Application Development using

Python(18CS55)

VTU Question Paper - Solutions

MODULE 1
1 a. Demonstrate with example print(), input() and string replication. 6M
Ans # A Hello world program
print("Hello World")
print("What is your name?") #1
my_name = input() #2
print("It is good to meet you, "+my_name)
# obtain user’s lucky number
lucky_num=int(input(“Enter your lucky number: “))
#print out ‘hello’ lucky_num number of times
print(‘hello’*lucky_num) #3

Output:
What is your name?
Jenna
It is good to meet you, Jenna
Enter your lucky number : 3
hellohellohello

#1 print()
► print('Hello world!')
► print('What is your name?') # ask for their name
► print() is a function.
► The string to be displayed is passed as a value to the function
► Value passed to a function is called an argument.
► The quotes just begin and end the string and are not printed.
► It can be used to insert a blank line: print()

#2 input()
► Waits for user to type something and hit “ENTER”.
► myName=input()
► Assigns a string to a user.
► print(“It is good to meet you, ”+myName)
► A single string is passed to the print() function.

#3 String Replication
► String Replication operator: When used with one string and one integer values,
it replicates the string.
► >>> "hello"*3
'alicealicealicealice'
► >>> 4*"bob"
'bobbobbobbob'
>>> "alice"*"bob"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'str'
b Explain elif, for, while, break and continue statements in Python with 10
examples of each m

Ans. ► There is a possibility of many possible clauses under the if statement.

 ► elif is an else if that follows an if or another elif statement
► Provides another condition to be checked if previous condition evaluates to
False.
► elif keyword
► Condition (boolean expression that evaluates to True or False)
► Indented block of code (elif clause)
► When there is a chain of elif clauses, only one of them will execute.
► Once one of the conditions if found to be True, rest of the elif clauses
are automatically skipped.

if name== “Alice”:
print (“Alice”)
elif age <12:
print(“You’re just a kid”)
elif age < 5:
print(“you’re just a baby”)

while

► Used to execute a block of code over and over again.

► while keyword
► A condition (expression that evaluates
to True or False.)
► A colon
► Starting on the next line : an indented
block of code – while clause
► In while loop, condition is always
checked at the beginning of the while loop.
► The first time the condition evaluates to
False the iteration is skipped.
►
spam = 0
print("\nwhile statement")
while spam < 5:
print("Hello World")
spam =spam +1
Output:
while statement
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World

break
► break : will break out of a loop when it is encountered.

name = ''
while True:
name = input("Enter your name:")
if name == 'Max':
break
print('Thank you')

continue
 ► On encountering a continue statement, program execution immediately
jumps back to the start of the loop.
► Reevaluates the condition.
► This is similar to what happens when execution reaches the end of t
►
►
► he loop.

while True:
print('Who are you?')
name = input()
if name != 'Max':
continue
print('Hello Max. What is your password?')
pswd = input()
if pswd == '123':
break

print('Access granted')

c. Write a Python program to check whether a given number is even or odd 4m

num = int(input())

evenodd.py

if num % 2 == 0:
print(“Number is Even”)
else:
print(“Number is Odd”)

Output:
> python evenodd.py
4
Number is Even

> python evenodd.py

3
Number is odd

2.a. How can we pass parameters in user defined functions? Explain with suitable 5m
examples.
Ans. ► A function is a mini-program within a program.
► Purpose: group code that gets executed multiple times
► Avoid duplication of code
► Deduplication makes your programs shorter, easier to read, and easier to
update
► Pass values to functions (parameters)
► A parameter is a variable that an argument is stored in when a function is
called
► hello(“Alice”) : variable name is automatically set to “Alice”.
► Value stored in parameter is destroyed when function returns
► The scope is local
def hello(name):
print("Hello " + name)
hello("Alice")
hello("Bob")
print(name)

Output:
 Hello Alice
Hello Bob
NameError: name 'name' is not defined

► Some arguments are identified by the position.

► Eg. random.randint(1,10) signifies start, stop
► keyword arguments are identified by the keyword put before them in the
function call
► print() function has two optional parameters – end and sep
► end=‘’ : useful in getting rid of the new line
>>>print('hello', end='')
>>> print('cats','dogs','mice')
>>> print('cats','dogs','mice',sep=',')

b. Explain local and global scope with local and global variables 8m
Ans. ► Local scope: Parameters and variables that are assigned in a called function
► Local variables : exists in a local scope
► Global scope : Variables that are assigned outside all functions
► Global variable : exists in a global scope
► Scope : container for variables
► When scope is destroyed, the variables are forgotten
► Global scope is created when the program begins.
► When program terminates: global scope is destroyed.
► Local scope is created whenever function is called.
► Destroyed when function returns.
► Code in the global scope cannot use any local variables
► a local scope can access global variables
► Code in a function’s local scope cannot use variables in any other local
scope.
► Permitted to use same name for different variables if they are in different
scopes.
► Reason for scope
► Easier to debug.
► Always good practice to use local variables for long programs.
► Local Variables Cannot Be Used in the Global Scope
► Only global variables can be used in global scope.
► Local Scopes Cannot Use Variables in Other Local Scopes
► local variables in one function are completely separate from the local
variables in another function
def foo():
x=3
print(x) # Error as x is not defined in global scope

def foo():
x = 3 # belongs to scope of foo
def bar():
x+=2 # error : as x is not defined in bar()
foo()
bar()

