writes all the names of the senior high school students on
small pieces of paper and draws 500 names to participate in the study. Which
random sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster B. simple C. stratified D. systematic

A B C D 2. The principal creates a list of all senior high students, decides to survey
every tenth name on the list and later asks those students that are selected.
Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster B. simple C. stratified D. systematic

A B C D 3. Mr. Manalo divides the senior high students as to their grade level and
strand. He proportionately chooses students from each strand. Which random
sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster B. simple C. stratified D. systematic

A B C D 4. The principal divides the senior high school students depending on the
barangay where they live and randomly picks some of the barangays to answer
the questionnaire. Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster B. simple C. stratified D. systematic

A B C D 5. All LRN of each senior high student are written in pieces of paper and placed
in a bowl. Mr. Manalo picks the samples based from the table of numbers.
Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster B. simple C. stratified D. systematic

Next Steps
If you are to create your own research, will you use random sampling? Why or why not? If
yes, what kind of random sampling are you going to use? If not, how will you obtain your
samples?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

95
 LESSON 2: Parameter and Statistic
Introduction
Most of the researches need numerical values to easily interpret results of the study.
Those values can be computed based from all the elements of the population or from the
randomly selected samples that were taken. They can be classified as to the different
measures parameter and statistic. Parameter and statistic is being computed through different
measures of central tendency and variability.

How to Use this Module

For you to be able to distinguish between parameter and statistic, you must first answer the
pre-test before proceeding to the self-learning part of this module. Study and analyze each
example in each part for you to be able to unlock the dissimilarity between them.

PRE-TEST
For numbers 1 and 2: The Philippine High School has 1,500 grade 10 students. Mr.
Manalo, the principal, wants to obtain information from the students as to the result of the
Mathematics part in NCAE. Based from 500 sample students surveyed, it was found out that
the mean falls on 65.80 in the said area.

A B C D 1. What do 1500 grade 10 students signify?

A. statistic C. population
B. sample D. parameter

A B C D 2. What does the value 65.80 denote?

A. statistic C. population
B. sample D. parameter

A B C D 3. Which of the following is a statistic?

A. µ B. 𝜎 2 C. s2 D. 𝜎

A B C D 4. The following are scores of students: 9, 7, 8, 9, 7, 5, 8, 10, 7, 8, and 10. What

is the value of the population mean?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 8.3 D. 8.5

A B C D 5. The following are scores of students: 9, 7, 8, 9, 7, 5, 8, 10, 7, 8, and 10. What

is the value of the population variance?
A. 1.41 B. 2 C. 2.41 D. 4

Competency

1. Distinguish between parameter and statistic. (M11/12SP-IIId-2)

Objective
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. differentiate between parameter and statistic.

96
Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

“Can you determine the difference between parameter and statistic?” Study the discussion
below to know more about them.

Below are the grades in Mathematics of grade 8 students during the third quarter.
94 85 88 79 78
75 89 91 84 77

POPULATION MEAN
The mean is the sum of the data divided by the number of figures. The mean is used to
describe where the set of data tend to concentrate at a certain point.

To compute for the population mean µ, we simply add all the data and divide it by number of
∑x
data (N). We apply the formula: µ =
𝑁
where: µ = the population mean
∑x = the summation of x (sum of the measures)
𝑁 = number of elements in the population

Number x
1 94
2 85
3 88
4 79
5 78
6 75
7 89
8 91
9 84
10 77
∑x = 840

On our case, adding all the 10 numbers will give us a sum of 840.
∑x 840
We substitute to the formula µ = , therefore, µ= = 84
𝑁 10

Our computed population mean µ is 84.

POPULATION VARIANCE AND POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION

Variance and standard deviation determine how spread or scattered the set of data is.
∑(x−µ)2
To compute for the population variance 𝜎 2, we apply the formula: 𝜎 2 =
𝑁
where: x = given data
µ = the population mean
𝑁 = number of elements in the population

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 ∑(x−µ)2
To compute for the population standard deviation 𝜎, we use the formula: 𝜎 = √
𝑁
where: x = given data
µ = the population mean
𝑁 = number of elements in the population

As you would notice, the population standard deviation is simply the square root of the
population variance.
To solve for the variance and standard deviation, we have this table:
Number x x−µ (x − µ)2
1 94 94 – 84 = 10 102 = 100
2 85 85 – 84 = 1 12 = 1
3 88 88 – 84 = 4 42 = 16
4 79 79 – 84 = – 5 52 = 25
5 78 78 – 84 = – 6 62 = 36
6 75 75 – 84 = – 9 92 = 81
7 89 89 – 84 = 5 52 = 25
8 91 91 – 84 = 7 72 = 49
9 84 84 – 84 = 0 02 = 0
10 77 77 – 84 = 7 72 = 49
∑x = 840 𝟐
∑(𝐱 − µ) = 382

The third column is computed through subtracting the mean from scores, while the fourth
column is computed by squaring the third column. Since there is a symbol ∑ or summation,
we need to add the computed values.

Again, for the population mean,

∑x 840
µ= = = 84
𝑁 10

For the population variance, that is

∑(x−µ)2 382
𝜎2 = = = 38.2
𝑁 10

For the population standard deviation, we write

∑(x−µ)2 382
𝜎=√ =√ = √38.2 ≈ 6.18
𝑁 10

Population mean µ, population variance 𝜎 2 and population standard deviation 𝜎 are what we
called parameters.

Let us now compute for the sample mean, sample variance and sample standard deviation.
Assume that the encircled are data that are randomly selected from the population.
94 85 88 79 78
75 89 91 84 77

98
SAMPLE MEAN
The sample mean x is the average of all the data selected from the population.
To compute for the sample mean x, we simply add all the data and divide it by number of
∑x
samples (n). We apply the formula: x =
𝑛
where: x = the sample mean
∑x = the summation of x (sum of the measures)
𝑛 = number of samples

Number Population grade Sample grade

1 94 94
2 85
3 88 88
4 79 79
5 78
6 75
7 89 89
8 91 91
9 84 84
10 77 77
∑x = 840 ∑x = 602

On our case, adding the 7 samples will give us a sum of 602.

∑x 602
We substitute to the formula x = , therefore, x = = 86.
𝑛 7
Our computed sample mean x is 86.

