Citing and Referencing:

Harvard Style
 Contents

1. What is referencing? 1 5.8 Citing an image/illustration/table/diagram/

photograph/figure/picture5

2. Why should I reference? 1 5.9 Citing from works with no obvious author 6

3. What should I reference? 2 5.10 Citing from multimedia works 6

5.11 Citing from an interview or personal communication 6

4. What is a citation? 2
5.12 Tips on good quotation practice 7
5. How do I write citations using
the Harvard style?3 6. How do I write a reference? 9
5.1 Citing one author 3 7. How do I write a reference list? 12
5.2 Citing two or three authors 3
8. Example of a reference list 12
5.3 Citing four or more authors 4
9. What is a bibliography? 15
5.4 Citing works by the same author written in the same year 4

5.5 Citing from chapters written by different authors 4

10. How to write references for your
reference list and bibliography:
5.6 Secondary referencing 4 Harvard style 15
5.7 Citing a direct quotation 5 11. Sources of further help 24
There are many styles that can be used for referencing. When you are given coursework
or dissertation guidelines, check which style of referencing your lecturer or department
asks you to use. If you don’t check, and you use a style that is not the one stated in
your guidelines, you could find you lose marks.

This guide introduces you to the Harvard referencing style, which uses an ‘author-date’
approach. If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use any particular style,
we recommend using Harvard. It’s easy to learn, simple to use, and there is lots of advice
available to help you out.

When you begin your research for any piece of work, it is important that you record the details
of all the information you find. You will need these details to provide accurate references, and
to enable you to locate the information again at a later date, should it be necessary to do so.
Section 6 of this guide will help you identify what information you need, regardless of which
referencing style you choose to use.

1. WHAT IS REFERENCING?

It is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have conducted a thorough and
appropriate literature search, and reading. Equally, referencing is an acknowledgement that
you have used the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your own work.
As with all referencing styles, there are two parts: citing, and the reference list.

2. WHY SHOULD I REFERENCE?

Referencing is crucial to carrying out successful research, and crucial to your readers What is
so they can see how you did your research. Knowing why you need to reference means referencing?
you will understand why it is important that you know how to reference. 1
1. A
ccurate referencing is a key component of good academic practice and enhances
the presentation of your work: it shows that your writing is based on knowledge
and informed by appropriate academic reading.

2. Y
ou will ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the sources you have used in
the development of your work, and give you credit for your research efforts and quality.

3. If you do not acknowledge another person’s work or ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism.

Plus your lecturers are very keen to see good reference lists. Impress them with the quality
of the information you use, and your references, and you will get even better marks.

3. WHAT SHOULD I REFERENCE?

You should include a reference for all the sources of information that you use when writing
or creating a piece of your own work.

4. WHAT IS A CITATION?

When you use another person’s work in your own work, either by referring to their ideas,
or by including a direct quotation, you must acknowledge this in the text of your work.
This acknowledgement is called a citation. When you are using the Harvard style, your
citation should include:

1. The author or editor of the cited work.

What is
2. The year of publication of the cited work. referencing?
2
5. HOW DO I WRITE CITATIONS USING THE HARVARD STYLE?

There are a number of rules relating to citations depending on the number of authors
of a work, and if you are citing a quotation.

5.1 Citing one author

A recent study investigated the effectiveness of using Google Scholar to find medical
research (Henderson, 2005).
or
Henderson (2005) has investigated the effectiveness of Google Scholar in finding
medical research.

5.2 Citing two or three authors

If the work has two or three authors, include all names in your citation. If the work has four or
more authors/editors the abbreviation ‘et al.’ should be used after the first author’s name. It is
also acceptable to use ‘et al.’ after the first author if the work has three authors. Please note,
although citations can be abbreviated, your reference list should state all authors’ names.
For more than three authors, see section 5.3.

Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published
is increasing (Errami & Garner, 2008).

Evidence shows that providing virtual laboratory exercises as well as practical laboratory
experience enhances the learning process (Barros, Read & Verdejo, 2008).

