Project of 8051 GSM based power transformer fault detection

system

Submitted To

Submitted By

Department of Physics

Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.

Abstract the whole system. Moreover, due to the

nonlinear relationship between the system.
The all parallel autotransformer (AT)
Moreover, due to the nonlinear relationship
traction power supply system (TPSS)
between the distance and impedance as well
including several subsections is widely used
as the symmetry of the system, conventional
for high-speed railways. Unfortunately, any
distance protection schemes fail to identify
fault of catenary and negative feeder will
the fault subsection and the fault types. In
caused all subsections power interruption in
this paper, a novel segmental power supply
scheme is presented, which can switch the normal to danger and to take an initiatives to
catenary and negative feeder at each AT avoid damage to a transformer. Power
subsection on and off independently. Based transformers are designed to transmit and
on the theoretical analysis of the electrical distribute electrical power. Depending on
characteristics of the traction power and the size of a transformer, replacement costs
negative feeder at each AT subsection on can range from a few hundred dollars to
and off independently. Based on the millions of dollars. Performing offline and
theoretical analysis of the electrical invasive tests also add to the replacement
characteristics of the traction power cost. Hence, there is an increasing need to
network, multi terminals synchronous move from traditional schedule-based
information is applied and a hybrid fault maintenance programs to condition based
subsection and fault type. Consequently, maintenance. However, a focused approach
only the catenary or negative feeder at the is required for diagnostics.
fault subsection will be quickly removed
Power Transformer Parameter fault
from service without the effect on normal
detection System is one of the sensor based
operation of the other subsections.
projects for final year which can be used in
Therefore, the reliability of the parallel AT
Power transformers. This project is used to
TPSS is improved considerably. This
monitor the parameter of Power transformer.
method was verified through simulation and
If any fault is detected then it will be
laboratory experiments by the case studies.
intimated a using a GSM technology. We

1. Introduction have measured four basic parameters of

In search of our project we plan to do transformer. Oil level, temperature, current
something, which is yet to be established and voltage. We have used 2 sensors in this
and must be useful to day to day life. We project, temperature sensor and level sensor
analyzed the current situation and realized for Oil level. And we have used 2
that if there may be system that informs the potentiometers to give the demonstration of
user about various faults in the transformer, voltage and current.
we will be able to prevent severe damages.
This project can be used to detect the fault in
So we decided to develop such a system that
Power transformers. Various parameters like
detects transformer faults. A system which
can detect the voltage of a transformer from
Oil level, Temperature, voltage and current  Microcontroller
are monitored.  Voltage & current sensor
 Amplifier
2. Review
 LCD
3. Method
 Relay
 Buzzer
3.1. Block Diagram
 Oil level sensor
Block Diagram Description  Temperature sensor
 ADC

Fig.1 Block Diagram of 8051 GSM based power transformer fault detection system

The protection system of transformer is

inevitable due to the voltage fluctuation,
3.2. Circuit Diagram
frequent insulation failure, earth fault, over
current etc. Thus the following automatic
3.3. Transformer protection systems are incorporated.
Introduction
Buchholz devices
A Buchholz relay, also called a gas relay or Differential system
a sudden pressure relay, is a safety device
Differential system, also called as
mounted on some oil-filled power
circulating-current system provides
transformers and reactors, equipped with an
protection against short-circuits between
external overhead oil reservoir called a
turns of a winding and between windings
conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as
that correspond to phase-to-phase or three
a protective device sensitive to the effects of
phase type short-circuits i.e. it provides
dielectric failure inside the equipment. It
protection against earth and phase faults.
also provides protection against all kind of
slowly developed faults such as insulation The complete protection of transformer

failure of winding, core heating and fall of usually requires the combination of these

oil level. systems. Most of the transformers are

usually connected to the supply system
Earth fault relays
through series fuses instead of circuit
An earth fault usually involves a partial breakers. In existing method the transformer
breakdown of winding insulation to earth. does not have automatic protective relays for
The resulting leakage current is considerably protecting the transformer.
less than the short circuit current. The earth
Transformer – Definition
fault may continue for a long time and
creates damage before it ultimately develops A device used to transfer electric energy

into a short circuit and removed from the from one circuit to another, especially a pair

system. Usually provides protection against of multiple wound, inductively coupled wire

earth fault only. coils that affect such a transfer with a

change in voltage, current, phase, or other
Over current relays
electric characteristic.
An over current relay, also called as
overload relay have high current setting and
are arranged to operate against faults
between phases. Usually provides protection
against phase -to-phase faults and
overloading faults.
 a is the cross-sectional area of the core in
square meters.

