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Electric Machines Lab: Open Ended Lab Report

This document discusses controlling the speed of DC motors. It explains that DC motors convert direct current into mechanical energy. Speed can be controlled through three methods - flux control, armature control, and voltage control. Flux control involves adding resistance in the field winding or armature to adjust the magnetic flux and thereby control speed. Armature control uses resistance in series with the armature to adjust current and speed. Voltage control directly adjusts the voltage applied to change motor speed. Applications include household appliances and electric vehicles. Speed control is achieved differently for shunt and series motors using these various methods and circuits.

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303 views8 pages

Electric Machines Lab: Open Ended Lab Report

This document discusses controlling the speed of DC motors. It explains that DC motors convert direct current into mechanical energy. Speed can be controlled through three methods - flux control, armature control, and voltage control. Flux control involves adding resistance in the field winding or armature to adjust the magnetic flux and thereby control speed. Armature control uses resistance in series with the armature to adjust current and speed. Voltage control directly adjusts the voltage applied to change motor speed. Applications include household appliances and electric vehicles. Speed control is achieved differently for shunt and series motors using these various methods and circuits.

Uploaded by

Saad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electric Machines Lab

OPEN ENDED LAB REPORT

“CONTROLLING METHOD OF DC-MOTOR”

Fall 2019
Section (5A)

Submitted By:

MUHAMMAD EHTISHAM FA18-BME-029

Submitted To:
“Engr. ABDULLAH SHAUKAT”

Department of Mechanical Engineering


COMSATS University Islamabad
Wah Campus
WHAT IS DC MOTOR ?
A DC motor is defined as a class of electrical motors that convert direct current electrical energy
into mechanical energy.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR

When kept in a magnetic field, a current-carrying conductor gains torque and develops a tendency to
move. In short, when electric fields and magnetic fields interact, a mechanical force arises. This is the
principle on which the DC motors work.

DC Motor Working Explained


A magnetic field arises in the air gap when the field coil of the DC motor is energised. The created
magnetic field is in the direction of the radii of the armature. The magnetic field enters the armature from
the North pole side of the field coil and “exits” the armature from the field coil’s South pole side. The
conductors located on the other pole are subjected to a force of the same intensity but in the opposite
direction. These two opposing forces create a torque that causes the motor armature to rotate.

DIAGRAM:
APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTOR:

They have a wide range of applications in products such as household appliances, vehicles, and
factories. They are used in printers, fuel pumps, and electric vehicles. While in spacecraft
applications, they are used in solar airplane, electric aircraft, and propulsion systems and many more.

DC MOTOR CONTROLLING METHODS:

Speed Control of Shunt Motor


The three methods which we discuss are;

a) Flux Control Method

b) Armature Control Method

c) Voltage Control Method

1) Flux Control Method


It is already explained above that the speed of a dc motor is inversely proportional to the flux per pole.
Thus by decreasing the flux, speed can be increased and vice versa..To control the flux, a rheostat is
added in series with the field winding, as shown in the circuit diagram. Adding more resistance in series
with the field winding will increase the speed as it decreases the flux. In shunt motors, as field current is
relatively very small, Ish2R loss is small. Therefore, this method is quite efficient. Though speed can be
increased above the rated value by reducing flux with this method, it puts a limit to maximum speed as
weakening of field flux beyond a limit will adversely affect the commutation.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2) Armature Control Method

Speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf Eb and Eb = V - IaRa. That means,
when supply voltage V and the armature resistance Ra are kept constant, then the speed is
directly proportional to armature current Ia. Thus, if we add resistance in series with the armature,
Ia decreases and, hence, the speed also decreases. Greater the resistance in series with the
armature, greater the decrease in speed.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Voltage Control Method;

a) Multiple voltage control:


In this method, the shunt field is connected to a fixed exciting voltage and armature is supplied
with different voltages. Voltage across armature is changed with the help of suitable switchgear.
The speed is approximately proportional to the voltage across the armature

b) Ward-Leonard System:
M2 is the motor to which speed control is required.
M1 may be any AC motor or DC motor with constant speed.
G is a generator directly coupled to M1.
In this method, the output from generator G is fed to the armature of the motor M 2 whose speed is
to be controlled. The output voltage of generator G can be varied from zero to its maximum value
by means of its field regulator and, hence, the armature voltage of the motor M 2 is varied very
smoothly. Hence, very smooth speed control of the dc motor can be obtained by this method.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Speed Control of Series Motor


The three method which we will use are:

1. Flux Control Method

2. Variable Resistance In Series With Armature

3. Series-Parallel Control

1. Flux Control Method

▪ Field diverter: A variable resistance is connected parallel to the series field as shown in figure. This
variable resistor is called as a diverter, as the desired amount of current can be diverted through
this resistor and, hence, current through field coil can be decreased. Thus, flux can be decreased
to the desired amount and speed can be increased.
▪ Armature diverter:

Diverter is connected across the armature as shown in figure. For a given constant load torque, if
armature current is reduced then the flux must increase, as Ta ∝ ØIa
This will result in an increase in current taken from the supply and hence flux Ø will increase and
subsequently speed of the motor will decrease.
Tapped field control:
As shown in figure field coil is tapped dividing number of turns. Thus we can select different value
of Ø by selecting different number of turns.

▪ Paralleling field coils

In this method, several speeds can be obtained by regrouping coils as shown in figure .

2. Variable Resistance In Series With Armature


By introducing resistance in series with the armature, voltage across the armature can be reduced. And,
hence, speed reduces in proportion with it.

3. Series-Parallel Control
This system is widely used in electric traction, where two or more mechanically coupled series motors are
employed. For low speeds, the motors are connected in series, and for higher speeds, the motors are
connected in parallel.
When in series, the motors have the same current passing through them, although voltage across each
motor is divided. When in parallel, the voltage across each motor is same although the current gets
divided.

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