Using the
Harvard style
3
5.3 Citing four or more authors
If the work has four or more authors/editors the abbreviation ‘et al.’ should be used after
the first author’s name. It is also acceptable to use ‘et al.’ after the first author if the work Secondary referencing
has three authors. Please note, although citations can be abbreviated, your reference list You are advised that
should state all authors’ names. secondary referencing should
be avoided wherever possible
and you should always try
Social acceptance of carbon capture and storage is necessary
to find the original work. If it
for the introduction of technologies (van Alphen et al., 2007). is not possible to obtain the
original work please note that
5.4 Citing works by the same author written in the same year you reference the secondary
If you cite a new work which has the same author and was written in the same year as an earlier source not the primary
resource. Only reference the
citation, you must use a lower case letter after the date to differentiate between the works.
source that you have used.

Communication of science in the media has increasingly come under focus, particularly
where reporting of facts and research is inaccurate (Goldacre, 2008a; Goldacre, 2008b).

5.5 Citing from chapters written by different authors

Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from such
a book, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.

5.6 Secondary referencing

Secondary references are when an author refers to another author’s work and the primary
source is not available. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the author
of the work it was cited in should be used.

According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo (2005) as cited by Holding et al. (2008) most
patients given opiates do not become addicted to such drugs.
Using the
Harvard style
4
5.7 Citing a direct quotation
If a direct quote from a book, article, etc., is used you must:

• Use single quotation marks (double quotation marks are usually used
for quoting direct speech).

• State the page number.

Simons, Menzies and Matthews (2001) state that the principle of effective stress
is ‘imperfectly known and understood by many practising engineers’ (p.4).

5.8 Citing an image/illustration/table/diagram/photograph/figure/picture

You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations, photographs, diagrams,
tables or figures that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as with
any other type of work.

They should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged
and page numbers shown; both in your text where the diagram is discussed or introduced,
and in the caption you write for it.

In-text citation:

Table illustrating checklist of information for common sources (Pears & Shields,
2016:p.21).
or
‘Geological
  map of the easternmost region of São Nicolau’ (Ramalho et al., 2010:p.532).

Using the
Harvard style
5
5.9 Citing from works with no obvious author
If you need to cite a piece of work which does not have an obvious author, you should use
what is called a ‘corporate’ author. For example, many online publications will not have If there is no author
individually named authors, and in many cases the author will be an organisation or company. Be careful: if you cannot find
an author for online work, it
A national strategy is creating a framework to drive improvements in dementia services is not a good idea to use this
work as part of your research.
(Department of Health, 2009).
It is essential that you know
where a piece of work has
If you are unable to find either a named or corporate author, you should use ‘Anon’ as the originated, because you need
author name. to be sure of the quality and
reliability of any information
you use.
5.10 Citing from multimedia works
If you need to cite a multimedia work, you would usually use the title of the TV programme
(including online broadcasts) or video recording, or title of the film (whether on DVD or video)
as the author. If a video is posted on YouTube or other video-streaming service then you
should reference the person that uploaded the video (note this might be a username).
Therefore, your citation should use the title that you identify as the author.

5.11 Citing from an interview or personal communication

Always use the surname of the interviewee/practitioner as the author.

Using the
Harvard style
6
5.12 Tips on good quotation practice
Quotations longer than two lines should be inserted as a separate, indented paragraph.

Smith (2004) summarises the importance of mathematics to society and the knowledge
economy, stating that:

‘Mathematics
  provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit
for abstraction, generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and
technology. It enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new
technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and
change societal expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11)

or

A recent UK report summarised the importance of mathematics to society and the

knowledge economy, stating that:

‘Mathematics
  provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit
for abstraction, generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and
technology. It enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new
technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and
change societal expectations and standards of living.’ (Smith 2004: p.11)

Using the
Harvard style
7
If you want to insert a long quotation (over two lines) but do not to want include all of the
text, you can remove the unnecessary text and replace with ‘...’.
Inserting words
As summarised by Smith (2004): When you use quotations
within your text, sometimes
‘Mathematics
  provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for you may want to insert one
or two words in the quotation
abstraction, generalization and synthesis ... It enables us to probe the natural
so that your complete
universe and to develop new technologies that have helped us control and master sentence is grammatically
our environment, and change societal expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11) correct. To indicate that you
have inserted words into
You should only do this when you use a quotation taken from one paragraph. a quotation, these have to be
enclosed in square brackets.