B is the peak magnetic flux density in Tesla.

P is the power in volt amperes or watts.

NECESSITY FOR PROTECTION

Transformers are static devices, totally

enclosed and generally oil immersed.
Therefore, chances of faults occurring on
them are very rare. However, the
consequences of even a rare fault may be
Fig.2 Basic Transformer
very serious unless the transformer is
quickly disconnected from the system. This

THE UNIVERSAL EMF EQUATION necessitates providing adequate automatic

protection for transformers against possible
If the flux in the core is sinusoidal, the
faults.
relationship for either winding between its
number of turns, voltage, magnetic flux 3.3.1 Common Transformer Faults
As compared with generators, in which
density and core cross-sectional area is
many abnormal conditions may arise, power
given by the universal emf equation from
transformers may suffer only from:
Faraday’s Law,
1. Open circuits
2 πfNaB
E= =4.44 fNaB
√2 2. Overheating

E is the sinusoidal rms or root mean square 3. Winding short-circuits

voltage of the winding.
Open circuit Faults
f is the frequency in hertz.
An open circuit in one phase of a 3-phase
N is the number of turns of wire on the transformer may cause undesirable heating.
winding. In practice, relay protection is not provided
against open circuits because this condition
is relatively harmless. On the occurrence of
such a fault, the transformer can be electrical isolation between the electronic
disconnected manually from the system. circuitry and the external public power
supply. A typical power transformer
Overheating Faults
construction using a laminated core.
Overheating of the transformer is usually
caused by sustained overloads or short
circuits and very occasionally by the failure
of the cooling system. The relay protection
is also not provided against this contingency
and thermal accessories are generally used
to sound an alarm or control the banks of
fans.

Winding Short-circuit Faults

Fig.3 Laminated Core Power Transformer
Winding short-circuits (also called internal
faults) on the transformer arise from A core of thin steel ‘E’ and ‘I’ shaped
deterioration of winding insulation due to laminations is used to reduce the effects
overheating or mechanical injury. When an of eddy currents. These are clamped
internal fault occurs, the transformer must together and the primary and secondary
be disconnected quickly from the system windings wound on a former placed around
because a prolonged arc in the transformer the central limb of the core. The windings
may cause oil fire. Therefore, relay may be separate as shown, or often, for
protection is absolutely necessary for greater efficiency, wound concentrically in
internal faults. layers (primary, secondary, primary,
secondary, etc). Transformers are often
3.3.2 Power Transformer
The job of a Power Transformer in an made specific to a particular application or
electronic system is to provide that system equipment in which they are used. Correct
with a number of AC supplies of various identification of windings may therefore
voltages and suitable values of current, from require reference to manufacturer’s data.
the high voltage public electricity supply. In Tappings
addition it may be required to provide
To enable transformers to supply a range of A popular design for power transformers is
secondary voltages to different parts of a based on the toroid core. This design gives
circuit it is common for power transformers excellent linkage between primary and
to have "Tapped windings". That is, secondary as both coils are wound on the
windings split into various sections by using same do-nut shaped core. Eddy current
a number of connections brought out from a losses are kept low by the either winding the
single winding, each one at a particular core in a spiral from a strip of grain oriented
number of turns along the winding. steel or molding the core from high
permeability ferrite core material. The toroid
This provides a selection of different turn’s
transformer construction, although generally
ratios between primary and secondary
more expensive than E-I laminated core
allowing different input voltages to be used
types, provides a smaller and lighter
and a range of different output voltages to be
transformer than for a given power rating,
obtained.
together with higher efficiency and less

By using a winding with a central tapping, leakage of magnetic field around the

e.g. 9V 0V 9V, a balanced supply can be transformer.

provided giving two equal voltages (9V) of Commissioning Procedure of Power

opposite polarity, or a single 18V supply. Transformer

In Transformer testing it can be classified

into power and distribution transformers. It
rating plate show nominal voltage, current
of primary and secondary voltage at several
of the tap changer, connection symbols
(vector group), % impedance weight of oil
etc.

