Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

CHAPTER FIVE

SYNTHESIS OF TRANSFER FUNCTIONS (TWO

PORT NETWORK)
Desalegn Tsega

January 21, 2019

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Outline
Introduction to two port network
Two-Port Parameters
The Z-Parameter (Open-Circuit impedance)
Short Circuit Admittance (y) parameters
Hybrid Parameters (h Parameters)
Transmission (T) or Chain ABCD parameters
Condition for Reciprocity
Condition for Symmetry
Relationships Between Parameter Sets
Relationships Between Parameter Sets
Interconnection of Two-Ports
Interconnection of Two-Ports
Input and output Impedance
Input Impedance
Output Impedance
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Two-Port Parameters
I A general two–port network has two pair of voltage-current
relationship. The variables are V1 , V2 , I1 , I2

I Two of these are dependent variable; and the other two are
independent variable.
I The number of possible combinations generated by four
variables taken two at a time is six.
I Thus there are six possible sets of equations describing a
two-port network.
I In this chapter we will cover those six possible sets of equation
and descriptions
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

The Z-Parameter (Open-Circuit impedance)

(V1 , V2 ) = f (I1 , I2 )
I A particular set of equations that describe a two port network
are the z parameter equations.
Input driving point impedance Forward transfer impedance
with the output port open with the output port open
circuited circuited
V1 V2
Z11 = |I =0 Z21 = |I =0
I1 2 I1 2

Output driving point

Reverse transfer impedance
impedance with the input port
with the input port open circuit
V1 open circuited
Z12 = |I =0 V2
I2 1 Z22 = |I =0
I2 1
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Cont...
I Generally open circuit impedance parameters

V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2
I In matrix form
    
V1 Z11 Z12 I1
=
V2 Z21 Z22 I2
I Z11 relates the current and voltage in the port one only;
whereas Z22 gives the voltage-current relationship for port two.
Such parameters are called open circuit driving point
impedances
I The parameters Z12 and Z21 relate the voltage in one port to
the current in the other port. These are known as open circuit
transfer impedances.
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Cont...

I Equivalent circuit of a two port network in terms of

Z-parameters

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

I Find the open circuit parameters for the following T circuit:

D
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Short Circuit Admittance (y) parameters

(I1 , I2 ) = f (V1 , V2 )
I The terms are known as admittance parameters or simply Y
parameters and have units on Siemens.
Input driving point admittance Forward transfer admittance
with the output port short with the output port short
circuited circuited
I1 I2
Y11 = |V =0 Y21 = |V =0
V1 2 V1 2

Reverse transfer admittance Output driving point

with the input port short circuit admittance with the input port
I1 short circuited
Y12 = |V =0 I2
V2 1 Y22 = |V =0
V2 1
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Cont...

I Generally short circuit admittance parameters

I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2

I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2
I In matrix form
    
I1 Y11 Y12 V1
=
I2 Y21 Y22 V2

I The impedance and admittance parameters collectively known

as immittance parameters

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Cont...

I Equivalent circuit of a two port network in terms of

Y-parameters

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Example
I Example obtain the y parameters for the following network
shown below

C
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Hybrid Parameters (h Parameters)

(V1 , I2 ) = f (I1 , V2 )
I The set of parameters that are extremely useful in describing
transistor circuits are the h parameters given by the equations
Input impedance with the Forward current gain with the
output port short circuited output port short circuited
V1 I2
h11 = |V =0 h21 = |V =0
I1 2 I1 2

Reverse voltage gain with the Output admittance with the

input port open circuited input port open circuited
V1 I2
h12 = |I =0 h22 = |I =0
V2 1 V2 1

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Cont...

I Generally H-parameters

V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2

I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
I In matrix form
    
V1 h11 h12 I1
=
I2 h21 h22 V2

I Note that h11 and h21 are short circuit parameters, and h12
and h22 are open circuit type parameters.

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Cont...