► to modify a global variable from within a function

► 4 rules to determine scope
1. If variable is used in the global scope
2. If global statement is used.
3. If variable is used in an assignment statement within a function, it is local.
4. If variable is not used in an assignment statement within a function, it is global
def foo():
global x
 print("Inside foo: x= ",x) #Inside foo: x=10
x=10
foo()
print("Global value of x=",x) #Global value of x=10

c. Demonstrate the concept of exception. Implement a code which prompts 7m

user for Celsius temperature, convert the temperature to Fahrenheit, and
print out the converted temperature by handling the exception.
Ans. ► If an error is encountered, the python program crashes.
► Practically, it is better if errors were handled gracefully.
► Detect errors, handle them, continue to run.
► Eg. Divide-by-zero error
► Syntactically the program is correct and hence these errors cannot be detected
until runtime.

temp_conv.py
try:
temp_celsius = float(input(“Enter temperature in Celsius:”) )
temp_fahrenheit = (temp_celsius *(9/5))+32
print(“Temperature in Fahrenheit is : “, temp_fahrenheit)
except:
print(“Enter a valid value for temperature”)

Output:
> python temp_conv.py
Enter temperature in Celsius: 45
Temperature in Fahrenheit is : 113

> python temp_conv.py

Enter temperature in Celsius: forty
Enter a valid value for temperature
MODULE 2
3.a. What is a list? Explain append(), insert(), and remove() methods with 8m
examples.
Ans. ► list is a value that contains multiple values in an ordered sequence
► list value - value that can be stored in a variable or passed to a function like
any other value
► a list begins with an opening square bracket and ends with a closing square
bracket, []
► Items are separated with commas (comma delimited)
► [] is an empty list – contains no values
>>> [1,2,3]
[1,2,3]
>>> ['python','dbms','os']
['python','dbms','os']
>>> ['Max',23,83.5,True]
['Max',23,83.5,True]
>>> student=['Max',23,83.5,True]
>>> student
['Max',23,83.5,True]
>>> type(student)
<class ‘list’>
>>>[]
► Lists can also contain other list values.
► If only one value is used for the index, full list value is printed.
► If two index values are used, the second indicates the value in to access
inside the list value.
► Negative Indices :
► -1 : indicates last value in a list
► -2 : indicates second last value and so on.
>>> student=['Max',23,[75,80,62]]
 >>> student[2]
[75,80,62]
>>> marks=[52,82,92,98]
>>> marks[-1]
98
► append() : adds argument to the end of the list.
► insert() : can insert a value at any index in a list.
** notice that the return value of append() and insert() is None.
► The list is modified in place
► Methods belong to certain data types.
► append() and insert() does not work with other data types – generates
an Attribute Error
>>> subjects = ['dbms','os','python']
>>> subjects.append('Java')
>>> subjects.insert(1, 'aca')
>>> subjects
[‘dbms’,’aca’,’os’,’python’,’Java’]
>>>x=5
>>>x.append(6)
AttributeError
>>> x.insert(1,7)
AttributeError

► remove() – removes the occurrence of the value from the list

► If there are multiple instances, the first instance is removed.
► If it is not present, ValueError is generated.
>>> subjects= ['dbms', 'aca', 'os', 'python', 'Java', ‘os’]
>>> subjects.remove('dbms')
>>> subjects
['aca', 'os', 'python', 'Java',’os’]
>>> subjects.remove('os')
>>> subjects
['aca', 'python', 'Java',’os’]

b. How is tuple different from a list and which function is used to convert list to 5m
a tuple.
Ans. ► Tuples are typed with parantheses, ( and )
► Tuples are immutable
► In other aspects they are identical to lists.
► TypeError is generated if there is an attempt to modify a tuple.
► A singleton tuple needs to be specified with a value followed by a comma
► Otherwise, Python will interpret it as a value inside a parantheses.
► Use tuples to convey a message that the sequence is not meant to change.
► To use an ordered sequence that does not change, use a tuple.
► Since contents of tuples do not change, Python can slightly optimize code that
uses tuples as compared to lists.

>>> a=tuple([1,2,3])
>>> a
(1,2,3)
>>> subjects=('dbms','os','python')
>>> subjects
('dbms','os','python') # indexes can be used to access items in tuples
>>> subjects[1]
'os'
>>> subjects[1:] # tuples can be sliced the same way as lists because
# slicing returns a new tuple
('os','python')
>>>subjects[1]=‘java’ # tuples are immutable, this assignment is acceptable in lists,
# In tuples, it results in an error.
 Type Error

c. Create a function to print out a blank tic-tac-toe board 7m

Ans. ► looks like a large hash symbol (#)
► nine slots
► Each can contain an X, an O, or a blank.
► To represent using a dictionary, each slot can be given a string-value key.

