Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering

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NOx emission reduction techniques in biodiesel-

fuelled CI engine: a review

Prabhu Appavu, Venkata Ramanan M, Jayaprabakar Jayaraman & Harish

Venu

To cite this article: Prabhu Appavu, Venkata Ramanan M, Jayaprabakar Jayaraman & Harish
Venu (2019): NOx emission reduction techniques in biodiesel-fuelled CI engine: a review, Australian
Journal of Mechanical Engineering, DOI: 10.1080/14484846.2019.1596527

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AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
https://doi.org/10.1080/14484846.2019.1596527

NOx emission reduction techniques in biodiesel-fuelled CI engine: a review

a
Prabhu Appavu , Venkata Ramanan Mb, Jayaprabakar Jayaraman c
and Harish Venud
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India;
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India; cDepartment of Mechanical
Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; dDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha
Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Compression ignition (CI) engines contribute more detrimental emissions when compared Received 12 May 2018
to petrol engines, especially NOx and smoke emissions. The main reason for diesel Accepted 12 March 2019
engines to emit higher NOx emissions is owing to higher excess air ratios, which pro- KEYWORDS
motes the NO formation chemistry and thus emitting marginally lowered HC and CO Biodiesel; Emulsification;
emissions. Biodiesel applications are becoming very important and gaining rapid momen- Injection timing; Emission;
tum in the arena of depleting fossil fuels and increasing pollution norms. Biodiesel-fuelled Water injection
CI engine gives relatively better performance and reducing emissions; however it
increases the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. This review paper studies on NOx emission
reduction techniques such as water injection, emulsification, injection timing retardation
and simultaneous technology and its effects on various operating parameters carried out
in biodiesel powered CI engines. The emission characteristics of the diverse biodiesel-
diesel blends have been summarised and discussed. NOx emissions can be reduced up to
37–50% by water injection method in biodiesel engines. It is also inferred that water-
biodiesel emulsification reduces the NOx about 10–60% compared to conventional diesel.
However, all these technologies reduce nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions
considerably but increase HC, CO emissions and increase specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
thereby reduces brake thermal efficiency (BTE).

1. Introduction particulate matter and BSFC due to reduction in

engine cylinder chamber temperature. Currently,
Biodiesel sources include several source of vegetable
strategy of split injection is gathering much
oils (sunflower, soybean, palm, safflower, cotton-
exploration for its effective NOx emission reduc-
seed, peanut, coconut, rapeseed, etc.) and animal
tion. In split injection, a small amount of fuel is
fats as well as waste oils (generally used frying
grasped in the first pulse is to menacingly reduce
oils). The most significant pollutants produced in
NOx emissions due to the premixed combustion.
biodiesel-fuelled CI engine are CO, HC, NOx and
Split injections are observed to be effective in NOx
PM, out of which NOx contributes to more than
emission reduction (Sindhu, Amba Prasad Rao, and
50%, followed by PM emission (Resitoglu, Altinisik,
Madhu 2018). In recent years, selective catalytic
and Keskin 2014). When biodiesel and biodiesel
reduction (SCR), an after treatment technique is
blends are used in diesel engines, most researchers
found to be effective in NOx emissions reduction,
evidenced that the emissions of HC, CO and parti-
although its enactment in existing engines requires
culate matter have been substantially reduced while
exhaust modifications which is uneconomical. Low-
the NOx emissions were found to be increased
temperature combustion (LTC) strategies are
(Hoekman and Robbins 2012; Resitoglu, Altinisik,
adopted in modern compression ignition engines
and Keskin 2014). Subsequently, most researchers
to reduce NOx emission and particulate matter
showed enthusiasm to carry out various researches
(Praveena and Martin 2018).
on NOx-reduction technologies. There is also
Biodiesel is highly miscible with diesel hence the
increasing environmental concern and emission
blends of biodiesel-diesel are used in many countries
norms many emission control techniques have
as potential alternative instead of neat biodiesel.
been adopted.
Alcohol (methanol) is used for producing biodiesel
EGR pre-treatment techniques were also
during transesterification since it is the lesser priced,
employed to reduce intake with partial exhaust
while other alcohols (ethanol, butnaol, propanol, etc.)
gases thereby reducing in-cylinder temperature
may incur server price hike in biodiesel fuel. Often the
and heat release rate. However, EGR significantly
resulting product is called Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
reduces NOx emissions by compromising

CONTACT Prabhu Appavu [email protected]

© 2019 Engineers Australia
2 A. PRABHU ET AL.