I Equivalent circuit of a two port network in terms of

h-parameters

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Example

I Determine the h parameters for the following circuit.

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Transmission (T) or Chain ABCD parameters

(V1 , I1 ) = f (V2 , −I2 )
I It relates the voltage and current at the input Port to their
corresponding quantities at the output port.

Reverse voltage ratio with the Reverse transfer admittance

receiving end open circuited with the receiving end open
V1 circuited
A= |I =0 I1
V2 2 C= |I =0
V2 2

Reverse transfer impedance Reverse current ratio with the

with the receiving end short receiving end short circuited
circuited I1
V1 D= |V =0
B= |V =0 −I2 2
−I2 2
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Cont...

I Generally short circuit admittance parameters

V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )

I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )
I In matrix form
    
V1 A B V2
=
I1 C D −I2

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Two-Port Parameters

Example

I Find the transmission parameters for the following network.

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Condition for Reciprocity

I A two port network is said to be reciprocal, if the ratio of the
excitation to the response is invariant to an interchange of the
positions of the excitation and response in the network.
I Network containing resistor, inductor and capacitor are
generally reciprocal.
Vs Vs
= 0 or I10 = I20
I10 I2

V1 = Vs , I1 = I1 , V2 = 0, I2 = −I20 V2 = Vs , I2 = I2 , V1 = 0, I1 = −I10
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

In terms of Z-parameters

V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2
Case 1: Case 2:
V1 = Vs , I1 = I1 , V2 = 0, I2 = −I20 V1 = 0, I1 = −I10 , V2 = Vs , I2 = I2
Vs = Z11 I1 − Z12 I20 0 = −Z11 I10 + Z12 I2
0 = Z21 I1 − Z22 I20 Vs = −Z21 I10 + Z22 I2
Vs Z21 Vs Z12
I20 = I10 =
Z11 Z22 − Z21 Z12 Z11 Z22 − Z21 Z12
I Comparing I20 and I10 , we get
Z12 = Z21
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

In terms of Y-parameters

I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2
I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2

Case 1: Case 2:
V1 = Vs , I1 = I1 , V2 = 0, I2 = −I20 V1 = 0, I1 = −I10 , V2 = Vs , I2 = I2
I20 = −Y21 Vs I10 = −Y12 Vs

I Comparing I20 and I10 , we get

Y12 = Y21

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

In terms of h-parameters

V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
Case 1:
V1 = Vs , I1 = I1 , V2 = 0, I2 = −I20 Case 2:
V1 = 0, I1 = −I10 , V2 = Vs , I2 = I2
Vs = h11 I1
0 = −h11 I10 + h12 Vs
−I20 = h21 I1
h12
h21 I10 = Vs
I20 = −Vs h11
h11
I Comparing I20 and I10 , we get
h12 = −h21
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

In terms of T-parameters

V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )
I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )
Case 2:
Case 1: V1 = 0, I1 = −I10 , V2 = Vs , I2 = I2
V1 = Vs , I1 = I1 , V2 = 0, I2 = −I20 0 = AVs − BI2
Vs = BI20
−I10 = CVs − DI2
Vs
I20 =
 
0 AD − BC
B I1 = Vs
B
I Comparing I20 and I10 , we get
AD − BC = 1
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Condition for Symmetry

I A two port network is said to be symmetrical if the ports can

be interchanged without changing the voltage and currents.
I Mathematically
Vs Vs
|I =0 = |I =0
I1 2 I2 1

V1 = Vs , I1 = I1 , I2 = 0, V2 = V2 V2 = Vs , I2 = I2 , I1 = 0, V1 = V1

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

In terms of Z-parameters

V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2

Case 1: Case 2:
V1 = Vs , I1 = I1 , V2 = V2 , I2 = 0 V1 = V1 , I1 = 0, V2 = Vs , I2 = I2
Vs = Z11 I1 Vs = Z22 I2
Vs Vs
= Z11 ....(1) = Z22 ....(2)
I1 I2