►
tic-tac.py
tictac = {'low-L':' ','low-M':' ','low-R':' ',
'mid-L':' ','mid-M':' ','mid-R':' ',
'top-L':' ','top-M':' ','top-R':' '}
def print_board():
print(tictac['top-L']+'|'+tictac['top-M']+'|'+tictac['top-R'])
print('-+-+-')
print(tictac['mid-L']+'|'+tictac['mid-M']+'|'+tictac['mid-R'])
print('-+-+-')
print(tictac['low-L']+'|'+tictac['low-M']+'|'+tictac['low-R'])
print_board()
Output:

4.a. Discuss get(), items(), keys(), values() dictionary methods in Python with 8m
examples.
Ans. ► Tedious to check if key exists before accessing the value.
► get() : takes 2 arguments
► Key of the value to retrieve
► Fallback value to return if the key does not exist.
>>> items={'pen':5, 'stapler':1, 'marker': 3}
>>> print("I have",items.get('pen',0), 'pens')
I have 5 pens
>>> print("I have",items.get('pencil',0), 'pencils')
I have 0 pencils

Keys(), values(), items()

► Returns list-like values
► These lists returned are not true lists: They cannot be modified and do not
have an append() method.
► Their data types are dict_keys, dict_values, dict_items
► Can be used in for loops.
Create a dictionary of items.
Ask user to enter the name of item and the number of it.
 If item exists, add the number to the existing count.
If item does not exist, create new item with the number
items={'pen':5, 'stapler':1, 'marker': 3}
while True:
print("Enter item(blank to quit):")
item = input()
if item=='':
break
number = int(input("Number:"))
items[item]=items.get(item,0)+number
print(items)

Sample output
#items={'pen':5, 'stapler':1, 'marker': 3}
python items_get.py
Enter item(blank to quit):
stapler
Number:3
Enter item(blank to quit):
eraser
Number:4
Enter item(blank to quit):
{'pen': 5, 'stapler': 4, 'marker': 3, 'eraser': 4}

>>> codes = {'red':'#FF0000','sky-blue':'#87CEEB','coral':'#FF7F50'}

>>> codes.values()
dict_values(['#FF0000', '#87CEEB', '#FF7F50'])
>>> codes.keys()
dict_keys(['red', 'sky-blue', 'coral'])
>>> type(codes.values())
<class ‘dict_values’]
>>> type(codes.keys())
<class ‘dict_keys’>
>>> type(codes.items())
<class ‘dict_items’>
>>> codes.items()
dict_items([('red', '#FF0000'), ('sky-blue', '#87CEEB'), ('coral', '#FF7F50')])
>>> list(codes.keys())
['red', 'sky-blue', 'coral']
#use multiple assignment
>>> for color,hexa in codes.items():
... print('Color:',color,'Value:',hexa)
Color: red Value: #FF0000
Color: sky-bule Value:#87CEEB
Color: coral Value: #FF7F50

b. With example code, explain join() and split() string methods 6m

Ans. ► join() : a list of strings that need to be joined together into a single string
value
► Method is called on a string
► Passed a list of strings
► Returns a string : concatenation of each string in the passed-in list
► string join() calls on is inserted between each string of the list argument
>>> ', '.join(['cats', 'rats', 'bats'])
‘cats,rats,bats’
>>> ' '.join(['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon'])
'My name is Simon'
>>> 'ABC'.join(['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon'])
'MyABCnameABCisABCSimon'
 ► split(): called on a string value and returns a list of strings.
► By default, split occurs wherever whitespace characters are seen.
► space, tab, or newline characters
► Whitespace characters are not included in the strings in the returned list.
► A delimiter may be passed to specify a different string to be split upon.
► A common use of split() is to split a multiline string along the newline
characters.
>>> 'My name is Simon'.split()
['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon']
>>> 'MyABCnameABCisABCSimon'.split('ABC')
['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon']
>>> 'My name is Simon'.split('m')
['My na', 'e is Si', 'on']
c. Develop a program to accept a sentence from the user and display the 6m
longest word of that sentence along with its length

Ans.
Longestword.py

sentence = input()
sentence=sentence.lower()

words =sentence.split() # by default it splits across whitespace.

words.sort(key=len) # to sort according to length

print(words[-1], ’:’, len(words[-1])

Sample output:
>python Longestword.py
Application Development using Python
development, 11

Alternatively, this can be done using a dictionary also.

sentence =input()
sentence = sentence.lower()
words = sentence.lower()

words.sentence.split()

wl = {}

for w in words:
wl[w] = len(w)

# we need to sort by length

wl_list =[]
for k,v in wl.items():
wl_list.append( (v,k))

wl_list.sort()
print(wl_list[-1][1],’:’, wl_list[-1][0]) # prints the word and corresponding length

MODULE 3
5 a. What are regular expressions? Describe question mark, star, plus and dot 9m
regex symbols with suitable Python code snippet
Ans. Regular expressions are used for pattern matching. They have special characters that
are interpreted for the purpose of matching patterns in text.
► 1. Import the regex module with import re.
► 2. Create a Regex object with the re.compile() function. (Remember to use
 a raw string.)
► 3. Pass the string you want to search into the Regex object’s search()
method.
► This returns a Match object.
► 4. Call the Match object’s group() method to return a string of the actual
matched text.

Optional matching with ?

 a pattern to match only optionally
► ? character flags the group that precedes it as an optional part
► (wo)? : pattern wo is an optional group
► Match has zero instances or one instance text that of wo in it

>>> spider_re = re.compile(r'Spider(wo)?man')

>>> mo1 = spider_re.search('The Amazing Spiderman')
>>> mo1.group()
Spiderman
>>> mo2 = spider_re.search('The all new Spiderwoman')
>>> mo2.group()
Spiderwoman

Here the ‘wo’ is matched optionally.