(FAME) and can act as a replacement for fossil/mineral tropospheric ozone (Latha and Badarinath 2004; Palash
diesel owing to its physic-chemical properties lying et al. 2013). Many researchers have studied through
closer to diesel. Among the other anticipated substitute various analyses on the influence of biodiesel in CI
fuels for CI engines, biodiesel is best and dependable engine performance and emissions characteristics; how-
fuel. Biodiesel and its various blends used in CI engine ever very few literatures reviewed about strategies used
lead to increase in NOx emission and BSFC than pure for NOx emissions reduction. This review paper
diesel owing to improved oxygen concentration in presents NOx emissions reduction techniques in bio-
blends. (Yuvarajan and Venkata Ramanan 2016; diesel-fuelled CI engines. In this work, various technol-
Prabhu, Venkata Ramanan, and Jayaprabakar 2018; ogies adopted in CI engine such as water injection,
Sabari Girish, Vijayakothandaraman, and Prabhu emulsification, engine modification and simultaneous
2018). Ethanol-diesel fuel blends used in heady duty technology to reduce NOx emission were critically
direct injection diesel engine reduce the HC and NOx reviewed. This review discusses the effect of emission,
emission for rich mixtures. It is also found to influence performance and combustion characteristics by various
CO and PM emission formation at various engine NOx emission reduction techniques in biodiesel-diesel
speed and air-fuel ratio (Rakopoulos et al. 2008). blends fuelled CI engines.
Essential fuel properties like density, kinematic viscos-
ity, surface tension affect the fuel during combustion
2. Production and properties of biodiesel
and performance (Tate et al. 2006). In order to over-
come the above drawback, spray atomisation in CI Generally, biodiesel produced from vegetable oils and
engine fuelled with biodiesel has been studied animal fats through esterification and transesterifica-
and experimented on the behaviours of atomisation, tion depends on the free fatty acids (FFA) and its con-
vaporisation and combustion parameters of blends of tents (by gas chromatography). Transesterification is
biodiesel fuels (Lee, Park and Kwon 2005). the process by which the biodiesel is produced by treat-
Ethanol-diesel fuel blends used in heavy duty direct ing the oil chemically with alcohol. The biodiesel
injection diesel engine reduces the nitrogen oxides and obtained through transesterification is a mixture of
hydrocarbon emissions for opulent combustible mix- mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. These esters
tures. It is also influencing CO and PM emissions, the are fatty acid methyl esters or fatty acid ethyl ester. Fatty
above emissions were obtained for various engine speed acid methyl esters are obtained by using the methanol as
and air-fuel ratio (Rakopoulos et al. 2008). Essential fuel alcohol during the chemical conversion. Though etha-
properties like density, kinematic viscosity, surface ten- nol can be used for biodiesel production, methanol is
sion were found to affect the fuel during combustion preferred widely owing to its economical (Fazal,
and performance (Tate et al. 2006). Performance of CI Haseeb, and Masjuki 2011). Biodiesel can be produced
engine is found to improve by slight engine modifica- by transesterification, micro-emulsification, pyrolysis
tions, strategies of fuel injection such as variable injec- and blending of oils. Generally, the transformation of
tion pressure and variable injection timing (Mohan, these vegetable oils into biodiesels is achieved indust-
Yang, and Chou 2013). Direct injection diesel engine rially by catalytic transesterification. Pyrolysis method is
powered on waste plastic oil biodiesel was tested by also widely accepted by many researchers for biodiesel
injection timing retardation and it is found that CO production. It is effective compared to other cracking
emission decreases by 25%. HC decreased by 30%, processes, and also it is easy, negligible wastage and
smoke increases by 35% and NOx emission decreases pollution free method (Liu et al. 2016; Mihaela et al.
significantly for all loads (Mani and Nagarajan 2009). 2013).
Similarly, by varying the injection timing and pressure The important properties (physical and chemical)
in a direct injection CI engine using a biodiesel-ethanol of biodiesel such as density, kinematic viscosity,
blends, it is found to result in superior amalgamation of cetane number, surface tension, iodine value, ther-
fuel with air and proper atomisation leads to enhanced mal conductivity, specific heat capacity and compo-
combustion (Hountalas et al. 2003; Kannan and Anand sition of fuel were found to have a notable effect on
2011a). The engine operating parameters akin to injec- NOx emission formation. The kinematic viscosity of
tion timing retardation is efficient for diesel fuel, fuel has a substantial effect on NOx emission forma-
whereas biodiesel fuels have to be optimised and tion. NOx emissions formation depends on the func-
amended properly prior to fuelling in the CI engine. tion of viscosity and found to have resulted in
Comparatively, biodiesel fuels offer a reduction of increased NOx with increasing viscosity at lower
harmful emissions such as HC, CO and particulate temperatures. The kinematic viscosity of biodiesel
matters; however, it produces higher NOx emissions is more noteworthy than that of diesel fuel, which
(Janaun and Ellis 2010; Fazal, Haseeb, and Masjuki diminishes fuel leakage and prompts increased pres-
2011) The most harmful NOx emissions affects the sure and injection timing (Kegl 2006).
environment via acid rain, human disease, etc. Besides, Yuan and Hansen (2009) reported decreased
NOx and CO are primary emissions in the formation of NOx emissions of about 3.52% with diminished
 AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 3