I Comparing equation (1) and (2), we get

Z11 = Z22

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

In terms of Y-parameters
I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2
I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2
Case 1: Case 2:
V1 = Vs , I1 = I1 , V2 = V2 , I2 = 0 V1 = V1 , I1 = 0, V2 = Vs , I2 = I2
I1 = Y11 Vs + Y12 V2 0 = Y11 V1 + Y12 Vs
0 = Y21 Vs + Y22 V2 I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 Vs
Y21 Y12
I1 = Y11 Vs + Y12 (− Vs ) I2 = Y21 (− Vs ) + Y22 Vs
Y22 Y11
Vs Y22 Vs Y11
= ...(1) = ...(1)
I1 Y11 Y22 − Y12 Y21 I2 Y11 Y22 − Y12 Y21
I Comparing equation (1) and (2), we get
Y11 = Y22
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

In terms of h-parameters
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
Case 1:
V1 = Vs , I1 = I1 , V2 = V2 , I2 = 0
Case 2:
Vs = h11 I1 + h12 V2
V1 = V1 , I1 = 0, V2 = Vs , I2 = I2
0 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 I2 = h22 Vs
h21 Vs 1
Vs = h11 I1 + h12 (− I1 ) = ...(2)
h22 I2 h22
Vs h11 h22 − h12 h21
= ...(1)
I1 h22
I Comparing equation (1) and (2), we get
h11 h22 − h12 h21 = 1
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

In terms of T-parameters
V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )
I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )
Case 1:
V1 = Vs , I1 = I1 , V2 = V2 , I2 = 0 Case 2:
Vs = AV2 V1 = V1 , I1 = 0, V2 = Vs , I2 = I2
I1 = CV2 0 = CVs + D(−I2 )

Vs AV2 CVs = DI2

= Vs D
I1 CV2 = ...(2)
Vs A I2 C
= ...(1)
I1 C
I Comparing equation (1) and (2), we get
A=D
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Conclusion

Table : Condition for Reciprocal and Symmetry

Parameters Condition for Reciprocal Condition for Symmetry

[z] Z12 = Z21 Z11 = Z22
[Y ] Y12 = Y21 Y11 = Y22
[T ] or [ABCD] 4T = AD − BC = 1 A=D
[h] h12 = −h21 4h = h11 h22 − h12 h12 = 1

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Z-parameters in terms of Y- parameters

[I ] = [Y ][V ]...(1)
[V ] = [Z ][I ]...(2)

I Substitute (1) into (2)

1
[V ] = [Z ][Y ][V ] ⇒ [Z ] = ⇒ [Z ] = [Y ]−1
| {z } [Y ]
1
    −1 
Z11 Z12 Y11 Y121 Y22 −Y12
= =
Z21 Z22 4Y −Y21
Y21 Y22 Y11
Y22 −Y12 −Y21 Y11
Z11 = , Z12 = , Z21 = , Z22 = ,
4Y 4Y 4Y 4Y
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Z-parameters in terms of h- parameters

V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 ...(1zh)

V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 ...(2zh)
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ...(3zh)
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 ...(4zh)

I Rewriting the equation (4zh)

h21 1
V2 = − I1 + I2 ...(5zh)
h22 h22
I Compare equation (2zh) and (5zh)
h21 1
Z21 = − , Z22 =
h22 h22
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Cont...
I Substitute equation (5zh) into (3zh)
 
h21 1
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 − I1 + I2
h22 h22
h12 h21 h12
V1 = h11 I1 − I1 + I2
h22 h22
 
h12 h21 h12
V1 = h11 − I1 + I2
h22 h22
h11 h22 − h12 h21 h12
V1 = I1 + I2 ...(6zh)
h22 h22
I Compare equation (6zh) and (1zh)
h11 h22 − h12 h21 4h h12
Z11 = = , Z12 =
h22 h22 h22
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Z-parameters in terms of T- parameters