Before starting transformer testing some of

Fig.4 Tapped Power Transformer per-commissioning checks a physical

inspection of transformer is to be carried out
Toroid Power Transformer
along with the general arrangement drawing.
The parts mentioned on the drawing are to LAs are provided for the
be checked for physical mounting. transformer, it is advisable to set
the arcing horn distance a bit
Check the following points before start
higher.
the Transformer testing
 Tightness of conductor / cables

 Oil leakage from bushing, on transformer, HV side, LV

valves, air release plugs, etc. side and neutral to be checked.

 Direction of mounting of  Check resistance and IR

Buchholz relay, as per arrow on (Insulation resistance) values of

the relay; the arrow should point NGR (Neutral Ground Resistor),

towards the conservator. if provided.

 Oil level in condenser bushing.  Ensure that oil is filled in OTI

 Oil level of main tank and (Oil Temperature Indicator) and

OLTC  (On load Tap Changer) WTI (Winding temperature

tank should be up to the filling Indicator) pockets.

mark on MOG ( Minimum oil  Check that color of silica gel in

level gauge) breathers of main conservator

 Earthed at two points.(Very and OLTC (On load Tap

important before start the Changer) conservator is blue.

transformer testing)  Oil in breather cups to be filled

 Stoppers provided for locking of up to level indicated.

wheels.  Diaphragm of explosion vent, if

 Test taps on HV (High voltage) provided to be checked.

condenser bushing are fixed. In Transformer Testing following electrical

 Valves on each radiator, both checks are to be carried out and results
top and bottom should be open. recorded in the test reports.
 Valves on either side Buchholz
Prior to ratio check OLTC (On load Tap
relay should be open.
Changer) if provide is to be made functional
 Arcing horns for bushing, if
OLTC can be of two types,
provided to be set as per
manufacturer’s instructions. If
 OLTC in-built in the main tank supply, verify that the phase
 OLTC separate chamber type sequence of the supply is

 For in-built OLTC (diverter correct, if not correct reverse the

switch) ensure that the lamp on phase sequence at the motor

the drive mechanism (DM) is terminal box.

same as the one in the display  Observe the operation of LOTC

on the main tank. Then and check blocking of operation
connection the main operating at the end positions.
rod between the OLTC DM and  Verify that insertion of manual
diverter switch. Conduct operating handle cuts off
mechanical operations on the electrical operation.
OLTC taking it through all the  Test the Automatic Voltage
taps. Ensure that the final end Regulating Relay (AVRR), if
position (upper and lower limit) provided perform automatic
switches operate. operation from the AVRR.
 During the raise / lower
3.3.3 Transformer Testing
operation note that direction of Ratio Test
operating mechanism. Switch
 Apply 3 ph., 415V to high voltage
off the 3 PH AC supply and
winding of the transformer and, ensure
check operation of raise / lower
the induced voltage on the low voltage
contractor as per commands
terminals at all taps. Ensure variation
from DM.
in secondary volts as the taps are
 With OLTC at some
changed and compare the results with
intermediate tap, switch on the 3
manufactures test report or ratio
phase supply and give either
mentioned on transformer name plate.
raise / lower command to the
If delta tertiary stabilizing winding is
OLTC. Check whether the
provided (usually provided for Y Y
mechanism is moving in the
transformers), open the delta shorting
right direction for the command
link and measure the voltage across the
given. If the direction is reverse,
switch off the AC and DC
two terminals during ratio test-it the phases while maintaining the supply at
should be negligible. primary. This test is done at nominal tap and
at the minimum and maximum taps.
Expected currents – Ir / Iy / Ib – 1:0.0:1  for
star transformer
                                      -Ir / Iy / Ib 1: 1:1.3 –
for delta transformer
The currents should be in the order of mA.
Fig.5 Test Ratio

Vector Group Test

Make a test set up as per figure. Ensure that

neutrals of HV / LV are isolated from earth.
Measure the voltage as per test format EFS /
Transformer.