On this example, there is a slight difference between the population mean and the sample
mean. But notice that there is no difference regarding the method in determining the value of
the population mean and the sample mean. The divisor is the only difference since the
population mean µ uses N (population size) while sample mean x applies n (sample size).

SAMPLE VARIANCE AND SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION

∑(x−x)2
To compute for the sample variance 𝑠2, we apply the formula: 𝑠2 =
𝑛
where: x = given data
x = the sample mean
𝑛 = number of samples
∑(x−x)2
To compute for the sample standard deviation s, we use the formula: 𝑠 = √
𝑛
where: x = given data
x = the sample mean
𝑛 = number of samples

As you would notice, the sample standard deviation is simply the square root of the sample
variance.

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 Sample
Number Population Grade x−x (x − x)2
Grade
1 94 94 94 – 86 = 8 82 = 64
2 85
3 88 88 88 – 86 = 2 22 = 4
4 79 79 79 – 86 = – 7 – 72 = 49
5 78
6 75
7 89 89 89 – 86 = 3 32 = 9
8 91 91 91 – 86 = 5 52 = 25
9 84 84 84 – 86 = – 2 – 22 = 4
10 77 77 77 – 86 = – 9 – 92 = 81
∑x = 840 ∑x = 602 ∑(𝐱 − 𝐱)𝟐 = 236

The third column is computed through subtracting the mean from the grades, while the fourth
column is computed by squaring the third column. Since there is a symbol ∑ or summation,
we need to add the computed values.
Again, for the sample mean is
∑x 602
x= = = 86
𝑛 7

For the sample variance, that is

∑(x−x)2 236
𝑠2 = = ≈ 33.71
𝑛 7

For the sample standard deviation, we have

∑(x−x)2 236
𝑠=√ =√ ≈ √33.71 ≈ 5.81
𝑛 7

Sample mean x, sample variance s2 and sample standard deviation s are what we called
statistic.

Remember that parameters are for population while statistics are for sample.

Analysis

Challenge yourself to think about the questions given based from our activity.

1. What is parameter? What is statistic?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. How do they differ from one another?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. How do we get the population mean? population variance? population standard deviation?

100
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. How do we get the sample mean? sample variance? sample standard deviation?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here as to the difference of parameter and statistic.

The grades show below in Mathematics of grade 8 students during the third quarter is our
population.
94 85 88 79 78
75 89 91 84 77

Through the process we undertook, we were able to compute for the following:
the population mean,
∑x 840
µ= = = 84
𝑁 10

the population variance,

∑(x−µ)2 382
𝜎2 = = = 38.2
𝑁 10

the population standard deviation,

∑(x−µ)2 382
𝜎=√ =√ = √38.2 ≈ 6.18
𝑁 10

Population mean µ, population variance 𝜎 2 and population standard deviation 𝜎 are what we
called parameters.

A parameter is a measure that is used to describe the population. Population mean µ,

population variance 𝜎 2 and population standard deviation 𝜎 are some of the examples of
parameter. They are usually denoted by Greek letters.

While for our assume data that are randomly selected from the population are classified as
samples.
94 85 88 79 78
75 89 91 84 77

Through our randomly selected samples, we were able to solve for the following the sample
mean,
∑x 602
x= = = 86
𝑛 7
the sample variance,

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 ∑(x−x)2 236
𝑠2 = = ≈ 33.71
𝑛 7
the sample standard deviation,
∑(x−x)2 236
𝑠=√ =√ ≈ √33.71 ≈ 5.81
𝑛 7

Sample mean x, sample variance s2 and sample standard deviation s are what we called
statistic.

A statistic is a measure that is used to describe the sample. Sample mean x, sample variance
s2 and sample standard deviation s are some of the examples of statistic. They are usually
denoted by Roman letters.

Application

Since the difference between parameter and statistic is already clear to you, let us now
compute for the different parameters and statistics of the following data. Believe me, you can!

I. The IQ of 8 grade one students are given below:

80 128 95 114
125 130 107 100

Complete the table and compute for the population mean, population variance, population
standard deviation.
Number x x−µ (x − µ)2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
∑x = ∑(𝐱 − µ)𝟐 =

Write you computations here:

population mean population variance population standard

deviation

102
II. The scores of the 7 randomly selected students are given below:
35 15 22 38
17 31 27
Complete the table and compute for the sample mean, sample variance, sample standard
deviation.
Number x x−x (x − x)2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
∑x = ∑(𝐱 − 𝐱)𝟐 =

Write you computations here:

sample mean sample variance sample standard deviation

Reflection

Is there any pros and cons in solving for the population parameter rather than the sample
statistic? If there is, what are those? If none, why?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

103
 POST - TEST
For numbers 1 and 2: The Philippine High School has 1,500 grade 10 students. Mr.
Manalo, the principal, wants to obtain information from the students as to the result of the
Mathematics part in NCAE. Based from 500 sample students surveyed, it was found out that
the mean falls on 65.80 in the said area.
A B C D 1. What do 1500 grade 10 students signify?
A. statistic C. population
B. sample D. parameter

A B C D 2. What does the value 65.80 denote?

A. statistic C. population
B. sample D. parameter

A B C D 3. Which of the following is a statistic?

A. µ B. 𝜎 2 C. s2 D. 𝜎

A B C D 4. The following are scores of students: 9, 7, 8, 9, 7, 5, 8, 10, 7, 8, and 10. What

is the value of the population mean?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 8.3 D. 8.5

A B C D 5. The following are scores of students: 9, 7, 8, 9, 7, 5, 8, 10, 7, 8, and 10. What

is the value of the population variance?
A. 1.41 B. 2 C. 2.41 D. 4

Next Steps
Create a group of 5 members. Get the number of family members of the group. Solve for the
sample statistic that we already discussed.

104
 LESSON 3: Sampling Distribution of Means

Introduction

If the number of elements of the population is too many, it will be extremely hard for
the researchers to collect all data from the group. In some cases, we need to use random
sampling to get appropriate statistic from the samples to draw conclusion that would represent
the population but there can be numerous different set of possible samples of the same size
that can be drawn from a given population. Sampling distribution shows all the possible
samples together with their mean. It describes the probability for each mean of all samples
with the same sample size n.

How to Use this Module

For you to learn the sampling distributions of sample mean, you must first take the pre-test
before proceeding to the self-learning part. Carefully study and analyze each example in
each part for you to be able to pass your exercises on this module.
for you to be able to unlock the dissimilarity between parameter and statistic.