V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 ...(1zT )

V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 ...(2zT )
V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )...(3zT )
I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )...(4zT )

I Rewriting the equation (4zT)

1 D
V2 = I1 + I2 ...(5zT )
C C
I Compare equation (2zT) and (5zT)
1 D
Z21 = , Z22 =
C C
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Cont...
I Substitute equation (5zT) into (3zT)
 
1 D
V1 = A I1 + I2 + B(−I2 )
C C
A AD
V1 =
I1 + I2 + B(−I2 )
C C 
A AD
V1 = I1 + − B I2
C C
A AD − BC
V1 = I1 + I2 ...(6zT )
C C
I Compare equation (6zT) and (1zT)
A AD − BC 4T
Z11 = , Z12 = =
C C C
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Y-parameters in terms of Z- parameters

1 1
[Z ] = ⇒ [Y ] = ⇒ [Y ] = [Z ]−1
[Y ] [Z ]
   −1  
Y11 Y12 Z11 Z12 1 Z22 −Z12
= =
Y21 Y22 Z21 Z22 4Z −Z21 Z11
Z22 −Z12 −Z21 Z11
Y11 = , Y12 = , Y21 = , Y22 =
4Z 4Z 4Z 4Y

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Y-parameters in terms of h- parameters

I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 ...(1yh)

I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 ...(2yh)
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ...(3yh)
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 ...(4yh)

I Rewriting the equation (3yh)

1 h12
I1 = V1 − V2 ...(5yh)
h11 h11
I Compare equation (5yh) and (1yh)
1 h12
Y11 = , Y12 = −
h11 h11
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Cont...
I Substitute equation (5yh) into (4yh)
 
1 h12
I2 = h21 V1 − V2 + h22 V2
h11 h11

h21 h21 h12

I2 = V1 − V2 + h22 V2
h11 h11
h21 h11 h22 − h21 h12
I2 = V1 + V2 ...(6yh)
h11 h11
I Compare equation (6yh) and (2yh)

h21 h11 h22 − h21 h12 4h

Y21 = , Y22 = =
h11 h11 h11

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Y-parameters in terms of h- parameters

I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 ...(1yT )

I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 ...(2yT )
V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )...(3yT )
I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )...(4yT )

I Rewriting the equation (3yT)

1 A
I2 = − V1 + V2 ...(5yT )
B B
I Compare equation (5yT) and (2yT)
1 A
Y21 = − , Y22 =
B B
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Cont...
I Substitute equation (5yT) into (4yT)
 
1 A
I1 = CV2 − D − V1 + V2
B B

D AD
V1 −
I1 = CV2 + V2
B B
D BC − AD
I1 = V1 + V2 ...(6yT )
B B
I Compare equation (6yT) and (1yT)

D BC − AD 4T
Y11 = , Y12 = =−
B B B

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

T-parameters in terms of Z- parameters

V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )...(1Tz)

I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )...(2Tz)
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 ...(3Tz)
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 ...(4Tz)

I Rewriting the equation (4Tz)

1 Z22
I1 = V2 + (−I2 )...(5Tz)
Z21 Z21
I Compare equation (5Tz) and (2Tz)
1 Z22
C= ,D =
Z21 Z21
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Cont...
I Substitute equation (5Tz) into (3Tz)
 
1 Z22
V1 = Z11 V2 + (−I2 ) + Z12 I2
Z21 Z21

Z11 Z11 Z22

V1 = V2 + (−I2 ) + Z12 I2
Z21 Z21
Z11 Z11 Z22 − Z21 Z12
V1 = V2 + (−I2 )...(6Tz)
Z21 Z21
I Compare equation (6Tz) and (1Tz)

Z11 Z11 Z22 − Z21 Z12 4Z

A= ,B = =
Z21 Z21 Z21

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

T-parameters in terms of Y- parameters

V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )...(1Ty )