Fig.7 Magnetization Curve

Insulation Test

Up to 6.6KV an insulation tester of 2.5 KV

may be used and beyond 6.6 KV, 5 KV
Fig.6 Vector Group voltage level may be used.

No load / magnetizing current test Polarization index is record by IR value at

Remove the shorting between primary & 10/1 min ratio.
secondary and measure the currents in all

DIELECTRIC ABSORPTION POLARIZATION INDEX 10/1 INTERPRETATION

60/30 SEC RATIO MIN RATIO

----- Less than 1 Unsatisfactory

1 to 1.25 1 to 2 Dubious
 1.4 to 1.6 2 to 4 Good

More than 6 4 Very good

Transformer Oil Testing strength of oil. The oil is to be tested at 2.5

Prior to charging of transformer confirm the mm gap. 6 no’s reading have to be taken and
healthiness of the oil by testing the dielectric an average of these reading is the break
down voltage of the oil.

CHARACTERI EQUIPMEN TEST FREQUENC PERMISSIB REMEDIAL

STICS T METHOD Y OF TEST LE LIMITS ACTION
VOLTAGE
Break Down >170 KV Immediately > 50 KV Reconditioni
Voltage 70-170 KV IEC 156 prior charging > 40KV ng
<70 KV > 30KV

Special Test Winding resistance test should be done after

Winding resistance should be carried out all the other tests have been completed.
with 24 V battery. Rheostat with 10 A
rating, along & digital multi-meter, two pole
switch Circuit as per figure connect the
battery to one winding of the transformer
and adjust the current to 2A. Measure the
voltage at bushings. Winding resistance
Fig.7 Winding Resistance
calculated should be compared with factory
test results. Do not disconnect the wires In transformer testing, if more than one run
without reducing the current avoid voltage of cable per phase is used on the transformer
spikes.
LV side, it should be confirmed that there is The on-chip Flash allows the program
no cross-over of phases between any run. memory to be reprogrammed in-system or
Such a crossover would result in a dead by a conventional nonvolatile memory
short circuit on the LV side of the programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit
transformer. This can be verified during no- CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the
load magnetizing current test-the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
magnetizing current on the transformer HV microcomputer which provides a highly-
side should be in the order of mA, with the flexible and cost-effective solution to many
all the LV side cables connected. embedded control applications.
Alternatively, thus can be confirmed during
Features Of Microcontroller
the transformer differential stability test.
 A CPU (central processing unit) 8 bits.
3.4. Microcontroller  256 bytes of RAM (random access
Introduction
memory) internally.

Microcontroller is a microprocessor  Four ports of I/O with each consist of 8

designed specifically for control bit.
applications, and is equipped with ROM,  The internal oscillator and timing circuit.
RAM and facilities I / O on a single  Two timers/counters 16 bits.
chip.AT89S52 is one of the family MCS-  Five interrupt lines (two fruits and three
51/52 equipped with an internal 8 Kbyte external interrupt internal interruptions).
Flash EPROM (Erasable and Programmable  A serial port with full duplex UART
Read Only Memory), which allows memory (Universal Asynchronous Receiver
to be reprogrammed. The AT89S52 is a low- Transmitter).
power, high performance CMOS 8-bit  Able to conduct the process of
microcomputer with 4Kbytes of flash multiplication, division, and Boolean.
programmable and erasable read only  The size of 8 Kbytes EPROM for program
memory (PEROM).This device is a Single- memory.
chip 8-bit. Microcontroller and is a
 Maximum speed execution of instructions
derivative of the 8051 microcontroller
per cycle is 0.5 s at 24 MHz clock
family. The instruction set is 100%
frequency.
compatible with the 8051 instruction set.
If the microcontroller clock frequency used
is 12 MHz, the speed is 1 s instruction instruction sequence in accordance with the
execution. steps that have been determined the program
CPU (central processing unit), this section (execute). Arithmetic and logic unit is the
serves to control the entire operation on the part that deals with arithmetic operations
microcontroller. This unit is divided into like addition, subtraction, and logical data
two parts, the control unit, or CU (Control manipulation operations such as AND, OR,
Unit) and the arithmetic and logic unit or and comparison.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) The main
Pin Configuration
function control unit is to take instructions
AT 8051 microcontroller has 40 pins with a
from memory
single 5 Volt power supply. The pin 40 is
(fetch) and then translate the composition of
illustrated
these instructions into a simple collection of
as follows:
work processes (decode), and implement