viscosity of soy methyl ester. The NOx emissions and storage (Ramadhas, Muraleedharan, and Jayaraj
were found to increase with increasing density and 2005; Carareto et al. 2012). Alcohols also have a
decreasing cetane number of the fuel. The start of significant influence on cetane number, oxidative
injection, the injection pressure and the fuel spray stability, lubricity and viscosity (Hoekman et al.
characteristics are affected chiefly by the fuel den- 2014). The properties of different biodiesels have
sity, which influences combustion and emissions. been listed out in Table 1.
Fuel injection systems measure the fuel by volume.
Subsequently, the variations in the fuel density will
greatly affect the mass of fuel injected and thereby 3. Nox-emission reduction techniques
NOx emissions (Alptekin and Canakci 2008).
3.1. Water injection (WI)
Furthermore, Boehman et al. (2004) established
the relations that increased NOx emissions with The water injection is one of the major strategies to
increasing fatty acid methyl ester density. Other reduce NOx emission in CI engine. There are several
physical properties of biodiesel such as heat capa- ways to introduce water into the CI engine depending
city and thermal conductivity are apparently lower on various engine operating conditions, water injec-
than conventional diesel which leads to rising its tion influences on ignition delay, NOx emissions and
temperature during fuel injection. Tat et al. (2010) other emissions as well. Biodiesel with 60–65% of
stated that biodiesel-fuelled combustion has less water in the fuel can reduce up to 50% NOx emission,
radiative in-cylinder heat transfer due to less soot higher WI rates can reduce higher NOx emission at
formation because of NOx emissions. Hence, varia- all load conditions (Tauzia, Maiboom, and Shah
tions of these properties have been significantly 2010). NOx emission can be reduced by captivating
influencing on formation of NOx emissions local adiabatic temperature, hence water decreases
(Palash et al. 2013). which leads to decrease in NOx emission (Park and
Many researchers studied the various biodiesel Park 2000). Direct water injection and water fumiga-
properties and its effects on the engine performance tion are two significant methods of injection of water
and emission spectrums. Fatty acids present in the into the combustion chamber (Tauzia, Maiboom, and
fuel and composition of biodiesel influences the Shah 2010; Bedford et al. 2000). Injecting water
engine performance greatly (Ashraful et al. 2014). directly into the inlet manifold is called as fumigation
Calorific value is the deciding factor for the heat process. WI method reduces NOx emission but
content available in the biodiesel. Biodiesel has increases other emissions (HC, CO) and increase
lower energy content because of higher oxygen con- BSFC at all load conditions.
tent in the fuel (Jain and Sharma 2010). Generally, The influences of water injection in the base fuel
biodiesel has the excellent lubricity and small were studied by various researchers in the lieu of
amount of sulphur content in the fuel. This property heat release rate and ignition delay in a diesel
reduces the wear and tear in engine parts and injec- engine. It was found that the maximum NOx reduc-
tion system, also negligible in sulphur oxides (SOx) tion achieved by higher water supplied which causes
(Chang et al. 2013). The biodiesel properties are extended ignition delay and maximum rate of heat
mainly influenced by FAME content present in the release, thus decrease in NOx emission apart from
fuel (Knothe 2005). Flash point of biodiesel depends an increase in HC and CO emissions (Tauzia,
mainly on the carbon atoms, residual alcohol con- Maiboom, and Shah 2010). Tesfa et al. (2012) exam-
tent and number of double bonds. Higher flash ined the effect of water injection in a diesel engine
point is a good property for safe transport, handling fuelled with biodiesel to analyse its emission and

Table 1. Properties of different biodiesels.

Pour Cloud Flash Calorific Cetane
Kinematic viscosity point (° point (° point (° Density (kg/ value (MJ/ number
Fuel at 35°C (mm2/s) C) C) C) m3) kg) (CN) References
Diesel 2.65–2.73 −21 – 69–75 860 43–45 48–51 (Ghadge and Raheman 2005)
Mahua 3.98–5.72 6 – 129–209 880–916 37–39.4 – (Ghadge and Raheman 2005)
Corn 4.363 – – 167 885.8 39.87 55.4 (Lin, Huang, and Huang 2009)
Karanja 4.37–9.6 −6–5.1 −2–14.6 170–206 880–890 36.2–42.1 48–58 (Srivastava and Verma 2008)
Palm Kernel 3.248 – – 132 876.6 38.53 62.1 (Lin, Huang, and Huang 2009)
Palm 4.5–5.11 8 14 174 870–878.4 37.2–39.9 50–62 (Lin, Huang, and Huang 2009)
Tallow 4.89 10 13 125 832 37.2 58.9 (Teixeira et al. 2010)
Cotton seed 6–9.6 −4 −2 – 850–885 37.5–41.6 52 (Rakopoulos et al. 2006)
Waste fried 4.869 – – 168 884.2 39.68 55 (Lin, Huang, and Huang 2009)
Jatropa 4.23 4.2 10.2 147 873 42.673 – (Sahoo et al. 2009)
Jojoba 19.2 – – 62 866 43.38 63.5 (Saleh 2009)
Polanga 3.99 4.3 13.2 139 869 41.39 – (Baiju, Naik, and Das 2009)
Chicken fat 2.8 – −7 73 869 – 48 (Ghazali et al. 2015)
4 A. PRABHU ET AL.

