GENDER AND SOCIETY

SEX AND GENDER

MAT M. NUESTRO
INSTRUCTOR
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 OBJECTIVES
1. Distinguish the difference between the concepts of sex
and gender;
2. Learn that their roles and identities are affected by their
sex;
3. Realize that social institutions are agents responsible in
the acquisition of traditional, and outdated gender roles
and identities if women and men;
4. Define Biological Determinism and Social
Constructionism; and
5. Understand the effects of Gender Differences Theories.

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 SCOPE
Basic Concepts Related to Gender and Development (GAD)
 Sex VS Gender
 Acquisition of Gender Roles and Identities
 Gender Differences Theories

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 REFERENCES
 Gonzales-Esquivel, M. nd. Gender Sensitivity Training PowerPoint
presentation.
 Office of the Army Gender and Development. nd. GST Trainers’
Handbook: A Step Towards a Fully Gender-Sensitive Philippine Army
 Andersen, M.L., K.A. & Taylor H.F. (2005). Understanding society: an
introductory reader (2nd e.d.) Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
 Robert J Brym & John Lie, Sociology: Pop Culture to Social Structure, 3 rd
e.d., Wadsworth
 Henslin, JM. (2006). Essentials of Sociology: A down-to-earth approach
(6th e.d.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon

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BASIC CONCEPTS RELATED TO GAD

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SEX VS GENDER

Sex and Gender: Is

there a difference?

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 SEX VS GENDER
PRE-EVALUATION: SEX OR GENDER, What is it?

1. Hormones 8. Menstruation
2. XX 9. Adam’s Apple
3. Leader 10. Sperm cell
4. Follower 11. Child bearing
5. Nipples 12. Penis
6. Sexy 13. Testes
7. Child rearing 14. Carpentry

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SEX VS GENDER
1. Hormones ------------------SEX
2. XX-----------------------------SEX
3. Leader -----------------------GENDER
4. Follower --------------------GENDER
5. Nipples ----------------------SEX
6. Sexy --------------------------GENDER
7. Child rearing ---------------GENDER
8. Menstruation --------------SEX
9. Adam’s Apple --------------SEX
10. Sperm cell ------------------SEX
11. Child bearing --------------SEX
12. Penis ------------------------SEX
13. Testes -----------------------SEX
14. Carpentry ------------------GENDER
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 SEX VS GENDER
SEX -is concerned with differentiating
people based on biological attributes
such as:
• physical - body contour,
features, genitals,
reproductive organs
• genetic - chromosomes,
hormones
• label - female or male; man
or woman
-is universal and fixed i.e., does not
change in time or location
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 SEX VS GENDER
DIMENSIONS OF SEX
SEX DIMENSION MALE FEMALE
1. Chromosomes XY XX
2. Gonads Testes Ovaries
3. Hormones Androgens Estrogens
4. External Genitalia Penis, Scrotum Labia, Clitoris
5. Internal Accessory Prostate, Seminal Vesicles, Vagina, Uterus, Fallopian
Organs Vas deferens Tubes
6. Secondary Sex Sperm Emission Menstruation
Characteristics

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 SEX VS GENDER
BECAUSE OF SEX, THERE ARE DESIGNATED
SEX/BIOLOGICAL ROLES OF MEN AND WOMEN!
Impregnation Getting pregnant Giving birth

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SEX VS GENDER

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 SEX VS GENDER
GENDER -is concerned with differentiating
people based on perceptions,
roles, and social expectations

-It is concerned about

femininity or masculinity
-are the characteristics, attitudes,
feelings, and behaviors that
SOCIETY expects of females and
males
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SEX VS GENDER

Gender is learned and

acquired, changes from
country to country or
through time.
Video Presentation:
Girl and Boy

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 How do we learn and acquire our gender
identities?

We learn through Gender role socialization…

the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine,
primarily through four main agents of socialization:
families, schools, peers, and the media.

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 What Influences Gender Roles & Identities?
Families are usually the primary source of
socialization and greatly impact gender role
socialization.
Albert Bandura’s Social
learning theory suggests
that the babies and children
learn behaviors and
meanings through social
interaction and internalize
the expectations of those
around them.

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 What Influences Gender Roles & Identities?

Schools also socialize children into their gender roles.

- For instance, research

shows that teachers treat
boys and girls differently.

- This may teach children

that there are different
expectations of them, based
on their sex.

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 What Influences Gender Roles & Identities?
Peer groups are an important agent of socialization.
– Teens are rewarded by peers when they conform to gender
norms and stigmatized when they do not.

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 What Influences Gender Roles & Identities?
Media: television, movies, magazines, books, video games, and so on,
portray sex-role behavior in a highly stereotypical manner.

The New York Film Academy Blog, New Gender Inequality in Film Infographic Updated in 2018, Perrone, JJ.[jpg]. Retrieved from
https://www.nyfa.edu/film-school-blog/gender-inequality-in-film-infographic-updated-in-2018
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GENDER DIFFERENCES: MEN AND WOMEN

The only difference between men and women lies in their SEX
(biological attributes and roles defined by biology) but never in
their GENDER… If that is the case, then

WHY ARE THE GENDER ROLES &

IDENTITIES OF MEN AND WOMEN
DIFFERENT?

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 THEORIES RELATED TO GENDER DIFFERENCES

1. Most of the time what we are born with (our SEX)

determines our gender roles and identities, this is what we
call…
Biological Determinism

2. What determines our gender roles and identities depends

on what society dictates, it is…

Social Constructionism

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 BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

Biological Determinism is a social theory which provides that –

the Biological Differences between women and men

dictate a difference in social roles and personality.

these differences reinforce the notion that men are

superior and women are inferior.

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SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM

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 SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM
Social Constructionism is a theory of knowledge that holds –
Differences in behavior between men and women are
entirely Social Conventions. Sees SOCIETY as the
basis for gender identity. Several countries around the
world such as Arab countries, Africa and India still
considers women to be the minority and do not have
equal access and rights in their societies as do men.
these differences, again, reinforce the notion that men
are superior and women are inferior.
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 EFFECTS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
The assignment of gender roles, responsibilities, characteristics and
expectations by society created a divide between men and women
as they were put in their respective boxes –
Hence, certain roles, traits and characteristics are assigned or
ascribed distinctly and strictly to women or to men

- Macho - Weak
- Brave - Submissive
- Fighter - Caretaker
- Leader - Cry baby
- Breadwinner - Martyr
- Decision-maker - Fickle-minded
- Polygamous - Moody
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 EFFECTS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES

DENIED MEN ACCESS TO: DENIED WOMEN ACCESS TO:

• Be a nurturer • Work
• Express emotions • Achievement
• Other-oriented WORLD • Independence
OF DOMESTIC LIFE • Power

LIMITATIONS 26
 EFFECTS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
• These LIMITATIONS on men, and more particularly on
WOMEN hindered their potentials to develop, thereby
resulting to gender subordination and biases.

Economic Marginalization
Political Subordination
Gender Stereotyping
Multiple Burden
Gender-Based Violence (GBV)

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END

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