PRE-TEST

For numbers 1-5, a population consists of the data (1, 2, 3, 4).

A B C D 1. How many different samples of size n = 2 can be drawn from the population?
A. 6 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3
A B C D 2. Which of the following sample means is the most frequent in the sampling
distribution of sample means?
A. 1.5 B. 2 C. 2.5 D. 3
A B C D 3. What is the probability of the sample mean 3.5 in the sampling distribution
of sample means?
2 1 3 2
A. B. C. D.
3 6 4 6
A B C D 4. What is the lowest value of the sample mean in this sampling distribution?
A. 0 B. 1.5 C. 2 D. 2.5
A B C D 5. Which of the following histogram correctly shows the sampling distribution
of sample means of size n = 2?
A. 2 C.2
6 6

1 1
6 6

0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

B. 4 D.3
4 3
3
2
4
3
2
4 1
1 3
4

0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

105
 Competency

1. Finds the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
(M11/12SP-IIId-5)

Objective
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. differentiate between parameter and statistic.

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

In this lesson, you will learn to construct a sampling distribution of the sample means as
well as its histogram. Answer this activity to continue learning the concept.

Review: Evaluate the following combination of n objects taken at a time.

__________ 1. 4C2

__________ 2. 6C2

__________ 3. 5C3

A population consists of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Let us list all possible samples of size
3 from this population and compute the mean of each sample. Complete the table.
Observation Sample Mean
1 1, 2, 3 (1 + 2+ 3) ÷ 3 = 6 ÷ 3 = 2
2 1, 2, 4 2.33
3 1, 2, 5
4 1, 3, 4
5 1, 3, 5
6 1, 4, 5
7 2, 3, 4
8 2, 3, 5
9 2, 4, 5
10 3, 4, 5

There are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn from the given population.
To get this, we apply the formula for combination of N taken n at a time NCn where N is the
size of the population and n is the sample size.

Then, let us make a frequency distribution of the sample means. This is now the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
Sample Mean Frequency
2 1
2.33 1

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 2.67 2
3 2
3.33 2
3.67 1
4 1

A sampling distribution of the sample means is the frequency distribution table using the
computed sample means from all the possible random samples of a particular sample size
taken from the given population.

Since we have 10 possible outcomes, for the probability, the denominator will be 10 and the
number on the numerator part will be the number of frequency.

Sample Means Frequency Probability P(x)

1
2 1 = 0.10
10
1
2.33 1 = 0.10
10
2
2.67 2 = 0.20
10
2
3 2 = 0.20
10
2
3.33 2 = 0.20
10
1
3.67 1 = 0.10
10
1
4 1 = 0.10
10

To create a histogram, the sample means will be placed on the x-axis while the probability
will be placed on the y-axis.
2
10

1
10

0 2 2.33 2.67 3 3.33 3.67 4

Analysis

Challenge yourself to think about the questions given based from our activity.

1. What is sampling distribution of sample means?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

107
2. How are we going to create a sampling distribution of sample means? What are the steps?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. How are we going to create a histogram of the sampling distribution of sample means?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here as to the difference of parameter and statistic.

A sampling distribution of the sample means is the frequency distribution table using the
computed sample means from all the possible random samples of a particular sample size
taken from the given population.

Phases to make the sampling distribution of the sample means:

1. Determine the number of set of all possible random samples that can be drawn from the
given population by using the formula NCn where N is the population size and n is the sample
size.
2. List all the possible random samples and solve for the sample mean of each set of
samples.
3. Construct a frequency distribution table of the sample means indicating its number of
occurrence or the frequency and together with its probability.

Application

Since you already know how to construct sampling distribution and histogram, let us apply
your knowledge in the following data below.

I. A population consists of the values (1, 4, 3, 2). Consider samples of size 2 that can be drawn
from this population.
a. List down all the possible samples and corresponding sample mean.
Observation Samples Sample Mean
1
2
3
4
5
6

108
b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Observation Sample Mean Frequency Probability P(x)
1
2
3
4
5
6

c. Draw a histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.

II. Coren was able to sell numbers of pairs of shoes which have sizes of 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
Consider samples of size 3 that can be drawn from this population.
a. List down all the possible samples and corresponding sample mean.
Observation Samples Sample Mean
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Observation Sample Mean Frequency Probability P(x)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

c. Draw a histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.

109
 Reflection

Is there any lesson in the previous module that has a shape similar to the histogram of
the sampling distribution of the sample means? What shape it is similar to? Why do you
think so?
why?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST

For numbers 1-5, a population consists of the data (1, 2, 3, 4).

A B C D 1. How many different samples of size n = 2 can be drawn from the population?
A. 6 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3
A B C D 2. Which of the following sample means is the most frequent in the sampling
distribution of sample means?
A. 1.5 B. 2 C. 2.5 D. 3
A B C D 3. What is the probability of the sample mean 3.5 in the sampling distribution
of sample means?
2 1 3 2
A. B. C. D.
3 6 4 6
A B C D 4. What is the lowest value of the sample mean in this sampling distribution?
A. 0 B. 1.5 C. 2 D. 2.5
A B C D 5. Which of the following histogram correctly shows the sampling distribution
of sample means of size n = 2?
2
A. 2 C.
6 6

1 1
6 6

0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

4 3
B.4 D.3
3
2
4
3
2
4 1
1
3
4

0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Next Steps
Create a group of 5 members. Get the number of family members of the group. Now,
consider samples of size 3 that can be drawn from the data.
1. List all possible samples and solve for each mean.
2. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
3. Draw a histogram for the sampling distribution of the sample means.

110
 LESSON 4: Finding the Mean and Variance of the Sampling
Distribution of Means
Introduction

Statisticians do not just describe the variation of the individual data values about the
mean of the population. They are also interested to know how the means of the samples of
the same size taken from the same population vary about the population mean. In this lesson,
you will learn how to describe the sampling distribution of the sample means by computing its
means and variance.

How to Use this Module

This learning material serves as your guide to find the mean and variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean. It also aims to define the sampling distribution of the sample mean
for normal population. Before using this learning material, you have to answer the pretest to assess
you prior knowledge in relation to the topic being presented. Perform the tasks that correspond to
each phase to ensure the effectiveness of the said module in enhancing the teaching-learning process.
Allow yourself to control your own learning with adequate time and support to achieve the prescribed
learning activities for accomplishing the defined instructional objectives.