performance characteristics. They experimented in The emulsion of three phases can also be classified
an air-cooled four-stroke direct injection CI engine into oil-in-water-in-oil and water-in-oil-in-water
and found that, injection of water as fine droplets emulsions (Mataumoto and Kang 1989).
result in 49.3% lesser in NOx emissions. There was a Generally, emulsion fuels are highly unstable due to
little change in fuel consumption. Heat release rate differences in fuel properties, especially of viscosity and
and pressure in the cylinder was affected slightly. In density. Surfactants act as surface active agents. It is
addition, a biodiesel-fuelled engine with water dro- used to make emulsion into a stable state. The addition
plet injection increases the CO emission by 39.4%. of surfactant prevents the separation of water from oil
Samec et al. (2000) studied two methods of water or vice versa. Majority of the water molecules gets
injection namely, point injection and multipoint evaporated during combustion due to dissociation of
injection and they concluded that both methods water (Hountalas, Mavropoulos, and Zannis 2007).
reduce the NOx emission at the same level approxi- Emulsification process binds the various base fuel and
mately. Hountalas et al. (2006) studied two methods water used as a fuel; it reduces the NOx emission and
of NOx emission reduction techniques which are particulate matters (PM) but increases BSFC. Addition
water injection and water emulsion in DI diesel of water improves the atomisation rate and also
engines. They have concluded that, concluded increases the oxygen entertainment, which further
water injection is better than water emulsion; how- leads to lower the PM formation and pre-mixed com-
ever, both are efficient when compared to normal CI bustion phase (Nazha, Rajakaruna, and Wagstaff 2001;
engine operation. It is found that, from various Song, Lee, and Litzinger 2000). Addition of water into
works, there are no significant changes in maximum the biodiesel reduces the heat content in the fuel and
pressure in the cylinder and rate of heat release increases the kinematic viscosity which subsequently
when injecting water into the cylinder but it affects reduces the NOx and PM formation in comparison
the pre-mixed combustion temperature which is the with diesel fuel (Lin and Lin 2008). However, emulsi-
main force to decrease in NOx emission (Tesfa et al. fication process tends to increase the HC and CO
2012). Adnan, Masjuki, and Mahlia (2012) examined emissions due to the reduction in combustion chamber
the effect of variable injection rate (water) on hydro- temperature which can subsequently affect the com-
gen-fuelled CI engine, water injected at 0°CA and bustion efficiency (Sahin, Tuti, and Durgun 2014).
40CA, it is found that lowest NOx emission but Basha and Anand (2011) studied the role of nano-
higher O2 and SO2 emission. additive used in emulsified biodiesel in CI engine.
From Table 2, the following conclusions are made: They investigated on emulsified biodiesel of 83%
NOx emissions can be reduced up to 37–50% by Jatropha biodiesel +15% water + 2% surfactant. Based
water injection method in biodiesel engines as well on experimentation in a single cylinder engine, it is
as diesel engines with a small increase in BSFC and observed that the NOx emission reduces by 21%, the
CO emission. PM emission reduces by 15% although the HC emis-
sions increases by 46%, BTE augmented by 2.5%, while
BSFC reduced by 2.6%.
3.2. Emulsion technology (ET) Table 3 reveals the emissions from various bio-
Emulsification method is considered as one of the diesel engines using emulsion technology. It is
cost-effective methods to reduce NOx emissions in observed that water-biodiesel emulsification reduces
CI engine and it also improves the efficiency of the the NOx about 10–60% compared to conventional
engine. Combining two immiscible fluids is called diesel fuel operation in CI engines. However, several
as emulsification. It is classified as an emulsion of researchers found that, the emulsification process
two-phase and emulsion of three-phase phenom- increases CO and HC emissions by about 16–94%
enon. The emulsion of two-phase is further classi- and 45–55% respectively (Yang et al. 2013; Alahmer
fied into oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions. et al. 2010).

Table 2. Emissions analysis on CI engines by using a water injection method.

Performance and emis-
Fuel used Engine used Water injection condition sion results References
ROME 4C, 4S, DI, TC, diesel engine Flow rate: 3 kg/h NOx↓50%, CO↑%, (Tesfa et al. 2012)
BSFC↑4%, BTE↑3%
Diesel 6C, Volvo-(D12) diesel engine 30% H2O NOx↓42%, BSFC↑2.1% (Chadwell and Dingle
2008)
Diesel+H2O (1:0.4) 1C, 4S, AC, CI engine, CR: 17.5:1, IT: 231, – NOx↓ 37.62%, CO↑%, (Subramanian 2011)
BTDC, RP:6 BHP, 1500 rpm
Diesel 2.0 L, WC, HSDI diesel engine Mw = 60–65% of the fuel NOx↓50%, CO↑%, (Tauzia, Maiboom,
BSFC↑%, BTE↑% and Shah 2010)
HSDI, high-speed direct injection; 4C, four cylinder; 4S, four stroke; 6C, six cylinder; CR, compression ratio; AC, air cooled; WC, water cooled; DI, direct
injection; CI, compression ignition; Mw mass of water; ↓, decrease; ↑, increase
 AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 5