Matching 0 or more with the star

► * (called the star or asterisk) means “match zero or more”.

► Group that precedes the star can occur any number of times in the text
► can be completely absent
► Or repeated over and over again
► ‘Spiderman’ (wo)* part of the regex matches zero instances
► ‘Spiderwoman', the (wo)* matches one instance of wo
► ‘Spiderwowowowoman', (wo)* matches four instances of wo
>>> spider_re = re.compile(r'Spider(wo)*man')
>>> mo1 = spider_re.search('The adventures of Spiderman')
>>> mo1.group()
Spiderman
>>> mo2 = spider_re.search('The adventures of Spiderwoman')
>>> mo2.group()
Spiderwoman
>>> mo3 = spider_re.search('The adventures of Spiderwowowowoman')
>>> mo3.group()
Spiderwowowowoman

Matching one or more with plus

► + (or plus) means “match one or more.”

► group preceding a plus must appear at least once
► Spider(wo)+man 'The Amazing Spiderman‘ - will not return a match
>>> spider_re = re.compile(r'Spider(wo)+man')
>>> mo1 = spider_re.search('The Amazing Spiderman')
>>> mo1.group()

>>> mo2 = spider_re.search('The Amazing Spiderwoman')

>>> mo2.group()
Spiderwoman

Wildcard character
► . (or dot) character : a wildcard and will match any character except for a
newline
► .* “anything.”
► . “any single character except the newline”
► * : “zero or more of the preceding character”
 ► Uses greedy mode
► Non greedy mode : .*?

>>> nameRegex = re.compile(r'First Name: (.*) Last Name: (.*)')

>>> mo = nameRegex.search('First Name: Al Last Name: Sweigart')
>>> mo.group(1)
'Al'
>>> mo.group(2)
'Sweigart'

b. With code snippet, explain saving variables using the shelve module and 6m
PPrint Pformat() functions.
Ans. ► Used to save variables in your Python programs to binary shelf files
► program can restore data to variables from the hard drive.
► Shelve module : allows you to Save and Open features to your program.
► To read and write data, call shelve.open() and pass file name.
► Notice that 3 files, 'mydata.bak', 'mydata.dat', 'mydata.dir‘ get created in the
current working directory. (On OS X, mydata.db is created)
>>> import shelve
>>> shelfFile = shelve.open('mydata')
>>> topics=['read files','write files','append']
>>> shelfFile['topics']=topics
>>> shelfFile.close()
>>> os.listdir()
mydata.bak mydata.dat mydata.dir
>>> sf= shelve.open('mydata')
>>> list(sf.keys())
[‘topics’]
>>> list(sf.values())
['read files','write files','append']

► pprint.pprint(): pretty prints contents of a dictionary.

► pprint.pformat(): return this same text as a string instead of printing it.
► The formatted string is easy to read
► It is also syntactically correct
► This string can be written to the .py file
► This file can be your very own module you can import whenever you
want the variable stored inside it.
>>> import pprint
>>> subjects = [{'code':'18CS55','name':'ADP'},{'code':'18CS51','name':'ME'}]
>>> pprint.pformat(subjects)
>>> fhand = open('mySubjects.py','w')
>>> fhand.write('subjects =‘ + pprint.pformat(subjects)+'\n')
80
>>> fhand.close()

>>> import mySubjects

>>> mySubjects.subjects
[{'code': '18CS55', 'name': 'ADP'}, {'code': '18CS51', 'name': 'ME'}]
>>> mySubjects.subjects[0]
{'code': '18CS55', 'name': 'ADP'}

c. Write a program that reads a string with five characters which starts with ‘a’ 5m
and ends with ‘z’. Print search successful if pattern matches string.
Search.py

import re
regex= re.compile(r'^a. .. z$')
str = input()
if regex.search(str):
print("Search Successful")
 else:
print("Search unsuccessful")

Sample output 1
> python Search.py
Hello
Search unsuccessful

Sample output 2
> python Search.py
abyzz
Search Successful

Sample output 3
>python Search.py
abeizz
Search unsuccessful

^ before ‘a’ matches the beginning of the string with ‘a’

$ after ‘z’ matches the end of the string with ‘z’
That leaves us with 3 characters that should exist between ‘a’ and ‘z’ that would give
us 5 characters in the string. This is represented by ….
It may also be represented as .{3}.

In sample output 1, even though string is of 5 characters, it does not start nor end
with a and z
In sample output 2, search is successful because the string comprises of 5 characters
beginning with ‘a’ and ending with ‘z’
In sample output 3, search is unsuccessful because even though the string starts and
ends with ‘a’ and ‘z’, it consists of less than 5 characters.