PRE-TEST

A population consists of the five (5) measurements 2, 3, 6, 5, and 7.

A B C D 1. What is the mean?

A. 3.44 B. 4. 60 C. 5.20 D. 4.92

A B C D 2. What is the variance of the population?

A. 3.44 B. 4.60 C. 5.20 D. 4.92

A B C D 3. How many different samples of size n=2 can be drawn from the
population?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10

A B C D 4. What is the mean x of the sampling distribution of the means?

A. 3.44 B. 5.20 C. 4.60 D. 4.92

A B C D 5. What is the variance of the sampling distribution?

A. 3.90 B. 0.89 C. 2.20 D. 1.29

Competency

1. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean. (M11/12SP-IIId-2)

111
 Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. solve for the mean and variance of sampling distribution of the sample mean.

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

“Can you identify the steps that include mean and variance of sampling distribution of
sample means?” Study the following problem to perform this task.

Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size 2 are

drawn from this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means.
1. What is the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
2. Compare these values to the mean and variance of the population.

Illustration Steps
1.
Σx 1+2+3+4+5
µ= = = 3.00
𝑁 5

x x-µ (x-µ)2 2.
Σ(x− µ)2
1 -2 4 σ =
2
2 -1 1 𝑁
10
3 0 0 = 5
4 1 1 =2
5 2 4
Σ(x- µ)2=10

So, the variance of the population is 2.

Use the formula NCn. Here N = 5 and n = 2. 3.
5C2 = 10
So there are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn.

Samples Mean 4.
1,2 1.5
1,3 2.0
1,4 2.5
1,5 3.0
2,3 2.5
2,4 3.0
2,5 3.5
3,4 3.5
3,5 4.0
4,5 4.5

112
 Sampling Distribution of Sample Means 5.
Sample Mean Frequency Probability

P
1.5 1 1/10
2.0 1 1/10
2.5 2 1/5
3.0 2 1/5
3.5 2 1/5
4.0 1 1/10
4.5 1 1/10
Total 10 1.00

Sample Probability 6.
Mean • P
P

1.5 1/10 0.15

2.0 1/10 0.20
2.5 1/5 0.50
3.0 1/5 0.60
3.5 1/5 0.70
4.0 1/10 0.40
4.5 1/10 0.45
Total 1.00 3.00

µx = Σ P
•

= 3.00

Sample Probability Mean-µ 7.

Mean (Mean-µ)2 Probability•((Mean-µ)2
P

1.5 1/10 -1.5 2.25 0.225

2.0 1/10 -1.0 1.00 0.100
2.5 1/5 -0.5 0.25 0.050
3.0 1/5 0.0 0.00 0.000
3.5 1/5 0.25 0.25 0.050
4.0 1/10 1.00 1.00 0.100
4.5 1/10 2.25 2.25 0.225
Total 1.00 0.750
So, the variance of the sampling distribution is 0.75

113
 Analysis

Try to think about the answers to these questions:

1. What are the steps that you identified in the previous activity?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. How do you compare mean of the sample means and the mean of the population?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. How do you compare variance of the sample means and the variance of the population?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Abstraction

Here are the basic steps in calculating mean and variance of the sampling distribution of
means.

Illustration Steps
1. Compute the mean
Σx 1+2+3+4+5 of the population.
µ= = = 3.00
𝑁 5

x x-µ (x-µ)2 2. Compute the

1 -2 4 variance of the
2 -1 1 population.
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
Σ(x- µ)2=10

σ2 = Σ(x- µ)2/ N
= 10 / 5
=2

So, the variance of the population is 2.

Use the formula NCn. Here N = 5 and n = 2. 3. Determine the

number of possible
5 C2 = 10 samples of size n =
2.
So there are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn.

114
 Samples Mean 4. List all possible
1,2 1.5 samples and their
1,3 2.0 corresponding
1,4 2.5 means.
1,5 3.0
2,3 2.5
2,4 3.0
2,5 3.5
3,4 3.5
3,5 4.0
4,5 4.5

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means 5. Construct the

Sample Mean Frequency Probability sampling distribution
of the sample
P means.
1.5 1 1/10
2.0 1 1/10
2.5 2 1/5
3.0 2 1/5
3.5 2 1/5
4.0 1 1/10
4.5 1 1/10
Total 10 1.00

Sample Mean Probability

P 6. Compute the mean
P of the sampling
distribution of the
1.5 1/10 0.15 sample means.
2.0 1/10 0.20 Follow these steps:
2.5 1/5 0.50 a. Multiply the sample
3.0 1/5 0.60 mean by the
3.5 1/5 0.70 corresponding
4.0 1/10 0.40 probability.
4.5 1/10 0.45 b. Add the results.
Total 1.00 3.00

115
 µx = Σ P
•

= 3.00
Sample Probability Mean-µ 7. Compute the
Mean (Mean-µ) 2
Probability•((Mean-µ)
2
variance of the
P sampling distribution
of the sample means.
Follow these steps:
1.5 1/10 -1.5 2.25 0.225 a. Subtract the
2.0 1/10 -1.0 1.00 0.100 population mean from
2.5 1/5 -0.5 0.25 0.050 each sample mean.
3.0 1/5 0.0 0.00 0.000
3.5 1/5 0.25 0.25 0.050 b. Square the
4.0 1/10 1.00 1.00 0.100 difference.
4.5 1/10 2.25 2.25 0.225
Total 1.00 0.750 c. Multiply the results
by the corresponding
So, the variance of the sampling distribution is 0.75 probability.

d. Add the results.

Based from the previous activity, the mean of the population is equal to the sample
means. This happens because all samples obtained of n size came from the same population.
The variance of the population is greater than the variance of the sample means, since a
sample of n is less than the population N then the data vary by a small amount as compared
to population.

The standard error of the mean is the standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the mean. ... Given a population with a finite mean μ and a finite non-zero
variance σ2, the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution with
a mean of μ and a variance of σ2/N as N, the sample size, increases.

Application

Consider all samples of size 5 from this population:

2, 5, 6, 8, 9

1. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the population.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

116
2. List all samples of size 3 and compute the mean for each sample.