3.3. Injection timing retardation (ITR)

1C, one cylinder; 4C, four cylinder; 4S, four stroke; AC, air cooled; WC, water cooled; TC, turbocharged; DI, direct injection; CI, compression ignition; DE, diesel engine; CS, constant speed; VS, variable speed; LS, low speed; HS, high speed;
(Nazha, Rajakaruna, and Wagstaff 2001)

(Scragg, Morrison, and Shales 2003)

If injection starts earlier than the standard injection

(Kandasamy and Marappan 2011)

timing (23degbTDC), the initial air temperature

(Kannan and Anand 2011b)

(ParkJ, Huh, and Lee 2001)
and pressure are less and hence there is an increase

(Basha and Anand 2011)

Reference

(Rao and Anand 2016)

(Masjuki and Sii 1997)

ignition delay period, thus NOx emission level

(Nadeem et al. 2006)

(Subramanian 2011)
(Armas et al. 2005)

(Yang et al. 2013)

decreases significantly. Injection timing is also a

(Kass et al. 2009)

(Abu-Zaid 2004)
paramount parameter in deciding performance
and emissions of the engine (Sayin, Gumus and
Canakci 2010a). The maximum temperature in
combustion chamber decides the thermal NOx con-

CO↓8.7%, HC↓9.3%, smoke↓13.9%

centration level, by retarding the injection timing,
combustion process can be delayed, hence NOx
emissions reduced, but ITR (Injection timing retar-
HC↓1.94%, smoke↓7.22%
Other emissions

dation) increases smoke and HC emission.

CO↑ little, HC↑45.8%,

CO↓, PM↓ (68–72%)

CO↑94.8%, HC↑56%
HC↑, smoke↓, CO↑

Similarly, ITR increases BSFC, reduces BTE, thus

HC↑, CO↑ slightly

HC↑, CO↑, H2O↑

(HC, CO, smoke)↑

CO↑(19.5–32.8)%
smoke↓14.9%

lowered power output is obtained (Sayin, Gumus

and Canakci 2010a). Similarly, several researchers
Smoke↓8%

HC↑, CO↑

HC↑, CO↓

found that retardation of injection timing decreases

HC↓

NOx emission but increases other emissions (HC,

CO and smoke) also, affecting the performance of
NOx↓9.5% at LS NOx↓29% at HS

diesel engine (Labecki and Ganippa 2012).

NOx↓ less than diesel, biodiesel

Ganapathy, Gakkhar, and Murugesan (2011) inves-

tigated on jatropha biodiesel engine with injection
NOx emission

timing retardation of 5CA retarded from 15CA

NOx↓(22.3–34.2)%
NOx↓ up to 60%

BTDC. They found that, the performance of engine

NOx↓(30–50)%
NOx↓22.9%

NOx↓21.8%
NOx↓37.6%

NOx↓15.6%
NOx↓30.6%

is affected owing to synergic effect of inferior heat-

NOx↓27%,

NOx↓38%

NOx↓↓

ing value and shorter ignition delay thereby causing

NOx↓

lowered NOx emission. Sayin et al. (Sayin, Gumus

and Canakci 2010b) have summarised the effect of
XLD418 type diesel engine of Ford,4S, 4C, WC, 1000–5000 rpm

fuel injection timing on biodiesel-fuelled diesel

engine. The authors used both retarding and
advancing of injection timing. They found that,
4C, WC, CI engine, RP:121 kW; VS, 1000–1400 rpm

the retardation of timing gives better results on

Comet DE, 2C, vertical WC, 7.5 kW, 1500 rpm

NOx emission for both biodiesel and diesel fuelled

ID, TC, diesel engine, VS, 2087–3175 rpm

CI engine, RP:39 kW, VS, 1000–4000 rpm

4S, AC, CI engine with and without load
1C, WC, DI, diesel engine, CS: 1500 rpm

engines. Wang have conducted CFD analysis on

Engine used

4S, AC, 1C, CI engine; CS, 1500 rpm

Toyota, 4C, 4S, DE, 1000–4000 rpm

biodiesel and diesel combustion about the NOx

Table 3. Emission analysis on CI engines by using emulsion technology.

formation in CI engine and reported that, the

DI, diesel engine, Load 68 Nm

retardation causes late combustion due to a

4C, DI, Ford diesel engine
CI engine, CS, 1500 rpm

decrease in the start of ignition. Ye and Boehman

RP, rated power; ↓, decrease; ↑, increase; ↓↓, about more than 100%
CI engine, full load

(2012) studied the impact of retardation of injec-

tion timing in soybean methyl ester biodiesel-
fuelled common rail turbocharged diesel engine.
Full load

Retardation of injection timing reduces the reaction

time during combustion, which decreases peak
cylinder temperature thus reduces NOx emission
RB80 + 10% H2O + 0.5% surfactant + 10% algae
88%JB + 1% Span80 + 1%Tween80 + 10% H2O

94%D + 5%H2O+0.5%tween20 + 0.5% span20

Water–diesel emulsion: 20%, EGR rate: 16.7%

but increases smoke emission.