6 a. Explain functions of shutil module with examples. 8m

Ans. ► Shell utilities module
► Allows you to copy, move, rename, and delete files in Python programs
► shutil.copy(source, destination) : copy the file at the path source to the
folder at the path destination
► Both source and destination are strings.
► If destination is a filename, it will be used as a new name for the
copied file.
► If source and destination file names are the same, it results in
shutil.SameFileError.
>>> shutil.copy('address.txt','home_address.txt')
'home_address.txt‘
>>> shutil.copy('address.txt','test/address.txt')
'test/address.txt'
► shutil.copy will copy a single file
► copytree(source, destination) will copy an entire folder and every folder
inside it.
► Both source and destination are both strings.
>>> import shutil,os
>>> shutil.copytree('test', 'test2')
'test2'
► shutil.move(source, destination)
► return a string of the absolute path of the new location
► If destination points to a folder, the source file gets moved into destination
with same file name
► If destination is a file name then it is moved and renamed
► Folders that make up the destination must exist
► If it can’t find the folder, it will assume it is a file and rename.
 >>> import shutil,os
>>> shutil.move('address.txt', 'ad.txt')
>>> shutil.move('foo', 'bar') #rename folders
>>> shutil.move(‘f1’,’f2’) # rename’s files
>>> shutil.move('cron.txt','C:\\Users\\Documents\\NXP')
# address is correct, but folder does not exist
>>>shutil.move('cron.txt','C:\\Users\\Documents\\NXP')
# path is incorrect

b. Explain buttons in the Debug control window. 5m

Ans.

Go
Clicking the Go button will cause the program to execute normally until it
terminates or reaches a breakpoint.
Step
Clicking the Step button will cause the debugger to execute the next line
of code and then pause again.
Over
Clicking the Over button will execute the next line of code, similar to the
Step button. if the next line of code is a function call, the Over
button will “step over” the code in the function

Out
Clicking the Out button will cause the debugger to execute lines of code
at full speed until it returns from the current function.

Quit
If you want to stop debugging entirely and not bother to continue executing
the rest of the program, click the Quit button.
c. What is meant by compressing files? Explain reading, extracting, and 7m
creating ZIP files with code snippet
Ans. ► Compressing a file reduces its size, which is useful when transferring it over
the Internet.
► namelist() method that returns a list of strings for all the files and folders
contained in the ZIP file.
 ► Can be passed to getinfo() of ZipFile
► To retrieve information about the particular file

Reading ZIP files

>>> import zipfile, os
>>> os.chdir('C:\\Users\\Admin\\Pictures')
>>> zp = zipfile.ZipFile('sc.zip')
>>> zp.namelist()
>>> spInfo = zp.getinfo('sc/world.png')
>>> spInfo.file_size
6546
>>> spInfo.compress_size
3096
ZipFile : holds information about entire object
ZipInfo : holds information about particular file.

Extracting from ZIP files

► extractall() method for ZipFile objects extracts all the files and folders onto
current working directory.
► Pass a folder name to extract files into a folder other that current working
directory.
► If folder is not found, it will be created.
► extract() : extracts a single file from the ZIP file.
► Optional second argument : folder.
>>> zp = zipfile.ZipFile('sc.zip')
>>> zp.extractall()
>>> zp.extractall('test')
>>> zp.namelist()
[…. ] # lists all the names of the files in a list
>>> zp.extract('sc/world.png') # extracts only world.png
>>> zp.extract('sc/world.png','test_single')

Creating and adding ZipFiles

► open the ZipFile object in write mode by passing 'w’

► Similar to opening file to write
► pass a path to the write() method of ZipFile object
► 2nd argument is the compression type
► The algorithm to be used for compression
► zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED works well for all file types
► To add files to an existing zip file pass the ‘a’ mode.

>>> newZip = zipfile.ZipFile('sc_new.zip','w')

>>> newZip.write('download.jpg',compress_type = zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
>>> newZip.write('code1.png',compress_type = zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
>>> newZip.close()

MODULE 4
7 a. What is class, object, attributes. Explain copy.copy() with an example. 6m
Ans. ► A user-defined type is also called a class.
► Let’s say you wanted to represent a point in 2D space (x,y)
► Store it in 2 variables, x and y
► Store it as coordinates in a list or a tuple
► Create a new type to represent points a objects.
► Indicates that Point is a kind of object which is a built in type.
► Point is at the top level, so full name is main .Point
► Creating a new object is called instantiation.
► The object is an instance of the class.
► When you print an instance, you will get information on
► What class it belongs to
 ► Address in memory

>>> class Point(object):

pass
>>> type(Point)
<class 'type'>
>>> Point
<class ' main .Point'>

Attributes / Instance variables

► Use dot notation to assign values to an instance.
>>> blank.x=3.0
>>> blank.y=4.0
► We are assigning named elements to the object.
► To get the value, again use dot notation
► blank.x - Go to the blank object and get the value of x.
>>> blank.x=3.0
>>> blank.y=4.0
>>> blank.x
3.0
>>> blank.y
4.0

Copy.copy()

Aliasing can cause problems and unexpected behaviour of code.

copy() of the copy module : can duplicate any object.
>>> class Point:
... pass
...
>>> p=Point()
>>> p.x,p.y=3.0,4.0
>>> import copy
>>> cp = copy.copy(p)
>>> print(p.x,p.y)
3.0 4.0
>>> print(cp.x,cp.y)
3.0 4.0
>>> p is cp
False
>>> p==cp
False

b. Demonstrate pure functions and modifiers with examples 8m

Ans. ► Pure Functions : Does not modify any of the objects passed to it as
arguments.
► It has no effect
► Getting user input
► Displaying a value
► It only returns.