Sample Mean

3. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean Frequency Probability

4. Calculate the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compare this to the
mean of the population.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

5. Calculate the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compare this to
the variance of the population.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Reflection

“The VARIANCE of people depends on how MEAN they can be.” -Kirti Chowdhary

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

117
 POST - TEST

A population consists of the five (5) measurements 2, 3, 6, 5, and 7.

A B C D 1. What is the mean?

A. 3.44 B. 4. 60 C. 5.20 D. 4.92

A B C D 2. What is the variance of the population?

A. 3.44 B. 4.60 C. 5.20 D. 4.92

A B C D 3. How many different samples of size n=2 can be drawn from the
population?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10

A B C D 4. What is the mean x of the sampling distribution of the means?

A. 3.44 B. 5.20 C. 4.60 D. 4.92

A B C D 5. What is the variance of the sampling distribution?

A. 3.90 B. 0.89 C. 2.20 D. 1.29

118
 LESSON 5: Central Limit Theorem

Introduction

Many common statistical procedures require data to be approximately normal to

roughly follow the bell curve. But what happens when you have a population that is just not
normal?

How to Use this Module

For you to be able to know the central limit theorem and how it is being applied, you must first
answer the pre-test before proceeding to the self-learning part of this module. Study and analyze
each example in each part for you to be able to fully understand and appreciate the concept.

PRE-TEST

Answer the following questions by shading the letter of the correct answer from the
choices below.
A B C D 1. If a population has a mean of 12.8, what is the mean of the sampling
distribution?
A. Less than 12.8 C. closer to 12.8
B. Larger than 12.8 D. Exactly the same as 12.8
A B C D 2. If the mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 6.5, which of the
following best describes the population mean?
A. The population is greater than 6.5
B. The population decreases by 6.5
C. The population mean is also equal to 6.5.
D. The population mean and mean of the sampling distribution of the means
cannot be compared
A B C D 3. Which of the following statements is NOT true about Central Limit Theorem?
A. The population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution of the
means are equal.
B. If you take repeatedly independent random samples of size n from any
population, then when n is large, the distribution of the sample means will
approach a normal distribution.
C. The central limit theorem tells us exactly what the shape of the distribution
of the means will be when we draw repeated samples from a given
population.
D. The mean of the sampling distributions of the means, standard deviation
of the sampling distribution of the means and variance is the same as the
population mean, variance of the population and standard deviation.
A B C D 4. Consider the population consisting of values (2, 4, 6). List all the possible
samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement.
A. {(2,2),(2,4),(2,6),(4,2),(4,4),(4,6),(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)}
B. {(2,2),(2,4),(2,6) ,(4,2),(4,4),(4,6)}
C. {(4,2),(4,4),(4,6),(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)
D. {2,4,6}

119
A B C D 5. If the population has a variance of 4.6, what is the variance of the sampling
distribution of its means if the sampling distribution was derived with sample
size n = 2 and all possible samples are drawn with replacements?
A. 19.22 B. 21.16 C. 10.58 D. 2.3

Competency
1. Illustrate the central limit theorem (M11/12SP-IIIe-2)
2. Defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean using the Central Limit
Theorem (M11/12SP-IIIe-3)

Objective
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Illustrate the central limit theorem.
2. Use central limit theorem in defining the sample distribution of the sample mean
Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Priming Activity

WORD PUZZLE: Circle the word or group of words that look familiar to you. The words can
be read forward, backward upward, downward or diagonally.

Normal Distribution Population Central Limit Theorem

Standard Deviation Mean Table
Variance Sample Size Bar Graph

D E V I A T I O N C
G C Z T D E F C A E

R I A I J B A R E N

A D N O S E P R M T

P S A M P L E V M R

H N O R M A L E U A

P O P U L A T I O N

H E C N A I R A V Y

Z S T A N D A R D B
L I M I T T A B L E
Z M E R O E H T X Y

120
 Analysis

Understanding on My Own

1. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of its means if a population has means
of means of 7.2?

Answer: Remember that the population mean and the mean of the sampling
distribution of its
means are always equal (𝝁𝒙 = 𝝁), therefore the answer is 7.2.

2. What is the mean of the population if the mean of the sampling distribution of the
means is 7.16?

Answer: The population mean is equal to the mean of the sampling distribution of the
means,
therefore the answer is the same as 7.16

3. If a population has a a variance of 4.17, what is the variance of the sampling

distribution of the means? The sampling distribution has a sample size of 2 and all
samples are drawn with replacement.

Answer: The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the variance of
the population divided by the sample size n. therefore:
𝜎2
𝜎𝑥2 =
𝑛

4.17
=
2
= 2.085

4. If the population standard deviation is 4.2, what is the standard deviation of the
sampling of the distribution of its means if the sampling distribution was derived with
sample size n=4 and all possible samples were drawn with replacements?

Answer: The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means is equal to
the
standard deviation of the population divided by the square root of the
sample size n.
therefore:
𝜎
𝛔𝑥 =
√𝑛

4.2
=
√4
4.2
=
2
= 2.1

121
 Abstraction

What is Central Limit Theorem?

As the sample size increases, the sampling distribution of the mean (𝜇), can be approximated
σ
by a normal distribution with mean (𝜇) and standard deviation ( ) . It means that if the
√𝑛
sample size n is randomly selected from a population with mean 𝜇 and variance σ2, the
sampling distribution of the sample means will approach a normal distribution even when the
original population is not normally distributed, as long as the sample size n is sufficiently large.

Let us consider this example.

Illustrative Example: Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
A. Compute for the following:
1. population mean,
2. population variance and
3. population standard deviation.