I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )...(2Ty )
I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 ...(3Ty )
I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 ...(4Ty )

I Rewriting the equation (4Ty)

Y22 1
V1 = − V2 − (−I2 )...(5Ty )
Y21 Y21
I Compare equation (5Ty) and (1Ty)
Y22 1
A=− ,B = −
Y21 Y21
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Cont...
I Substitute equation (5Ty) into (3Ty)
 
Y22 1
I1 = Y11 − V2 − (−I2 ) + Y12 V2
Y21 Y21

Y11 Y22 Y11

I1 = − V2 − (−I2 ) + Y12 V2
Y21 Y21
Y12 Y21 − Y11 Y22 Y11
I1 = V2 − (−I2 )...(6Ty )
Y21 Y21
I Compare equation (6Ty) and (2Ty)

Y12 Y21 − Y11 Y22 4Y Y11

C= =− ,D = −
Y21 Y21 Y21

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

T-parameters in terms of h- parameters

V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )...(1Th)

I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )...(2Th)
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ...(3Th)
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 ...(4Th)

I Rewriting the equation (4Th)

h22 1
I1 = − V2 − (−I2 )...(5Th)
h21 h21
I Compare equation (5Th) and (2Th)
h22 1
C =− ,D = −
h21 h21
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Cont...
I Substitute equation (5Th) into (3Ty)
 
h22 1
V1 = h11 − V2 − (−I2 ) + h12 V2
h21 h21

h11 h22 h11

V1 = − V2 − (−I2 ) + h12 V2
h21 h21
h12 h21 − h11 h22 h11
V1 = V2 − (−I2 )...(6Th)
h21 h21
I Compare equation (6Th) and (1Th)

h12 h21 − h11 h22 4h h11

A= =− ,B = −
h21 h21 h21

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

h-parameters in terms of Z- parameters

V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ...(1hz)

I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 ...(2hz)
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 ...(3hz)
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 ...(4hz)

I Rewriting the equation (4hz)

Z21 1
I2 = − I1 + V2 ...(5hz)
Z22 Z22
I Compare equation (5hz) and (2hz)
Z21 1
h21 = − , h22 =
Z22 Z22
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Cont...
I Substitute equation (5hz) into (3hz)
 
Z21 1
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 − I1 + V2
Z22 Z22

Z12 Z21 Z12

V1 = Z11 I1 − I1 + V2
Z22 Z22
Z11 Z22 − Z12 Z21 Z12
V1 = I1 + V2 ...(6hz)
Z22 Z22
I Compare equation (6hz) and (1hz)

Z11 Z22 − Z12 Z21 4Z Z12

h11 = = , h12 =
Z22 z22 Z22

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

h-parameters in terms of y- parameters

V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ...(1hy )

I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 ...(2hy )
I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 ...(3hy )
I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 ...(4hy )

I Rewriting the equation (3hy)

1 Y12
V1 = I1 − V2 ...(5hy )
Y11 Y11
I Compare equation (5hy) and (1hy)
1 Y12
h11 = , h12 = −
Y11 Y11
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Cont...
I Substitute equation (5hy) into (4hy)
 
1 Y12
I2 = Y21 I1 − V2 + Y22 V2
Y11 Y11

Y21 Y21 Y12

I2 = I1 − V2 + Y22 V2
Y11 Y11
Y21 Y11 Y22 − Y21 Y12
I2 = I1 + V2 ...(6hy )
Y11 Y11
I Compare equation (6hy) and (2hy)

Y21 Y11 Y22 − Y21 Y12 4Y

h21 = , h22 = =
Y11 Y11 Y11

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

h-parameters in terms of T- parameters

V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ...(1hT )

I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 ...(2hT )
V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )...(3hT )
I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )...(4hT )

I Rewriting the equation (4hT)

1 C
I2 = − I1 + V2 ...(5hT )
D D
I Compare equation (5hT) and (2hT)
1 C
h21 = − , h22 =
D D
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Cont...
I Substitute equation (5hT) into (3hT)
 