► Functions that modify the objects it gets as parameters.

► Anything that can be done with modifiers can also be done with pure
 functions
► Some programming languages only allow pure functions
► Evidence suggest that only using pure functions
► Make development faster
► Less error prone
► Functional programming style – use pure functions as building blocks
that do not have side-effects and do not change the state.
► Resort to modifiers in case of a compelling advantage

Consider a function increment() that takes the time object (hour, minute, second) and
seconds as the second parameter to add the seconds to the time object.

class Time:
pass

# modifier
def increment(t,sec):
t.second+=sec
if t.second>=60:
e_m, e_s = (t.second)//60, (t.second)%60
t.second = e_s
t.minute+=e_m

# pure function
def increment_pure(t,sec):
inc_t=Time()
inc_t.hour=t.hour
inc_t.second=t.second+sec
if inc_t.second>=60:
e_m, e_s = (inc_t.second)//60, (inc_t.second)%60
inc_t.second = e_s
inc_t.minute=t.minute+e_m
return inc_t

t = Time()
t.hour,t.minute,t.second=11,30,30
increment(t,180)
print_time(t)

t = Time()
t.hour,t.minute,t.second=11,30,30
inc_t = increment_pure(t,180)
print_time(inc_t)

In the modifier version, the seconds are incremented to the t object. In the pure
version of increment, the original t object is not modified, but the seconds
incremented to time is returned.

c. Use the datetime module to write a program that gets the current date and 6m
prints the day of the week.
Ans. import datetime
today=datetime.datetime.today()
print(today)
print(today.weekday())

Output:
2021-03-12 15:19:10.966676
 4

Explanation: from datetime, the today() function returns the current date and time
as an object.
The weekday() function returns the day of the week where Monday is 0 and Sunday is
6. Because 12.3.2021 is falling on Friday, it returns 4.

8a. Explain operator overloading and polymorphism with examples. 8m

Ans. Operator Overloading

► Changing the behavior of an operator so that it works with user-defined

types is called
► There are special methods that specify behaviour of operators on user defined
types
► add will be called if you use the on two objects.
class Time:
def init (self, hour=0,minute=0,second=0):
self.hour=hour
self.minute=minute
self.second=second

def str (self):

return '%.2d:%.2d:%.2d'%(self.hour,self.minute,self.second)
def __add (self, other):
sum = self.time_to_seconds() + other. + operator time_to_seconds()
return self.seconds_to_time(sum)

t1=Time(2,45,3)
t2 = Time(3,15,2)
print(t1+t2)
# Output 06:00:05

► Type-based dispatch- not always necessary

► Functions can be written that work correctly for arguments with different types
► Functions that can work with several types are called polymorphic
► facilitate code reuse
► Sum built in function can be used to add because Time can add two objects.
► print(sum([t1,t2,t3]) )

b. Illustrate the concepts of inheritance and class diagrams with examples 8m

Ans. Inheritance is the ability to define a new class that is a modified version of an
existing class.
It is called “inheritance” because the new class inherits the methods of the existing class.
Extending this metaphor, the existing class is called the parent and the new class is called
the child.

Inheritance is a useful feature. Some programs that would be repetitive without inheritance
can be written more elegantly with it.

Inheritance can facilitate code reuse, since you can customize the behavior of parent classes
without having to modify them. In some cases, the inheritance structure reflects the natural
structure of the problem, which makes the program easier to understand.

All the methods in the superclass are accessible to the child class. The child class may define
more specialized methods in addition to the methods in the super class.
Person

A class diagram is a graphical representation of these relationships. The

arrow with a hollow triangle head represents an IS-A relationship. in this
case it indicates
Student that Student inherits from Person.
 class Person:
def __init (self,aadhar_num, name, dob, gender):
self.usn, self.name, self.dob, self.gender = usn, name, dob, gender

class Student(Person):
def __init (self, aadhar_no, name, dob, gender, usn, branch, year):
super(). init (aadhar_no,name, dob, gender)
self.usn = usn
self.branch = branch
self.year = year

s1 = Student(‘87024586’,’Kumar’,’07-08-1994’,’M’,’CSE’, 2014)

The above code snippet demonstrates how Student inherits from Person.

Explanation:
 The parent class Is Person. It has a init to instantiate its instance variables, aadhar
number, name, date of birth(dob) and gender
 A specialization of Person is the Student class which has all the attributes of a Person and
in addition, student specific attributes such as USN, branch and year (of admission).
 When we instantiate a student object, we may pass all the attributes s1 = Student
(‘87024586’,’Kumar’,’07-08-1994’,’M’,’CSE’, 2014)
 When we are instantiating the variables in the Student class, we can invoke the
superclass’s init by using super() to pass the attributes that belong to the super class

c. Write a function called print_time that takes a time object and prints it in the 4m
form of hour: minute: second
Ans. class Time:
def init (self, hour=0,minute=0,second=0):
self.hour=hour
self.minute=minute
self.second=second

def print_time(t):
print( '%.2d:%.2d:%.2d'%(t.hour,t.minute,t.second) )

t1=Time (2,45,3)
print_time(t1)

Sample output:
02:45:03

Explanation:
The print function uses %0.2d to add a leading 0 if there is a single digit for hour,
minute or second.