Solution:
𝚺𝐱
1. Get the mean by the formula 𝝁 =
𝒏
where 𝜇 – population mean
Σx − sum of all the terms in x
N - sample size

Σx
𝜇= Substitute
𝑁
1+2+3+4+5+6
= Add each term of the sample divided by the sample size
6
21
= Simplify
6
𝝁 = 3.5 population mean

2. To solve for the population variance, subtract each mean by the population mean
and square the result.
1-3.5 = -2.5 (2.5)2 = (2.5)(2.5) = 6.25
2-3.5 = -1.5 (-1.5)2 = (-1.5)(-1.5) = 2.25
3-3.5 = -0.5 (-0.5)2 = (-0.5)(-0.5)= 0.25
4-3.5 = 0.5 (0.5)2 = (0.5)(0.5) = 0.25
5-3.5 = 1.5 (1.5)2 = (1.5)(1.5) = 2.25
6-3.5 = 2.5 (2.5)2 = (2.5)(2.5) = 6.25
Σ (x -𝝁)2 = 17.5
Using the formula to solve the population variance

Σ (𝐱 −𝝁)𝟐
σ2 = Substitute to the formula
𝑁
17.5
=
21
σ 2
= 0.833… population variance

122
 3. To solve for the population standard deviation use the formula,
Σ (𝐱 −𝝁)𝟐
σ =√
𝑵
𝟏𝟕.𝟓
= √
𝟐𝟏

= √0.833..
σ = 0.913 population standard deviation

MATH REAL TALK

The Central Limit theorem comes in whenever there is sufficient number of randomly selected,
independent samples (or observations), the means of those samples will follow a normal
distribution even if the population you’re sampling from does not.

AN ILLUSTRATION OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF OBSERVATION

Standard
Deviation

Standard
Deviation

1 2 3 4 5 6
Mean
The illustration above is curve of normal distribution. Below, is an example of abnormal
distribution, it is very unlikely to happen that when there will be an equal chance of getting 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 in an observation.
P(x)

1
6

1 2 3 4 5 6
X

123
 The probability histogram of the population is shown above. Here n = 1. Since there
are 6 possible outcomes and each sample will have a chance of occurring once, then the
1
probability is .
6
To further understand these concepts, tables are very useful. Taking them one at a
time makes it easier to see how each data reveal its value.

Observation x x-𝝁 (x -𝝁)2 P (X=x)

1
1 1 -2.5 6.25
6
1
2 2 -1.5 2.25
6
1
3 3 -0.5 0.25
6
1
4 4 0.5 0.25
6
1
5 5 1.5 2.25
6
1
6 6 2.5 6.25
6
𝚺𝐱 = 𝟐𝟏 Σ (x-𝝁)2= 17.5 𝚺𝑷 (𝑿 = 𝒙) = 𝟏

The population mean 𝝁 can also be obtained using probabilities. Using the formula: 𝝁 =
𝚺𝐱[𝑷 (𝒙)]
𝑵
where, 𝝁 − 𝐩𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧
P(x) – probability that the sample will occur
𝚺𝐱[𝑷 (𝒙)]
𝝁=
𝑵
1
= 21 ( ) Substitute and simplify
6
𝝁 = 3.5

Illustrative Example 2. How about when you take them two at a time or the sample size n =
2. It will give us another set of observations. Now, consider all the possible samples of size 2
that can be drawn with replacement from the population 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Compute the following:

1. Mean of the sampling distribution of the means

2. Variance of the sampling distribution of the means
3. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means
4. Illustrate the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.

The table below summarizes the information to answer the preceding questions. Complete
this information to answer questions 1-3.

124
 Obser Sampl Mean (𝒙 - Obser Sampl Mean (𝒙 -
𝒙 -𝝁𝒙 𝒙 -𝝁𝒙
vation e ( 𝒙) 𝝁𝒙 ) 2 vation e ( 𝒙) 𝝁𝒙 ) 2
1 (1,1) 1 -2.5 6.25 19 (4,1) 2.5 -1 1
2 (1,2) 1.5 -2 4 20 (4,2) 3 -0.5 0.25
3 (1,3) 2 -1.5 2.25 21 (4,3) 3.5 0 0
4 (1,4) 2.5 -1 1 22 (4,4) 4 0.5 0.25
5 (1,5) 3 -0.5 0.25 23 (4,5) 4.5 1 1
6 (1,6) 3.5 0 0 24 (4,6) 5 1.5 2.25
7 (2,1) 1.5 -2 4 25 (5,1) 3 -0.5 0.25
8 (2,2) 2 -1.5 2.25 26 (5,2) 3.5 0 0
9 (2,3) 2.5 -1 1 27 (5,3) 4 0.5 0.25
10 (2,4) 3 -0.5 0.25 28 (5,4) 4.5 1 1
11 (2,5) 3.5 0 0 29 (5,5) 5 1.5 2.25
12 (2,6) 4 0.5 0.25 30 (5,6) 5.5 2 4
13 (3,1) 2 -1.5 2.25 31 (6,1) 3.5 0 0
14 (3,2) 2.5 -1 1 32 (6,2) 4 0.5 0.25
15 (3,3) 3 -0.5 0.25 33 (6,3) 4.5 1 1
16 (3,4) 3.5 0 0 34 (6,4) 5 1.5 2.25
17 (3,5) 4 0.5 0.25 35 (6,5) 5.5 2 4
18 (3,6) 4.5 1 1 36 (6,6) 6 2.5 6.25
Total 49.5 26.25 76.5 26.25

Therefore, 𝚺𝒙 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓 + 𝟕𝟔. 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔; N = 36, 𝚺( 𝒙 -𝝁𝒙 )2 = 52.5

To solve for the next column after finding the mean ( 𝑥) , 𝒙 -𝝁𝒙 and ( 𝒙 - 𝝁𝒙 )2, solve for
𝜇𝑥 .
Solution:
Σ𝑥
1. 𝜇𝑥 = Mean of the sampling distribution formula
𝑁
49.5+76.5
= Substitute Σx = 49.5 + 76.5 = 126 and N = 36
36
126
= Simplify
36
= 3.5 Mean of the sampling distribution
Take note that the population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution are
equal (𝝁𝒙 = 𝝁)

Σ ( 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐
2. 𝜎𝑥2 = Variance of the sampling distribution of the means
𝑁
formula
52.5
= Substitute 𝚺𝐱 (x-𝝁𝒙 )2=52.5, and simplify
36
𝜎𝑥2 = 1.46 Variance of the sampling distribution of the means

𝜮( 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐
3. 𝛔𝑥 = √ Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means
𝑵
formula
52.6
=√ Substitute, 𝚺𝐱 (x-𝝁)2=52.5; N= 36
36
𝛔𝑥 = 1.21 Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of
the means

125
 Sampling Distribution of 𝒙 with Replacement (n = 2)
𝒙 f Probability P(x)
1
1 1 = .0277
36

2
1.5 2 = .0566
36

3
2 3 = .0833
36

3
2.5 3 = 0.0833
36

6
3 6 = 0.1666
36

6
3.5 6 = 0.1666
36

5
4 5 = 0.1388
36

4
4.5 4 = 0.1111
36

3
5 3 = 0.0833
36

2
5.5 2 = 0.0555
36

1
6 1 = 0.0277
36

4. To illustrate the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the

means the table of Sampling Distribution of 𝑥 with Replacement (n = 2) can be
useful.