1 C
V1 = AV2 − B − I1 + V2
D D

B BC
I1 −
V1 = AV2 + V2
D D
B AD − BC
V1 = I1 + V2 ...(6hT )
D D
I Compare equation (6hT) and (1hT)

B AD − BC 4T
h11 = , h12 = =
D D D

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Relationships Between Parameter Sets

Conclusion Table : Conversion of Parameters

Para-
meters- In terms of
[Z ] [Y ] [h] [T ]
Y22 −Y12 4h h12 A 4T
Z11 Z12 4Y 4Y h22 h22 C C
[Z ] −Y21 −Y11 −h21 1 1 D
Z21 Z22 4Y 4Y h22 h22 C C
Z22 −Z12 1 −h12 D −4T
4Z 4Z Y11 Y12 h11 h11 B B
[Y ] −Z21 −Z11 h21 4h −1 A
4Z 4Z
Y21 Y22 h11 h11 B B
4Z Z12 1 −Y12 B 4T
Z22 Z22 Y11 Y11 h11 h12 D D
[h] −Z21 1 Y21 4Y −1 C
Z22 Z22 Y11 Y11
h21 h22 D D
Z11 4Z −Y22 −1 −4h −h11
Z21 Z21 Y21 Y21 h21 h21 A B
[T ] 1 Z22 −4Y −Y11 −h22 −1
Z21 Z21 Y21 Y21 h21 h21
C D

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Interconnection of Two-Ports

I A large complex network may be divided in to sub networks for

purposes of analysis and design. The sub-networks are
modeled as two-port networks interconnected to form the
original network.
I The two-port networks may therefore be regarded as building
blocks that can be interconnected to form a complex network.
The interconnection can be in series, in parallel or in cascade.
Although interconnected network can be described by any of
six parameter sets, a certain set of parameters may have a
definite advantage.

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Cont...

I When the networks are in series, their individual Z parameters

adds up to give the Z parameters of larger network.
I When the networks are in parallel their individual Y parameter
add up to give the Y parameter of larger network.
I When they are cascaded their individual transmission
parameter can be multiplied to get the transmission
parameters of the larger network.

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Series connection of networks

I Two port networks are in series when their port current are
equal and the port voltage of the larger network are the sum of
the Individual port voltages.

I For network Na V1a = Z11a I1a + Z12a I2a

V2a = Z21a I1a + Z22a I2a
I For network Nb V1b = Z11b I1b + Z12b I2b
V2b = Z21b I1b + Z22b I2b
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Cont...
I For series connection of networks The current is given

I1 = I1a = I1b , I2 = I2a = I2b

I For series connection of networks The voltage is given
V1 = V1a + V1b = Z11a I1 + Z12a I2 + Z11b I1 + Z12b I2
V1 = (Z11a + Z11b ) I1 + (Z12a + Z12b ) I2 ....(1)
V2 = V2a + V2b = Z21a I1 + Z22a I2 + Z21b I1 + Z22b I2
V2 = (Z21a + Z21b ) I1 + (Z22a + Z22b ) I2 ...(2)
I From equation (1) and (2)
       
V1 Z11a + Z11b Z12a + Z12b I1 Z11 Z12 I1
= =
V2 Z21a + Z21b Z22a + Z22b I2 Z21 Z22 I2
   
Z11 Z12 Z11a + Z11b Z12a + Z12b
=
Z21 Z22 Z21a + Z21b Z22a + Z22b
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Example

I What is the Y, h and T parameter representation of the circuit

given below

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Parallel networks
I Two port networks are in parallel when their port voltages are
equal and the port current of the larger network are the sum of
the Individual port currents.