Smith (2004) provides a number of reasons as to why mathematics is important,

stating that it is: Writing skills
At your academic level you
‘a
  powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization will be expected to develop
and synthesis ... [and] enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new your writing skills, and
this includes being able
technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change to discuss and demonstrate
societal expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11) an understanding of other
people’s work and ideas in
your own words. This is called
paraphrasing. It is much
better to paraphrase than
to use many quotations
when you write.

Using
What
theis
Harvard style
referencing?
8
6. HOW DO I WRITE A REFERENCE?

To write your own references you need different bits of information about each item that
you read when you are researching a piece of work. These bits of information are called
‘bibliographic’ information.

For all types of references the key bits of information you need to start with are:

1. Author or editor
2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording
3. Title of the item

This will form the basis of each reference you have to write. You may find that some items
are not as straightforward as others, so be aware of the following:

1. A
uthor/editor: This means the primary (main) person who produced the item you are
using. If you are using a website or web page, and there isn’t an author, you can use
what is called a ‘corporate author’. This will usually be the name of the organisation
or company to whom the website or web page belongs.

2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording: This means the date the item was produced.
It is usually a year, but if you are using a newspaper article, an email, or a television
recording, you will have to include a full date (day/month/year) in your reference.

3. Title of the item: This means the primary (main) title of the item you are using. That sounds
very obvious, but have a look at a web page and try to work out what the main title is.
We would advise common sense in this situation – you have to identify the key piece
of information that describes what you have used, and will allow the reader of your work How to
to identify that information. reference
9
The following table tells you about some of the variations you should look for when you are
collecting your reference information.

1. Primary author/editor 2. Date of publication 3. Primary title of item

Name of the person who The full date the email Subject of the email. This
Email wrote the email was sent: day/month/year may include RE: or FWD:

Name of the person or persons The year the journal issue Title of the article (not the
Journal article who wrote the article was published title of the journal)

Name of the journalist, or The full date on which the Title of the article (not the
Newspaper article if there is no journalist name, article was published: title of the newspaper)
the name of the newspaper day/month/year
This can be tricky. Use an Usually the current year, Title of the website
individual name if you can the year when the website
Website find one, or the name of the was last updated, or the latest
organisation or company to date next to the copyright
whom the website belongs statement/symbol
This can be tricky. Use an Usually the current year, but Title of the web page. You will
individual name if you can if the web page has a full date need to use the title of the
Web page find one, or the name of the of publication, you may also website if the web page doesn’t
organisation or company to need that: day/month/year have an individual title
whom the website belongs
Title of the programme, or if the The year the programme Title of the programme
programme is part of a series, was broadcast (it does not need to be written
TV broadcast use the series title twice if you used it as the
author information)
Name of the person being The full date on which No title needed
Personal interview interviewed the interview took place:
day/month/year
Name of the author The year the book Title of the book chapter
Book chapter of the chapter was published (not the title of the book) How to
reference
10
Depending on the type of material you want to reference you will also need other bits
of information, such as:

• Name of publisher • Report number

• Place of publication • Book or conference editor (if not your

primary author)
• Page numbers
• Book or conference title (if not your
• Volume number primary title)

• Issue number • Journal title (the journal article title

will be your primary title)
• URL (website or web page address)
• Date of access (for online material)
• DOI (Digital Object Identifier –
for published outputs)

• Title of conference proceedings

The more references you have to write, the more familiar you will be with what you need
to know. If you are unsure, check our guides, ask us, or check with your lecturers.

How to
reference
11
7. HOW DO I WRITE A REFERENCE LIST?