PIN CONFIGURATION
AT8051 microcontroller has 40 pins with a bytes during Flash programming and
single Volt power supply. The pin 40 is verification.
illustrated
Port2:
as follows:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with
Vcc: Supply Voltage. internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers
GND: Ground. cansink/ source four TTL inputs. When 1s
are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled
Port0:
high by the internal pull-ups and can be used
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional
as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are
I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
externally being pulled low will source
sink eight
current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte
pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance
during fetching from external program
inputs.
memory and during access to external data
Port 0 can also be configured to be the
memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX
multiplexed low-order address/data bus
@DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses
during accesses to external programmed data
strong internal pullups when emitting 1s.
memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-
During accesses to external data memory
ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes
that uses 8-bit address (MOVX
during Flash programming and outputs the
@R1), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2
code bytes during program verification.
Special Function Register. Port 2 also
Port1: receives the high-order address bits and
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with some control signals during Flash program
internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers and verification.
can sink/ source four TTL inputs. When 1s
Port3:
are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with
high by the internal pull-ups and can be used
internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers
as inputs. As inputs, port 1 pins that are
can sink/ source four TTL inputs. When 1s
externally being pulled low will source
are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled
current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
high by the internal pull-ups and can be used
Port 1 also receives the low-order address
as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a
externally being pulled low will source constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency
current because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also and may be used for external timing or
serves the functions of Port 3 pin alternate clocking purposes. Note, however, that one
Functions: ALE pulse is skipped during each access to
external data memory. If desired, ALE
P 3.0 RXD (Serial Input Port)
operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of
P 3.1 TXD (Serial Output Port)
SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is
P 3.2 INT0 (External Interrupt 0)
active only during a MOVX or MOVC
P 3.3 INT1 (External Interrupt 1)
instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly
P 3.4 T0 (Timer 0 External Input)
pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has
P 3.5 T1 (Timer 1 External Input)
no effect if the Microcontroller is in external
P 3.6 WR (External Data Memory Write
execution mode.
Strobe)
P 3.7 RD (External Data Memory Read PSEN:
Strobe)
Program Store Enable It is the read strobe to
Port 3 also receives some control signals for external program memory. When the
Flash programming and programming AT8051 is executing code from external
verification. program memory, PSEN is activated twice
RST: Reset Input each machine cycle, except that two PSEN
A high on this pin for two machine cycles activations are skipped during each access to
while the oscillator is running resets the external data memory.
device. This
EA/Vpp:
pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods
after the Watchdog times out. External Access Enable/ Programming
Enable Voltage External Access Enable
ALE/PROG:
must be strapped to GND in order to enable
Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for
the device to fetch code from external
latching the low byte of the address during
program memory locations starting at
accesses to external memory. This pin is
0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if
also the program pulse input (PROG) during
lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be
Flash programming.
internally latched on reset. EA should be
strapped to Vcc for internal program device which has in-built CPU memory and
executions. This pin also receives the 12- peripherals to make it act as a mini-
volt programming enable voltage (Vpp) computer
during Flash programming.  Microcontroller has one or two operational
codes for moving data from external to CPU
XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier  Microcontroller has many bit handling

and input to the internal clock operating instructions

circuit.  Microcontroller works faster than

XTAL2: microprocessor because of rapid movement

It is the output from the inverting oscillator of bits

amplifier. within the chip

 Microcontroller can function as a
NEED OF MICROCONTROLLER
computer with the addition of no external
 Microcontroller is a general-purpose
parts

4. Conclusion