The dot notation is used to access the attributes of the time object, hour, minute and
second respectively.
MODULE 5
9 a. Explain parsing HTML with the BeautifulSoup Module with code snippet for 9m
creating finding an element and getting data.
Ans. Parsing HTML with Beautiful Soup module
► pip install beautifulsoup4
► Download Automate the Boring Stuff with Python, 2nd Edition | No Starch
Press and store it as example.html
 ► We’ll read from a html page in the hard disk
► Creating a BeautifulSoup

An object can be created either from a web page or a downloaded page

>>> import requests,bs4
>>> res=requests.get('http://nostarch.com')
>>> res.raise_for_status()
>>> soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(res.text)

>>> import bs4

>>>fh = open('example.html')
>>> soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(fh.read())

Selector match

soup.select('div') All elements named <div>

soup.select('#author') The element with an id attribute of author

soup.select('.notice') All elements that use a CSS class

attribute
named notice

soup.select('div span') All elements named <span> that are

within
an element named <div>

soup.select('div > span') All elements named <span> that are

directly within an element named <div>,
with no other element in between

soup.select('input[name]') All elements named <input> that have a

name attribute with any value

soup.select('input[type="button"]') All elements named <input> that have an

attribute named type with value button

Let sample.html be
<html>
<head> <title> Sample page </title>
</head>

<body>
<h1> Welcome </h1>

<p id = ‘one’> First paragraph </p>

</body>

</html>

import bs4
fh = open('sample.html')
soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(fh.read())
elems = soup.select('#one')
print(elems[0].getText())
 output:
First Paragraph

In the above code snippet, the element is selected by ID. The soup.select() is used to
find the element. We can then extract the attributes of the element. The getText()
method will extract the text within the p tag.

b. What methods do Selenium’s web element object have for simulating mouse 6m
clicks and keyboard keys. Explain with python code snippet.
Ans Clicking Elements:
► method can be used to follow a link
► make a selection on a radio button
► click a Submit button
► trigger anything that happens when an element is clicked by the mouse.
from selenium import webdriver
browser =
webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=r"C:\Users\Admin\Downloads\chromedriver.exe"
)
browser.get('https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/')
try:
linkElem = browser.find_element_by_link_text('Sphinx')
print(type(linkElem))
linkElem.click()
except:
print('Was not able to find an element with that name.')
► These keys are stored in selenium.webdriver.common.keys module.
► run from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

Attribute or method Description

Keys.DOWN, Keys.UP, Keys.LEFT, The keyboard arrow keys

Keys.RIGHT

Keys.ENTER, Keys.RETURN The enter and return keys

Keys.HOME, Keys.END, The home, end, pagedown, and

Keys.PAGE_DOWN, pageup keys
Keys.PAGE_UP

Keys.ESCAPE, The esc, backspace, and delete keys

Keys.BACK_SPACE,
Keys.DELETE
Keys.F1, Keys.F2, . . . , Keys.F12 The F1 to F12 keys at the top of the
keyboard

Keys.TAB The tab key

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
browser =
webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=r"C:\Users\Admin\Downloads\chromedriver.exe"
)
browser.get('https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/')
try:
htmlElem = browser.find_element_by_tag_name('html')
 #Go to the end
htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.END)
htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.HOME)
except:
print('Was not able to find an element with that name.')

c. Write a python program to access a cell in a worksheet. 5m

Ans. import openpyxl
wb= openpyxl.open('ex_excel.xlsx')
sheet= wb.active
# access using coordinates
Cell_A1 = sheet['A1']

# to access the value

print(Cell_A1.value)

# access using row and column

sheet.cell(row=1,column=2).value

Explanation:
► First we import openpyxl package.
► It needs to be installed using pip install openpyxl. It works on files from
Microsoft Excel or free alternatives like LibreOffice Calc, OpenOffice Calc work
with .xlsx files
► spreadsheet document called workbook
► openpyxl.open() returns an object of type workbook which we save in wb
► Each workbook can have multiple sheets.
► The sheet that is currently being viewed is called the active sheet.
► To obtain a reference to the active sheet we use wb.active.
► A sheet can be directly accessed using the name also such as, wb[‘Sheet1’]
► Cell object has a value attribute that contains value
► Also has row, column, and coordinate attributes
► To access using coordinate, we can specify the column letter and the row
number that starts from 1.
► sheet['A1'] returns the cell in the first row and first column. Sheet[‘C3’] returns
cell in the 3rd column and 3rd row.
► Specifying column by letter can be difficult : because after Z it becomes AA,
AB, and so on.
► cell() method allows passing a number.
► sheet.cell(row=1,column=2) allows us to access a cell using row number and
column number.