Table 4 presents emissions details given with
10% H2O + 3.5% surfactant + 86.5% SB
83% JB + 15% H2O + 2% surfactant

respect to various retardation of injection timing.

B70D10E20M – micro-emulsion fuel

D78.5%+10%H2O+additives 11.5%

All the results reviewed shown a reduction of NOx

Water–diesel emulsion (0.4:1)

by 8–40.5% compared to without retardation but

Diesel + GS + 15% H2O

increase in other emissions such as HC, CO and

Water-emulsified diesel

Water–oil emulsified
85%TPB + 15% H2O

smoke opacity. Retardation also reduces BTE and

Fuel with emulsion

10% H2O + PB90

increases BSFC to a greater extent. A minor change

in the injection timing by retarding gives signifi-
cant NOx emission reduction (Suryawanshi and
Deshpande 2005).
6 A. PRABHU ET AL.

3.4. Simultaneous technology (ST)

(Prasad, Prasad, and Prakash

(Sayin, Gumus and Canakci

(Sayin, Gumus and Canakci

(Banapurmath, Tewari, and

(Solaimuthu, Senthilkumar,
(Ganapathy, Gakkhar, and

(Dhananjaya, Sudhir, and

Every NOx-emission-reduction techniques has its

and Ganesan 2012)

(Tsolakis et al. 2007)
own pros and cons. In order to overcome the draw-

Murugesan 2011)
References

Mohanan 2009)
Hosmath 2009)
(Hess et al. 2005)
back, it is preferred to use a combination of
two technologies simultaneously. Many researchers

(Kegl 2008)
2010b)

2010b)
2013)
found that adoption of simultaneous technologies
gives better performance and reduction in exhaust
emissions in biodiesel-fuelled engines.
NOx↓30.1% (RB5), NOx↓28% (RB20) CO↑11.39%, HC↑9.1% (RB5), CO↑21.08%,

Kass et al. (2009) utilised water emulsification

CO No change, HC↑47%, smoke↑66%
with EGR technique to reduce NOx and PM. The

ORG, original; 1C, one cylinder; 4S, four stroke; AC, air cooled; WC, water cooled; CI, compression ignition; CR, compression ratio; RP, rated power; DI, direct injection; ↓, decrease; ↑, increase
incorporation of water with neat biodiesel signifi-
Other emission results

cantly reduces the NOx emissions while maintaining

CO↑6.3%, HC↑4.2% (RB50)
CO↑9.3%, HC↑5.5%, (RB100),

CO↑13.21, HC↑13.54, (B0)

the engine efficiency for 27% EGR conditions. Some
HC↓10% smoke↓26.70%
CO↓10.9%, HC↓7.75%

CO↑11.39, HC↑9.1, (B5)

CO↓3.5%, HC↑5.81%

of the researchers applied simultaneous technologies

HC↑33.3% (RB20)
CO↓30%, HC↑35%

CO↓25%, HC↓30% to obtain better results such as fuel additive with

EGR (Swaminathan 2012; Venkateswarlu et al.
HC↑15.26%

2012), and ITR with EGR (Qi et al. 2011). Pandian,

Sivapirakasam, and Udayakumar (2010) conducted
experiments using pongamia biodiesel as fuel,
dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as an additive with
EGR on twin cylinder direct injection CI engine.
Results shown that, it reduces NOx and smoke
NOx emission

simultaneously about 10% and 17.5% respectively.

They also found that NOx-emission reduction is
NOx↓25.9% (RB50)
NOx↓17.3% (RB100)

higher for an increase in percentage of DMC in the

NOx↓40.95 (B0),
NOx↓18.84%

NOx↓37.89%

NOx↓24.79%

NOx↓24.89%

NOx↓36.84%

blend; however, the addition of DMC with EGR

NOx↓30 (B5),
NOx↓25%

NOx↓25%

gives higher BSFC and BTE. Swaminathan and

Sarangan (2012) have conducted emission and per-
formance parameters tests on fish oil fuelled CI
engine with DEE as an additive. The following
3CA from ORG 23CA, BTDC, IOP: 200 bar
3CA from ORG 22CA BTDC, IMEP:4.5 bar

results have been obtained from the investigation:

Retardation of injection timing

the percentage reductions for the emissions are

NOx- 92%, CO2-62% and CO-90%. It is achieved
Table 4. Emission analysis on CI engines by using injection timing retardation.