Histogram
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
Probaility P(x)

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Means of the sampling distribution ( ¯𝒙 )

126
If you are going to look closely at the histogram, the shape of the curve as represented by the
graph is coming closer and approximately similar to the normal distribution curve compared to
the first histogram where the sample size is 1. Remember that the graph only considers the
sample size of 2.
1. What do you think will happen to the graph when the sample size is 3? 4? 5? 6?
2. What do you think is the mean of the sampling distribution of the means? Will it be
different from the population mean of 3.5? Or will it be the same?
3. If the sample size increases, what do you think will happen to the probability histogram
of the sampling distribution of the means?
4.

MATH REAL TALK

1. If the samples of size n, where n is sufficiently large, are drawn from any population with
a mean 𝛍 and standard deviation σ, then the sampling distribution of the means
approximates a normal distribution. A sample size of 30 is sufficient to approximate the
normality of the distribution.
2. The sampling distribution of the sample of the means taken with replacement from a
population N with population mean and variance will approach a normal distribution
according to the Central Limit Theorem
3. As the sample size n increases, the sampling distribution of the means approaches a normal
distribution.
4. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is equal to the mean of the population.
5. The variance of the sampling distributions of the means is equal to the variance of the
population divided by the sample size n.

Application

TRY ME EXERCISES

A. Read and answer the following questions independently. Show your solution if
necessary.
1. If the population mean is 12.45, what is the mean of the sampling distribution of its
means?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. If the mean of the sampling distribution is 24.29, what is the mean of the population?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

127
 3. If a population has a variance of 6.4, what is the variance of the sampling distribution of
the means if the sample size is 4 and all the possible samples are drawn with replacements?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

4. If the population has a standard deviation of 9.4, what is the standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of its means? The sampling distribution was derived with sample size
n=3, and all the possible samples were drawn with replacements.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

5. If the population standard deviation is 5.6, what is the population variance?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
B. Samples of size n were randomly selected from populations with means and
variances given below. In each case, find the mean and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the means
1. n = 4 𝜇 = 4.7 σ2 = 3
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. n = 7 𝜇=4 σ2 = 2
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. n = 16 𝜇=7 σ2 = 6
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

128
 4. n = 22 𝜇 = 22 σ2 = 4.5
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. n = 44 𝜇 = 40 σ2 = 9.6
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

C. Consider a population consisting of values (1,3,5).

1. List all the possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn from the population with
replacement.

2. Compute for the mean of the sampling distribution of the means.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3. Compute for the variance of the sampling distribution of the means.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

4. Compute for the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

5. Construct the probability histogram of means with replacements when n = 2.

129
 Reflection

Why is the theorem named as the central limit theorem?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST
Answer the following questions by shading the letter of the correct answer from the choices
below.
A B C D 1. If a population has a mean of 12.8, what is the mean of the sampling
distribution?
A. Less than 12.8 C. closer to 12.8
B. Larger than 12.8 D. Exactly the same as 12.8

A B C D 2. If the mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 6.5, which of the
following best describes the population mean?
A. The population is greater than 6.5
B. The population decreases by 6.5
C. The population mean is also equal to 6.5.
D. The population mean and mean of the sampling distribution of the means
cannot be compared

A B C D 3. Which of the following statements is NOT true about Central Limit Theorem?
A. The population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution of the
means are equal.
B. If you take repeatedly independent random samples of size n from any
population, then when n is large, the distribution of the sample means will
approach a normal distribution.
C. The central limit theorem tells us exactly what the shape of the distribution
of the means will be when we draw repeated samples from a given
population.
D. The mean of the sampling distributions of the means, standard deviation
of the sampling distribution of the means and variance is the same as the
population mean, variance of the population and standard deviation.

A B C D 4. Consider the population consisting of values (2, 4, 6). List all the possible
samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement.
A. {(2,2),(2,4),(2,6),(4,2),(4,4),(4,6),(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)}
B. {(2,2),(2,4),(2,6) ,(4,2),(4,4),(4,6)}
C. {(4,2),(4,4),(4,6),(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)
D. {2,4,6}

A B C D 5. If the population has a variance of 4.6, what is the variance of the sampling
distribution of its means if the sampling distribution was derived with sample
size n = 2 and all possible samples are drawn with replacements?
A. 19.22 B. 21.16 C. 10.58 D. 2.3

130
 Next Steps
Complete the following table and solve for the unknowns

1. A population consists of the three numbers (3, 5, 7). Make a table and compute for the
following: (a) Population mean, (b) Population variance and (c) Population standard
deviation.

Observation x x-𝝁 (x -𝝁)2 P (X=x)

1 3

2 5

3 7

2. A population consists of the four numbers (2, 3, 5). Consider all possible samples of
size 2 that can be drawn with replacement from this population. Find the following:
a. The mean of the population
b. The standard deviation of the population
c. The mean of the sampling distribution of means
d. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means.
e. Illustrate the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the means
Complete the table below.

Mean
Observation Sample 𝒙 -𝝁𝒙 ( 𝒙 -𝝁𝒙 )2
( 𝒙)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total

131
LESSON 6: Solving Problems Involving Sampling Distributions
of the Sample Mean
Introduction
In the previous topics, you have learned how to use the normal distribution to gain
information about an individual data value obtained from population. In this lesson, you will
use the sampling distribution of the mean to obtain information about the sample mean.

A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using the means computed
from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population. The probability
distribution of the sample means is also called the sampling distribution of the sample means.

How to Use this Module

People in a very remote barangay in BONPEN use battery of truck to power a household. A
certain type of storage battery lasts on the average 3.0 years with a standard deviation of 0.5 years.
Assuming that the battery lives are normally distributed, what is the probability that the given battery
will last at least 2.0 years? The mentioned scenario will be brightened up in this module.

PRE-TEST

Read each statement carefully. Blacken/Shade the circle with the corresponding letter
that corresponds to the best answer.