I For network Na I1a = Y11a V1a + Y12a V2a

I2a = Y21a V1a + Y22a V2a
I For network Nb I1b = Y11b V1b + Y12b V2b
I2b = Y21b V1b + V22b V2b
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Cont...
I For Parallel connection of networks The voltage is given by

V1 = V1a = V1b , V2 = V2a = V2b

I For parallel connection of networks The current is given by
I1 = I1a + Y1b = Y11a V1 + Y12a V2 + Y11b V1 + Y12b V2
I1 = (Y11a + Y11b ) V1 + (Y12a + Y12b ) V2 ....(1)
I2 = I2a + I2b = Y21a V1 + Y22a V2 + Y21b V1 + Y22b V2
I2 = (Y21a + Y21b ) V1 + (Y22a + Y22b ) V2 ...(2)
I From equation (1) and (2)
      
I1 Y11a + Y11b Y12a + Y12b V1 Y11 Y12 V1
= =
I2 Y21a + Y21b Y22a + Y22b V2 Y21 Y22 V2
   
Y11 Y12 Y11a + Y11b Y12a + Y12b
=
Y21 Y22 Y21a + Y21b Y22a + Y22b
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Example
I Find the Z, h and T parameters of the two port in the fig.
below

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Cascaded networks
I Two networks are said to be cascaded when the output of one
is the input of the other.

I For network Na    

V1a Aa Ba V2a
= ...(1)
I1a Ca Da −I2a
I For network Nb    
V1b Ab Bb V2b
= ...(2)
I1b Cb D b −I2b

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Cont...
I For Cascade connection of networks
           
V1 V1a V2a V1b V2b V2
= , = , = ...(3)
I1 I1a −I2a I1b −I2b −I2

I From equation (1), (2) and (3)

      
V1 V1a Aa Ba V2a
= = ...(4)
I1 I1a Ca Da −I2a

I But
      
V2a V1b Ab Bb V2b
= = ...(5)
−I2a I1b Cb D b −I2b

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Cont...
I Substitute equation (5) into (4)
    
V1 Aa Ba Ab Bb V2b
=
I1 Ca D a Cb D b −I2b
   
V2b V2
I Finally From equation (3) =
−I2b −I2
     
V1 Aa Ba Ab Bb V2
=
I1 Ca Da Cb D b −I2
I So     
A B Aa Ba Ab Bb
=
C D Ca D a Cb Db
I Thus the transmission parameter for the overall network are
the product of transmission parameters for the individual
transmission parameters.
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Interconnection of Two-Ports

Example

I Find the Z, Y and h parameters of the following network.

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Input Impedance

Input Impedance

I If aload impedance
 ZL is connected to output, then
V1
Zin = I1 is called the input impedance.
I The input impedance can be determined in terms of the
two-port parameters and load impedance ZL

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Input Impedance

Input impedance in terms of Z-parameters

V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 ....(1i) I Substitute equation (3i) in
to (3i)
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 ....(2i)  
−Z21
I But V2 = −I2 ZL V1 = Z11 I1 +Z12 I1
Z22 + ZL
−I2 ZL = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 
−Z12 Z21

V1 = Z11 I1 + I1
Z22 + ZL
−Z21 I1 = Z22 I2 + I2 ZL
Z11 Z22 + Z11 ZL − Z12 Z21
−Z21 I1 = (Z22 + ZL ) I2 V1 = I1
Z22 + ZL
−Z21
I2 = I1 ...(3i) V1 Z11 Z22 + Z11 ZL − Z12 Z21
Z22 + ZL =
I1 Z22 + ZL

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Input Impedance

Input impedance in terms of T-parameters

V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )
I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )

I But V2 = −I2 ZL

V1 = A (−I2 ZL ) + B(−I2 ) = − (AZL + B) I2

I1 = C (−I2 ZL ) + D(−I2 ) = − (CZL + D) I2

V1 AZL + B
Zip = =
I1 CZL + D

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Input Impedance

Input impedance in terms of h-parameters

V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ...(1ih)
I Substitute equation (4ih) in
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 ...(2ih)
to (1ih)  
V2 = −I2 ZL ...(3ih) −ZL h21
V1 = h11 I1 +h12 I1
1 + ZL h22
I Substitute equation (1ih)
into (3ih) −ZL h12 h21
V1 = h11 I1 + I1
V2 = −ZL (h21 I1 + h22 V2 ) 1 + ZL h22
 