when peak load with an optimum value of 2% addi-

2CA from ORG 23CA BTDC
5CA from ORG 20CA BTDC

4CA from ORG 23CA BTDC

5CA from ORG 15CA BTDC

3CA from ORG 23CA BTDC

3CA from ORG 23CA BTDC

4CA from ORG 23CA BTDC

5CA from ORG 20CA BTDC

tive with EGR. Venkateswarlu et al. (2012) have

studied the effect of additive (ethyl hexyl nitrate)-
based biodiesel along with EGR on a single-cylinder
diesel engine. It is observed that, appending addi-
tives reduces the ignition delay, thereby reducing the
peak temperature thereby it reduces NOx emissions.
Biodiesel with additive under 20% of EGR reduces
32% of NOx emissions in comparison with neat
1C, 4S, diesel engine, RP: 8 kW, 3600 rpm

diesel without EGR. Qi et al. (2011) have done an

1C, 4S, AC, diesel engine, 1800 rpm

experimental investigation on soybean biodiesel-

fuelled split injection CI engine with ITR and EGR.
1C, 4S, DI, WC, diesel engine

1C, 4S, DI, WC, diesel engine

Engine used

They reported that, the combination of ITR and

1C, 4S, WC, diesel engine
1C, 4S, DI, WC, CI engine
1C, AC, DI, diesel engine
1C, 4S, DI, AC, CI engine

1C,4S, DI, WC, CI engine

EGR was an effective technique to reduce the

1C, DI, diesel engine

exhaust emissions without compromising BSFC

and particulate matter (PM). Similar to the above
case, Saravanan, Nagarajan, and Sampath (2013)
investigated the combined effect of EGR, retardation
of injection timing and injection pressure on RME
biodiesel powered single cylinder diesel engine.
RB50, RB100

CME B0, B5
RB5, RB20
Fuel used

ROME100

They found that, the optimum combination of

WP100

PME20

MB25

engine parameters by using Taguchi method reduces

JB20
KB

JB

the number of experimental work and observed that

 AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 7

NOx emission reduction with minor compensation

1C, one cylinder; 4S, four stroke; AC, air cooled; WC, water cooled; DI, direct injection; CI, compression ignition; ITR, injection timing retardation; IP, injection pressure; CA, crank angle; ↓, decrease; ↑, increase; ↑↑, increase about more than
on the efficiency and other emissions.

(Pandian, Sivapirakasam, and Udayakumar 2010)

(Pandian, Sivapirakasam, and Udayakumar 2010)

From Table 5, the following major conclusions are

(Saravanan, Nagarajan, and Sampath 2013)

made: By adopting simultaneous technology (with
EHN, DME and DEE additives in JB, FOB and KB,

(Swaminathan and Sarangan 2012)

(Swaminathan and Sarangan 2012)
and 15–25% EGR rate at all various load conditions)

References
effective reduction in NOx emissions (up to 95%) can
be achieved with marginal improvement in CO, HC
emissions.

(Qi et al. 2011)

4. Summary and conclusion
Biodiesel is an imperishable source of alternative
energy and hence plays a substantial role in meeting
the energy demand. Consequently, research on the

CO↑0.69%, HC↑2.5%, smoke↑1.54%

novel biodiesels and their influence on performance
and emissions are gradually in increasing trend, espe-

CO↑69.9%, HC↑↑, smoke ↑↑

Other emissions
cially the NOx emissions due to its carcinogenic nat-
ure (cancer causing agent). The intention of this work
is to critically review the NOx emission reduction

CO↓52%, HC↓90.2%
CO↓25%, HC↓68.8%
methods (water injection, emulsification, retardation

Smoke↓ slightly
of injection timing and simultaneous technology)

Smoke↑4%
and based on its effects on emission and performance
characteristics of the CI engine, the following infer-
ences are made:

NOx↓22.01%
NOx emission
NOx↓94.8%
NOx↓75.5%
NOx↓50%

NOx↓14%

NOx↓91%
(1) NOx emissions can be decreased up to 37–50%
by water injection technique in biodiesel
engines as well as diesel engines with a small
43% EGR rate + ITR at 4CA from original IT

(10% H2O + 3.5% surfactant + 86.5% SB) +

EGR rate 15% + ITR at 2.5CA from original
increase in BSFC and CO emission.
(2) It is observed that water-biodiesel emulsification
2% DEE (A) + 15% EGR at full load

10% DMC + 15% EGR at 80% load

2% DEE (A) + 15% EGR at no load

reduces the NOx about 10–60% compared to

Condition for ST

conventional diesel. However, several research-

ers found emulsification increases CO and
27% EGR, 68 Nm load

HC emissions by about 16–94% and 45–55%

IT + IP at 250 bar

respectively.
Table 5. Emission analysis on CI engine using simultaneous technology.