This is your list of all the sources that have been cited in the assignment. The list is inclusive
showing books, journals, etc., listed in one list, not in separate lists according to source type.

• The list should be in alphabetical order by author/editor.

• Books, paper or electronic journal articles, etc., are written in a particular format that must
be followed.

• Your reference list contains all the items you have cited or directly quoted from.

• When you have used more than one piece of work by the same author, in your reference list
you should list the works in date order, beginning with the most recently published work.

8. EXAMPLE OF A REFERENCE LIST

Barros, B., Read, T. & Verdejo, M. F. (2008) Virtual collaborative experimentation:

an approach combining remote and local labs. IEEE Transactions on Education. 51 (2),
242–250. Available from: http://dx.doi.org doi:10.1109/TE.2007.908071.

Department of Health. (2009) Living well with dementia: a national dementia strategy.
Available from: www.gov.uk/government/publications/living-well-with-dementia-
a-national-dementia-strategy [Accessed 4th June 2015].

Errami, M. & Garner, H. (2008) A tale of two citations. Nature. 451 (7177), 397–399.
Writing a
reference list
12
Goldacre, B. (2008a) Dore – the media’s miracle cure for dyslexia. Bad Science. Weblog.
Available from: http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-
dyslexia/#more-705 [Accessed 19th June 2015].

Goldacre, B. (2008b) Trivial Disputes. Bad Science. Weblog. Available from:

http://www.badscience.net/2008/02/trivial-disputes-2/ [Accessed 19th June 2015].

Henderson, J. (2005) Google Scholar: A source for clinicians? Canadian Medical

Association Journal. 172 (12), 1549–1550.

Holding, M. Y., Saulino, M. F., Overton, E. A., Kornbluth, I. D. & Freedman, M. K. (2008)
Interventions in Chronic Pain Management. 1. Update on Important Definitions in Pain
Management. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89 (3, Supplement 1),
S38–S40.

Pears, R. & Shields, G. (2016) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide.
Palgrave study skills. 10th ed. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.

Ramalho, R., Helffrich, G., Schmidt, D.N. & Vance, D. (2010) Tracers of uplift and
subsidence in the Cape Verde archipelago. Journal of the Geological Society. 167 (3),
519–538. Available from: doi:10.1144/0016-76492009-056.

Simons, N. E., Menzies, B. & Matthews, M. (2001) A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope
Engineering. London, Thomas Telford Publishing. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.
com?ID=93941 [Accessed 18th June 2015].

Smith, A. (2004) Making mathematics count: the report of Professor Adrian Smith’s
inquiry into post-14 mathematics education. London, The Stationery Office. Writing a
reference list
13
 Van Alphen, K., Voorst, Q. V. T., Kekkert, M. P. & Smits, R.E.H.M. (2007) Societal
acceptance of carbon capture and storage technologies. Energy Policy. 35 (8),
4368–4380.

The layout for each type of publication can be found on the following pages. If you are using
the bibliographic software Ref  Works, you should use the ‘Imperial College London – Harvard’
style which follows the same format as this guide.

Writing a
reference list
14
9. WHAT IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY?

There may be items which you have consulted for your work, but not cited. These can be listed
at the end of your assignment in a ‘bibliography’. These items should be listed in alphabetical
order by author and laid out in the same way as items in your reference list. If you can cite from
every work you consulted, you will only need a reference list. If you wish to show to your reader
(examiner) the unused research you carried out, the bibliography will show your extra effort.

Always check the guidance you are given for coursework, dissertations, etc., to find out if
you are expected to submit work with a reference list and a bibliography. If in doubt, ask
your lecturer or supervisor.

10. HOW TO WRITE REFERENCES FOR YOUR REFERENCE LIST

AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: HARVARD STYLE

Remember: Your lecturers consider accurate and consistent referencing to be an important

part of your academic work. Always check your course guidelines so you know which
style of referencing to use, and always use the help guides especially if you’re using If you cannot find the type
a new style. of work you need to provide
a reference for, please contact
your librarian for more help
The examples on the following pages are in two parts: (see section 11).