10a. Write a program to get a list of all files with the .pdf extension in the current 6m
working directory and sort them.
Ans. import os,re
lstFiles = os.listdir()
regexpdf=re.compile('\.pdf$')
pdf_files = []
for file in lstFiles:
if regexpdf.search(file):
pdf_files.append(file)

pdf_files.sort()
print(pdf_files)

Sample Output:
['LP.pdf', 'Syll.pdf', 'Syll_protected.pdf', 'VTUTT.pdf', 'conf.pdf', 'coverletter-
netapp.pdf', 'encrypted.pdf', 'marked.pdf', 'merged.pdf', 'rotated.pdf',
'watermark.pdf']
 Explanation
 We will import 2 packages, os and re.
 os.listdir(path) : returns a list of filename strings for each file in the path
argument
 If we do not pass any argument to listdir() it returns list of filename strings in
the current working directory.
 We write a regular expression for files ending with .pdf. Since the dot is a
special character in a regular expression, we escape the special meaning to
match a literal dot in the file name. next it matches pdf at the end of the
string.
 A for loop is set up to iterate through the file names from os.listdir(). Each file
name is checked with the patter in regexpdf variable. If the search is
successful, then the file name string is added to a list pdf_files.
 The contents of pdf_files is sorted by invoking sort()
 Since lists are mutable, the sort() is done in place.
 The sorted list is then printed.
b. Demonstrate the json module with the python program. 6m
Ans. ► handles all the details of translating between a string with JSON data and
Python values for the json.loads() and json.dumps()
► JSON can’t store every kind of Python value
► Following data types are possible : strings, integers, floats, Booleans,
lists, dictionaries, and NoneType.
► JSON cannot represent Python-specific objects
► File objects, CSV Reader or Writer objects, Regex objects, or Selenium
WebElement objects.
► json.loads(): translate a string containing JSON data into a Python value
► loads: load string
► JSON strings always use double quotes
► It returns a Python dictionary.
► Dictionary is not ordered
► So key value pair may appear in different order.
>>> str = '{"TeamID":"CS003", "Topic":"Review 1","Number of attendees":5,"Meet
Link":null, "isStarted":false}'
>>> import json
>>> val = json.loads(str)
>>> val
{'TeamID': 'CS003', 'Topic': 'Review 1', 'Number of attendees': 5, 'Meet Link': None,
'isStarted': False}
► json.dumps() function : translate a Python value into a string of JSON-
formatted data
► dumps : dump string
► value can only be one of the following basic Python data types:
► dictionary, list, integer, float, string, Boolean, or None.
>>> d={'TeamID': 'CS003', 'Topic': 'Review 1', 'Number of attendees': 5, 'Meet Link':
None, 'isStarted': False}
>>> str = json.dumps(d)
>>> str
'{"TeamID": "CS003", "Topic": "Review 1", "Number of attendees": 5, "Meet Link":
null, "isStarted": false}'

c. What are the advantages of CSV file? Explain the Reader objects and Writer 8m
objects with python code.
Ans. ► Each line in a CSV file represents a row in the spreadsheet.
► Commas separate the cells in the row
► CSV files are simple, they don’t have many features of an excel spreadsheet.
► Don’t have types for their values—everything is a string
► Don’t have settings for font size or color
► Don’t have multiple worksheets
► Can’t specify cell widths and heights
► Can’t have merged cells
► Can’t have images or charts embedded in them
Advantage of CSV
► Simplicity
► widely supported by many types of programs
► can be viewed in text editors (including IDLE’s editor)
► straightforward way to represent spreadsheet data.
► CSV files also have their own set of escape characters to allow commas and
other characters to be included as part of the values
► split() method does not handle these special characters.
► Use csv module
► Avoid opening as text file and use split().

Reader() function
► csv.reader() function
► This returns a Reader object
► You can’t directly pass a filename to the reader() function
► Notice that we get a list of lists when we convert the data to a list.
>>> import csv
>>> import os
>>> os.chdir('Documents')
>>> fh = open('sample_csv.csv')
>>> reader = csv.reader(fh)
>>> data =list(reader)
>>> data
[['4/5/2015 1:34:02 PM ', 'Apples', '73'], ['4/5/2015 1:34:02 PM ', 'Cherries',…
>>> data[0][1]
'Apples'
>>> data[1][0]
'4/5/2015 1:34:02 PM '
► For large CSV files, use a for loop.
► This avoids loading the entire file into memory at once.
► The reader can be looped over once.
► To read again, open the file again and obtain a reader object.
>>> fh = open('sample_csv.csv')
>>> reader = csv.reader(fh)
>>> for row in reader:
... print('Row #%d %s'%(reader.line_num,row))
...
Row #1 ['4/5/2015 1:34:02 PM ', 'Apples', '73']
Row #2 ['4/5/2015 1:34:02 PM ', 'Cherries', '85']
….

Writer object
► A Writer object lets you write data to a CSV file.
► pass it 'w' to open a file in write
mode
► pass to csv.writer() - creates a
writer object
► In Windows, pass empty string
as newline character otherwise output
will be double spaced.
► writerow() takes a list argument

>>> of = open('output.csv', 'w', newline='')

>>> opwriter = csv.writer(of)
>>> opwriter.writerow(['ADP','OS','ATC','CNS'])
16
>>> opwriter.writerow(['18CS55','18CS53','18CS54','18CS52'])
29
>>> opwriter.writerow([4,4,4,4])
9
>>> of.close()
 ► separate cells with a tab character instead of a comma
► rows to be double-spaced
► delimiter
► character that appears between cells on a row
► line terminator
► character that comes at the end of a row
>>> of = open('example.csv', 'w', newline='')
>>> opwriter = csv.writer(of, delimiter='\t', lineterminator='\n\n')
>>> opwriter.writerow(['Apples','Oranges','Lemons'])
23
>>> opwriter.writerow(['45','50','30'])
10
>>> of.close()