29 Ch. 5 + Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio 108 2 © 10km/n to-t 20 km/h = S0km/n 2 Sokm/h © 100km/h 10-2 150km/s (oe co soot coro Eb/No (dB) Figure 5.58 BER performance versus E/N, for w/4 DQPSK in a flat, Raleigh fading channel for various mebile speeds: f, = 850 MHz, /, = 24 Ksps, raised cosine rolloff fector is 0.2, CT = 1004B. Generated by BERSIM iFrom (Fun$3)'© IEEE) 5.59 shows how the delay and amplitude of the second ray have strong impact on the average BER. Simulations such as those conducted by {Chu87], {Liu91], (Rap91b], and [Fun93] provide valuable insight into the bit error mechanisms in a wide range of operating conditions. The mobile velocity, channel delay spread, interference levels, and modulation format all independently impact the raw bit error rate in mobile communications systems, and simulation is a powerful way of designing or predicting the performance of wireless communication links in very complex, time-varying channel conditions 5.12 Problems 5.1 A frequency modulated wave has an angular carrier frequency o, = 5000 rad/ sec and a modulation index of 10. Compute the bandwidth and the upper and lower sideband frequencies if the modulating signal m (t) = 20cos (5t) 5.2 A2MHz carrier with an amplitude of 4 volts is frequency modulated by a mod- ulating signal m(t) = sin(1000xt). The amplitude of the modulating signal is 2 volts and the peak frequency deviation was found to be 1 kHz. Ifthe ampli- tude and frequency of the modulating signal are inereased to 8 valts and 2 kHz respectively, write an expression for the new modulated signal.295 Problems, 109 ' [eet et Been en one 7B speed=1 20 km/nr, ¢/0=048 coe eee eee > & 10-2 a 10-3 10-4 00 05 10 1S fl Figure 5.59 BER performance of 1/4 DQPSK in a 2-ray, Rayleigh fading channel, where the time delay r, and the ower ratio C/D between the first and second ray are varied. /, = 850 MHz, f, = 24 kape, raised co- sine rolloff rate is 0.2, v = 40 knvhr, 120 ki/hr, E,/N= 100 dB. Produced by BERSIM [From (Fun93] © IEEE} 5.3 (a) Generate and plot the time waveform for a binary baseband communication system which sends the bit string 1, 0, 1 through an ideal channel, where a raised cosine rolloff filter response is used having a = 1/2. Assume the symbol ate is 50 kbps, and use a truncation time of +6 symbols. (b) Ilustrate the ideal sampling points of the weveform. (©) Ifa receiver has a timing jitter of +10” seconds, what is the difference in detected voltage as compared to ideal voltage at each sample point? 5.4 Iff, = 440 MHz and vehicles travel at a maximum speed of 80 mph, determine the proper spectrum allocation of voice and tone signals for a TTIB system. 5.5 Iffq= 12 kHz and W=4 kHz, determine the modulation index for an FM trans- mitter. These are parameters for the AMPS standard. 5.6 For AMPS FM transmissions, if the SNR;, = 10 dB, determine the SNRou, of the FM detector. If SNRjq is increased by 10 dB, what is the corresponding increase in SNR out of the detector? 5.7 Prove that for an FM signal, a quadrature detector is able to detect the mes- sage properly. 5.8 Design a quadrature detector for an IF frequency of 70 MHz, assuming a 200 kHz IF passband, Pick reasonable circuit values and plot the amplitude and phase response about the IF center frequency. 5.9 Using computer simulation, demonstrate that an FM signal can be demodu- lated using (a) slope detection and (b) a zero-crossing detector. 5.10 Verify that the BPSK receiver shown in Figure 5.23 is able to recover ¢ digitalmessage m(t). 5.11 Plot the BER vs. Ep/o performance for BPSK, DPSK, QPSK and noncoherent FSK in additive Gaussian white noise. List advantages and disadvantages of each modulation method from the mobile communications standpoint. 5.12 If @ mobile radio link operates with 30 dB SNR ané uses a 200 kHz channel, find the theoretic maximum data capacity pessible. How does your answer compare to what is offered by the GSM standerd, which operates at « channel rate of 270.8333 kbps? 5.13 Compare the channel spectral efficiencies of 18-54, GSM, PDC, and 18-95. What are the theoretical spectral efficiencies for each of these standards if they operate at 20 dB SNR? 5.14 Design a raised cosine rolloff filter for T, = 1/2430 s and a = 0.35. Write expressions for, and plot, the impulse response and the frequency response of the filter. If this filter were used for 30 kHz. RF channels, what percentage of the total radiated energy would fall out-of-band? Computer simulation or numerical analysis may be used to determine results. 5.15 Design a Gaussian pulse-shaping filter with BT = 0.5 for a symbol rate of 19.2 kbps. Write expressions for, and plot, the impulse response and frequency response of the filter. If this filter were used to produce GMSY in 30 kHz RF channels, what percentage of the total radiated energy would fall out-of-band? Repeat for the case of BT = 0.2, and BT = 0.75. Computer simulation or numer- ical analysis may be used to determine results, 5.16 Derive equation (5.105) for an MSK signal. 5.17 Generate the binary message 01100101 through MSK transmitter and receiver shown in Figure 5.39 and Figure 5.40. Sketch the waveshapes at the inputs, outputs, and through the system. Computer simulation may be used. 5.18 If 63 users share a CDMA system, and each user has a processing gain of 511, determine the average probability of error for each user. What assumptions have you made in determining your result? 5.19 For problem 5.18, determine the percentage increase in the number of users if the probability of error is allowed to increase by an order of magnitude. 5.20 A FH-SS system uses 50 kHz channels over a continuous 20 MHz spectrum Fast frequency hopping is used, where 2 hops occur for each bit. If binary FSK is the modulation method used in this system, determine (a) the number of hops per second if each user transmits at 25 kbps: (b) the probability of error for a single user operating at an Ep/No = 20 4B; (c) the probability of error for a user operating at £,/No = 20 dB with 20 other FH-SS users which are inde- pendently frequency hopped; (4) the probability of error for a user operating at E,,/No = 20 dB with 200 other FH-SS users which are independently frequency hopped. 5.21 Simulate a GMSK signal and verify that the Gaussian filter bandwidth has a major impact on the spectral shape of the signal. Plot spectral shapes for (a) BT =0.2,(b) BT = 0.5, and(c) BT = 1. 5.22 Compare the BER and RF bandwidth of a GMSK signal operating in AWGN for the following BT values: (a) 0.25, (b) 0.5, (c) 1, (4) 5. Discuss the practical advantages and disadvantages of these cases. 5.23 Demonstrate mathematically that a r/4 QPSK data stream may be detected using an FM receiver (Hint: consider how an FM receiver responds to phase changes). 5.24 Demonstrate mathematically that a x/4 QPSK signal can be detected using the