• the information you should collect about each piece of work you use; and

• how this information is presented when you write a full reference.

Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography
15
Book: print
• Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• (Year of publication)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Series title and number (if part of a series)
• Edition (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher

Simons, N. E., Menzies, B. & Matthews, M. (2001) A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope
Engineering. London, Thomas Telford Publishing.

Book: online/electronic
• Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• (Year of publication)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Edition (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher
• Available from: URL
• [Date of access]

Simons, N. E., Menzies, B. & Matthews, M. (2001) A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope
Engineering. London, Thomas Telford Publishing. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.
com?ID=93941 [Accessed 18th June 2015].

Layouts for your

reference list and
bibliography
16
Book: chapter in an edited book
• Author of the chapter
• (Year of publication)
• Title of chapter followed by In:
• Editor (always put (ed.) after the name)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Series title and number (if part of a series)
• Edition (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher
• Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’ where there are
multiple pages)

Partridge, H. & Hallam, G. (2007) Evidence-based practice and information literacy.

In: Lipu, S., Williamson, K. & Lloyd, A. (eds.) Exploring methods in information literacy
research. Wagga Wagga, Australia, Centre for Information Studies, pp. 149–170.

Journal article: print

• Author
• (Year of publication)
• Title of journal article
• Title of journal (this should be in italics)
• Volume number
• Issue number
• Page numbers of the article (do not use ‘p.’ before the page numbers)

Chhibber, P. K. & Majumdar, S. K. (1999) Foreign ownership and profitability: Property Layouts for your
rights, control, and the performance of firms in Indian industry. Journal of Law & reference list and
Economics. 42 (1), 209–238. bibliography
17
Journal article: online/electronic
Most online articles will have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and you should use this in
your reference. The DOI is a permanent identifier provided by publishers so that the article To find the DOI, when you
can always be found, if the article has a DOI you will not usually be required to add a date read an article online, check
of access. the article details as you will
usually find the DOI at the
start of the article. For more
If the article only has a URL then do include a date of access. Always check your student
help, contact your librarian.
handbook and coursework guidance as some lecturers/tutors will provide specific guidance
on the use of DOI or URL.

To find the DOI, when you read an article online, check the article details as you will usually
find the DOI at the start of the article. For more help, contact your librarian.

If you read the article in a full-text database service, such as Factiva or EBSCO, and do not
have a DOI or direct URL to the article you should use the database URL.

• Author
• (Year of publication)
• Title of journal article
• Title of journal (this should be in italics)
• Volume number
• (Issue number)
• Page numbers of the article
• Available from: URL [Date of access] or DOI

Errami, M. & Garner, H. (2008) A tale of two citations. Nature. 451 (7177), 397–399.
Available from: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7177/full/451397a.html Layouts for your
[Accessed 20th January 2015]. reference list and
or bibliography
18
 Wang, F., Maidment, G., Missenden, J. & Tozer, R. (2007) The novel use of phase change
materials in refrigeration plant. Part 1: Experimental investigation. Applied Thermal
Engineering. 27 (17–18), 2893–2901. Available from: http://dx.doi.org Note
doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.06.011. Articles published online may
or not have page numbers.
Read, B. (2008) Anti-cheating crusader vexes some professors. Chronicle of Higher
Education. 54 (25). Available from: http://global.factiva.com/ [Accessed 18th June 2015].

