SCIENCE PRE – SPANISH ERA (900 - 1565)
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
The systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and
natural world through observation and experiment .
AMERICAN PERIOD
POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
TECHNOLOGY
PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
The application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human
life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the PARADIGM
human environment.
A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns,
HOW IS SCIENCE USED IN TECHNOLOGY?
PARADIGM SHIFT?
Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through
A fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices
systematic observation and experiments. Through science, we develop
of a scientific discipline. Thomas Samuel Kuhn (07/18/1922 – 06/17/1996)
new technologies.
presented his notion of a paradigm shift in his influential book, The
SOCIETY Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). (Kuhn’s Paradigm)
A group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction. THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS
WHAT DOES SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY a book about the history of science by the philosopher Thomas S.
MEAN? Kuhn.
its publication was a landmark event in the history, philosophy
Study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and and sociology of scientific knowledge.
technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics
and culture. THE STEPS OF THE KUHN CYCLE
HOW SCIENCE CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON SOCIETY? PRE-SCIENCE
Also called the preparadigm stage. The field has no workable
Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. paradigm to successfully guide its work.
Scientific knowledge influences the way many individuals in society
NORMAL SCIENCE
think about themselves, others, and the environment.
Where the field has a scientifically based model of understanding
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND (a paradigm) that works.
SOCIETY? MODEL DRIFT
The model of understanding starts to drift, due to accumulation
The impact of science and technology on society is evident. But society of anomalies, and phenomenon, the model cannot explain.
also influences science. through pressure groups on specific issues, and
MODEL CRISIS
through generally accepted social views, values and priorities.
The Model Drift becomes so excessive the model is broken. It
can no longer serve as a reliable guide to problem solving. The
field is in anguish.
The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers MODEL REVOLUTION Intellectual revolutions that defined society
knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom. Begins when serious candidates for a new model emerge. It's a
revolution because the new model is so radically different from COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
- Isaac Asimov the old one. The shift in the field of astronomy from a geocentric understanding
PARADIGM CHANGE (also called Ptolemaic theory) of the universe attributed to Alexandrian
Also called a paradigm shift. Earlier steps have created the new astronomer, geographer, and mathematician Claudius Ptolemy,
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN model of understanding (the new paradigm). centered around Earth, to a heliocentric understanding, centered
THE PHILIPPINES around the Sun, as articulated by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus
Copernicus in the 16th century.
Department of Science and Technology (DOST; Kagawaran ng Agham
at Teknolohiya), is the executive department of the Philippine DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
government responsible for the coordination of science and technology-
related projects in the Philippines.
In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and geologist, INDIA
published his book, On the Origin of Species. In this book, Darwin
introduced the theory of evolution, DARWINISM, which posited that Known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works
populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the Medicine Ayurveda
fittest would survive. Astronomy – Ancient India were very interested in astronomy,
the study of stars and planets.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Math – tried to standardized measurement of length to a high
In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under degree of accuracy.
philosophy. In the late 19th Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s Aryabhata – 1st of the major mathematician – astronomer from
perception of psychology with his Revolutionary Theory of the classical age of Indian Mathematics and Astronomy.
PSYCHOANALYSIS. CHINA
Traditional medicine – Acupuncture
Is the study that explains human behavior. He argued that personality is a Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing tools.
product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego. The id Astronomy – heavenly bodies and lunar calendars.
(instincts) is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains
sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, ego (reality) is the MIDDLE EAST REVOLUTION / DEVELOPMENT OF
realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super SCIENCE IN MIDDLE EAST
ego, and the super-ego (morality) operates as a moral conscience.
Dominantly occupied by Muslims
INFORMATION REVOLUTION Greater value on science experiments.
Hasan lbn al-Haytham - was an Arab mathematician, astronomer
This has been the Era in which technology has been prevalent also
and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age. Also the Father of
known as the Computer Age.
Optics
Irving E. Fang (1997) identified six 'Information Revolutions': writing, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
printing, mass media, entertainment, the 'tool shed' (which we call - concept of the Algorithm in mathematics
'home' now), and the information highway. In this work the term - Algebra from (al-jabr Hisab al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabala)
'information revolution' is used in a narrow sense, to describe trends in
communication media. AFRICAN REVOLUTION / DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
AFRICA
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
- Development of geometry
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESO-AMERICA - Center of Alchemy
- Studied human anatomy and pharmacology.
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from - Astronomy
Southern Mexico up to the border of South America - Mathematics
This region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival
of its European colonizers.
The Maya civilization is one of the famous civilizations that
lasted for 2,000 years. These people were known for their works
in astronomy. For example, the pyramid at Chichen Itza in
Mexico is situated at the location of the Sun during the spring
and fall equinoxes.
ASIAN REVOLUTION/DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
ASIA
The Revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and
independence.
Nationhood along the improvement brought by it internally.