(3) Injection timing retardation reduces the NOx

emission up to 8–40.5% than the original
injection timing but increases the HC, CO
and particulate matter emissions. But, it also
DEUTZ FL1 906, 1C, 4S, WC, DI, diesel engine

100%; A = additives, the results compared to biodiesel without ST

parellely reduces BTE and increases BSFC

Kirloskar-AVI, 1C, 4S, WC, DI, diesel engine
Kirloskar-AVI, 1C, 4S, WC, DI, diesel engine

(4) Simultaneous technology has several advan-

Twin cylinder, 4S, WC, DI, diesel engine
Kirloskar 1C, 4S, AC, DI, diesel engine

tages than other because of multiple technolo-

gies like additive with EGR, ITR with EGR, etc.
1C, 4S, WC, DI, diesel engine
Engine used

It is found that NOx emission decreases up to

95%; however, it increases HC, CO and parti-
culate matter significantly.

Results showed that, injection timing retardation

and simultaneous technologies are the effective meth-
ods to reduce NOx emissions. Emulsification and water
injection methods are not commonly used techniques
Crude rice bran oil

because it is unstable in nature, phase separation which

methyl ester

may corrode the engine components. Even though

Fuel used

these techniques reduces nitrogen oxides and particu-

late matters considerably, it also increases carbon mon-
KB40
FOB
FOB
SB

SB

oxide and hydrocarbon emissions. However, additional

8 A. PRABHU ET AL.

studies need to be done to figure out the optimum completed his doctorate in the area of Alternate fuels
engine parameters for various biodiesel blends in bio- from Sathyabama University, Chennai in 2017. His
diesel engine which is necessary for commercial use. research interests include CFD, Solar energy, IC engines
and alternative fuels.
Furthermore, research on several novel technologies
such as premixed controlled compression ignition, Harish Venu obtained his Bachelor degree in Mechanical
homogeneous charge compression ignition, and low- engineering (2011) and Master degree in IC engines (2013)
from Anna University, Chennai. He completed his docto-
temperature combustion is also imperative to control rate in the area of Alternate fuels from Anna University,
NOx emissions from biodiesel-fuelled engines. Chennai in 2018. His research interests include biofuels,
alternative fuels, internal combustion engines, nano-addi-
tives and fuel cells.
Nomenclature
EGR Exhaust gas recirculation
BTE Brake thermal efficiency ORCID
BSFC Brake specific fuel consumption
ET Emulsion technology Prabhu Appavu http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9765-4144
WI Water injection Jayaprabakar Jayaraman http://orcid.org/0000-0003-
ITR Injection timing retardation 3290-5771
ST Simultaneous technology
FAME Fatty acid methyl esters
DEE Di-ethyl ether References
DME Di-methyl ether
RME Rapeseed oil methyl ester Abu-Zaid, M. "Performance of single cylinder, direct injec-
RB Rice bran tion diesel engine using water fuel emulsions". Energy
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Disclosure statement Density and the Viscosities of Biodiesel–Diesel Fuel
Blends.” Renewable Energy 33: 2623–2630. doi:10.1016/
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. j.renene.2008.02.020.
Armas, O., R. Ballesteros, F. Martos, and J. Agudelo. 2005.
“Characterization of Light-Duty Diesel Engine Pollutant
Funding Emissions Using Water-Emulsified Fuel.” Fuel 84: 1011–
The authors acknowledge that there are no external fund- 1018. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2004.11.015.
ing/grants received for this research work. Ashraful, A. Masjuki, Hassan H. Masjuki, Md A. Kalam,
IM Rizwanul Fattah, S. Imtenan, S. A. Shahir, and H. M.
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Prabhu Appavu received his Bachelor degree in Mechanical Vegetable Oils: A Review”. Energy Conversion
engineering (2005) from Pondicherry University, Puducherry Management 80: 202–228. doi:10.1016/j.
and Master degree in Energy engineering (2009) from Anna enconman.2014.01.037.
University, Chennai. He is pursuing Ph.D. programme in Baiju, B., M. K. Naik, and L. M. Das. 2009. “A
Mechanical Engineering at Anna University, Chennai under Comparative Evaluation of Compression Ignition
the guidance of Dr. Venkata Ramanan Madhavan. His Engine Characteristics Using Methyl and Ethyl Esters
research areas include biofuels and IC engines. of Karanja Oil.” Renewable Energy 34: 1616–1621.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2008.11.020.
Venkata Ramanan Madhavan received his Bachelor Banapurmath, N. R., P. G. Tewari, and R. S. Hosmath 2009.
degree (1998) from University of Madras, Chennai and “Effect of Biodiesel Derived from Honge Oil and Its
Master degree (2000) from School of Energy, Trichy. He Blends with Diesel When Directly Injected at Different
completed his doctorate in the area of Biomass gasification Injection Pressures and Injection Timings in Single-
from Anna University, Chennai in 2008. His research Cylinder Water-Cooled Compression Ignition Engine.”
interests include gasification, solar cells, IC engines, alter- Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,
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Mechanical Engineering (2002) from University of Madras. Blended Biodiesel Emulsion Fuel on the Working
He received his master degree in Thermal Engineering Characteristics of a Diesel Engine.” Journal of Renewable
(2008) from Sathyabama University, Chennai. He Sustainable Energy 3 (2): 023106. doi:10.1063/1.3575169.
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