Pre-print journal articles

It is likely you will find articles available online prior to being submitted to the peer review
procedure and published in a journal. These articles are preprints and may be placed in an
online repository or on a publisher’s website (but not in a specific journal issue). Note: there
will not be volume, issue or page numbers assigned to preprint articles. Note
There will not be volume,
issue or page numbers
• Author/s assigned to pre-print articles.
• (Year of writing)
• Title of journal article
• Submitted to/To be published in (if this information is with the article)
• Title of journal (in italics)
• Name of repository (in italics)
• [Preprint]
• Available from: URL (if available)
• [Date of access]

Silas, P., Yates, J.R. & Haynes, P.D. (2008) Density-functional investigation of the
rhombohedral to simple cubic phase transition of arsenic. To be published in Physical
Review B. Arxiv. [Preprint] Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.1692. [Accessed: Layouts for your
23rd July 2010]. reference list and
bibliography
19
Conference proceeding: individual paper
• Author
• (Year of publication)
• Title of conference paper followed by, In:
• Editor/Organisation (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• Title of conference proceeding (this should be in italics)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before a single page number and ‘pp.’ where there are
multiple pages)

Wittke, M. (2006) Design, construction, supervision and long-term behaviour of tunnels

in swelling rock. In: Van Cotthem, A., Charlier, R., Thimus, J.-F. and Tshibangu, J.-P.
(eds.) Eurock 2006: Multiphysics coupling and long term behaviour in rock mechanics:
Proceedings of the International Symposium of the International Society for Rock
Mechanics, EUROCK 2006, 9–12 May 2006, Liège, Belgium. London, Taylor & Francis.
pp. 211–216.

Standard
• Name of Standard Body/Institution
• (Year of publication)
• Standard number
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Place of publication
• Publisher

British Standards Institution. (2005) BS EN 1993-1-2:2005. Eurocode 3. Design of steel Layouts for your
structures. General rules. Structural fire design. London, BSI. reference list and
bibliography
20
Report
• Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• (Year of publication)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Organisation
• Report number: followed by the number of the report (if part of a report series)

Leatherwood, S. (2001) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North Atlantic.
U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Report number: 63.

Map
• Author (usually the organisation responsible for publishing the map)
• (Year of publication)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Scale
• Series title and number (if part of a series)
• Place of publication
• Publisher

British Geological Survey. (1998) South London. 270, 1:50 000. London, British
Geological Survey.

Layouts for your

reference list and
bibliography
21
Web page/website
• Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named)
• (Year of publication) (if available; if there is no date, use the abbreviation n.d.)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Available from: URL
• [Date of access]

European Space Agency. (2015) Rosetta: rendezvous with a comet. Available from:
http://rosetta.esa.int [Accessed 15th June 2015].

Email: personal
Personal emails should be cited within the text but not included in the reference list since
the reference is not traceable. When referencing a personal communication, you should ask
permission from the person/people involved before inclusion.

• Sender
• (Year of communication)
• Email sent to
• Name of receiver
• Date and month of communication

Harrison, R. (2014) Email sent to Mimi Weiss Johnson, 10th June.

Layouts for your

reference list and
bibliography
22
Personal communication
• Name of practitioner
• Occupation
• (Personal communication, followed by the date when the information was provided)

Law, James. Engineering consultant. (Personal communication, 26th April 2014).

• Sender/speaker/author
• (Year of communication)
• Medium of communication (this could be telephone conversation, fax,
email or personal interview)
• Receiver of communication
• Date and month of communication

Harrison, R. (2010) Telephone conversation with Jenny Evans, 19th June.

Lecture/presentation
• Name of lecturer/presenter
• (Year of lecture/presentation)
• Title of lecture/presentation (this should be in italics)
• [Lecture/Presentation]
• Title of module/degree course (if appropriate)
• Name of institution or location
• Date of lecture/presentation (day month)

Wagner, G. (2006) Structural and functional studies of protein interactions in gene

expression. [Lecture] Imperial College London, 12th December. Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography
23
11. SOURCES OF FURTHER HELP

For more referencing examples:

www.imperial.ac.uk/library/learning-support/reference-management

Want to use reference management software?

The Library supports Ref Works, Mendeley and Zotero for undergraduate and
Master’s students, and EndNote for postgraduate research students and staff.
For information and training workshops:
www.imperial.ac.uk/library/learning-support/reference-management

To contact your librarian for more advice:

www.imperial.ac.uk/library/subject-support

Sources of
further
Whathelp
is
referencing?
24
CONTACT US

www.imperial.ac.uk/library
[email protected]
@imperiallibrary September 2020