For numbers 1 and 2, refer to the problem below. Use the Table of Areas under the Normal
Curve also known as z – Table for the probabilities.
The IQ of 300 students in a certain school in Quezon Province is approximately normally
distributed with 𝜇 = 100 and 𝜎 = 15.

A B C D 1. What is the probability that a randomly selected student will have an IQ of

115 and
above?
A. 20.87% B. 15.87% C. 10.87% D. 5.87%
A B C D 2. How many students have an IQ from 85 to 120?
A. 200 B. 210 C. 215 D. 225

For numbers 3 and 4, refer to the problem below.

A B C D 3. If a single egg is selected, what is the probability that the cholesterol
content will be more than 220 milligrams?
A. 0.3707 B. 0.8523 C. 0.4562 D. 0.1258
A B C D 4. If a sample of 25 eggs is selected, what is the probability that the mean of
the sample will be larger than 220 milligrams?
A. 0.1932 B. 0.2241 C. 0.0475 D. 0.1556
A B C D 5. Two out of five adult smokers acquired the habit by age 14. If 400 smokers
are randomly selected, find the probability that 170 or more acquired the habit
by age 14.
A. 0.8907 B. 0.166 C. 0.4156 D. 0.287

132
 Competency

1. Solves problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean

(M11/12SP-IIIe-f-1)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. solves problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean.

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Harvest More!
Maria who lives in Zambales harvested mangoes in her plantation for export. The average weight of
the harvested fruits is 2 kilos and a standard deviation of 0.4 kilo. Assume that the variable is
normally distributed.

a. What is the probability that a randomly

selected mango will weigh less than 1.5 kilos?

b. A potential importer intends to take a sample

of 4 mangoes and will not place an order if the
sample mean is less than 1.5 kilos. What is the
probability that the importer will not place an
order?

Analysis

Challenge yourself to think about the questions given based from our activity.

1. When do you use these formulas?

𝑋− 𝜇
• z=
𝜎
_________________________________________________________________________
𝑋̅ − 𝜇
• z= 𝜎
√𝑛
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

133
 2. Why is the probability of individual data from a population larger than the probability of
sample data?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

𝑋− 𝜇
z= is used when dealing with an individual data obtained from the population.
𝜎
𝑋̅ − 𝜇
z= 𝜎 is used when dealing with data about the sample means.
√𝑛

Individual values are more variable than sample means.

The use of the two formulas in problem solving will be discussed here in the given problems.
The average time it takes a group of college students to complete a certain examination is
46.2 minutes. The standard deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that the variable is normally
distributed.
(a) What is the probability that a randomly selected college student will complete the
examination in less 43 minutes?
To answer the problem, follow the steps:

Step 1. Identify the given information:

𝜇 = 46.2
𝜎=8
X = 43

Step 2. Identify what is asked for:

P(X ˂ 43)

Step 3. Identify the formula to be used:

The problem is dealing with an individual data obtained from the population
𝑋− 𝜇
so the formula to be used is z = to standardize 43.
𝜎

Step 4. Solve the problem:

𝑋− 𝜇
z=
𝜎

43−46.2
=
8

= - 0.40

134
 Find P(X< 43) by getting the area under the normal curve.
P(X˂ 43) = P(z ˂ -0.40)
= 0.5000 – 0.1554
= 0.3446
Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected college student will
complete the examination in less than 43 minutes is 0.3446 or 34.46%

(b) If 50 randomly selected college students take the examination, what is the
probability that the mean time it takes the group to complete the test will be less
than 43 minutes?

Step 1: Identify the given information:

𝜇 = 46.2
𝜎=8
𝑋̅ = 43
𝑛 = 50

Step 2: Identify what is asked.

P(𝑋̅ ˂ 43)

Step 3: Identify the formula to be used.

The problem is dealing with data about the sample means, so the formula to
𝑋̅ − 𝜇
be used to standardize 43 is z = 𝜎
√𝑛

Step 4: Solve the problem:

𝑋̅ − 𝜇
z= 𝜎
√𝑛
43−46.2
= 8
√50
= - 2.83

-2 -1 0 1 2

Find P(𝑋̅ ˂ 43) by getting the area under the normal curve.
P(𝑋̅ ˂ 43) = P(z ˂ -2.83)
= 0.5000 – 0.4977
= 0.0023

The probability that 50 randomly selected college students will complete the test in
less than 43 minutes is 0.0023 or 0.23%

In the two problems presented and solved, the probability of (a) is larger than (b)
because individual values are more variable than the sample means.

135
 Application

Solve the following problems

1. The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of certain brand of ice
cream is 660 mg and the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally
distributed.
(a) If a cup of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that the cholesterol content will
be more than 670 mg?
Step 1:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Step 2:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Step 3:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Step 4:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

(b) If a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that the mean of
the sample will be larger than 670 mg?
Step1:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Step 2:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Step 3:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Step 4:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

136
 Reflection

“An approximate answer to the right problem is worth a good deal more than an exact answer to an
approximate problem” -John Tukey

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST

Read each statement carefully. Blacken/Shade the circle with the corresponding letter that
corresponds to the best answer.
For numbers 1 and 2, refer to the problem below. Use the Table of Areas under the Normal
Curve also known as z – Table for the probabilities.
The IQ of 300 students in a certain school in Quezon Province is approximately normally
distributed with 𝜇 = 100 and 𝜎 = 15.

A B C D 1. What is the probability that a randomly selected student will have an IQ of

115 and
above?
A. 20.87% B. 15.87% C. 10.87% D. 5.87%

A B C D 2. How many students have an IQ from 85 to 120?

A. 200 B. 210 C. 215 D. 225

For numbers 3 and 4, refer to the problem below.

A B C D 3. If a single egg is selected, what is the probability that the cholesterol
content will be more than 220 milligrams?
A. 0.3707 B. 0.8523 C. 0.4562 D. 0.1258

A B C D 4. If a sample of 25 eggs is selected, what is the probability that the mean of

the sample will be larger than 220 milligrams?
A. 0.1932 B. 0.2241 C. 0.0475 D. 0.1556

A B C D 5. Two out of five adult smokers acquired the habit by age 14. If 400 smokers
are randomly selected, find the probability that 170 or more acquired the habit
by age 14.
A. 0.8907 B. 0.166 C. 0.4156 D. 0.287

137