V2 = −ZL h21 I1 − ZL h22 V2 −ZL h12 h21
V1 = h11 + I1
1 + ZL h22
V2 + ZL h22 V2 = −ZL h21 I1
V1 ZL h12 h21
(1 + ZL h22 )V2 = −ZL h21 I1 Vip = = h11 −
I1 1 + ZL h22
−ZL h21
V2 = I1 ....(4ih)
1 + ZL h22
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Output Impedance

Output Impedance

I If a load impedance
 ZL is connected to input, then
V2
Z0n = I2 is called the output impedance.
I The output impedance can be determined in terms of the
two-port parameters and load impedance ZL

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Output Impedance

output impedance in terms of Z-parameters

V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 ....(1oz) I Substitute equation (3i) in
to (3i)
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 ....(2oz)
 
−Z12
I But V1 = −I1 ZL V2 = Z21 I2 +Z22 I2
Z11 + ZL
−I1 ZL = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 −Z21 Z12
V2 = I2 + Z22 I2
Z11 + ZL
−Z12 I2 = Z11 I1 + I1 ZL
Z22 Z11 + Z22 ZL − Z21 Z12
−Z12 I2 = (Z11 + ZL )I1 V2 = I2
Z11 + ZL
−Z12 V2 Z22 Z11 + Z22 ZL − Z21 Z12
I1 = I2 ...(3oz) =
Z11 + ZL I2 Z11 + ZL

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Output Impedance

output impedance in terms of T-parameters

V1 = AV2 + B(−I2 )
I1 = CV2 + D(−I2 )
I But V1 = −I1 ZL

AV2 − BI2 = −(CV2 − DI2 )ZL

AV2 − BI2 = −CZL V2 + DZL I2

AV2 + CZL V2 = DZL I2 + BI2
(A + CZL )V2 = (DZL + B)I2
V2 DZL + B
Zop = =
I2 CZL + A
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Output Impedance

Output impedance in terms of h-parameters

I Substitute equation (4oh) in to
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 ...(1oh) (2oh)  
−h12
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 ...(2oh) I2 = h21 V2 + h22 V2
h11 + ZL
V1 = −I1 ZL ...(3oh)
−h12 h21
I2 = V2 + h22 V2
I Substitute equation h11 + ZL
(1oh) into (3oh) 
−h12 h21

h11 I1 + h12 V2 = −I1 ZL I2 = + h22 V2
h11 + ZL
h11 I1 + I1 ZL = −h12 V2 
h11 h22 + h22 ZL − h12 h21

I2 = V2
(h11 +ZL )I1 = −h12 V2 h11 + ZL
−h12 V2 h11 + ZL
I1 = V2 ...(4oh) Vop = =
h11 + ZL V1 h11 h22 + h22 ZL − h12 h21

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Output Impedance

Example
V2
I Evaluate Vs in the network given below.

Vo
I Y12 = Y21 = 0, Y11 = 2mS, andY22 = 10mS. Find Vs .

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Output Impedance

PROJECT

G3 Drive (1)Z parameter of series-parallel-cascade, (2) Z

parameter of series-cascade-parallel, (3) Z parameter of
parallel-series-cascade, (4) Z parameter of
parallel-cascade-series, (5) Z parameter of
cascade-series-parallel, (6) Z parameter of
cascade-parallel-series, (7) Z parameter of series-series-parallel,
(8) Z parameter of series-series-cascade, (9) Z parameter of
parallel-parallel-cascade, (10) Z parameter of
parallel-parallel-series, (11) Z parameter of
cascade-cascade-series, (12) Z parameter of
cascade-cascade-parallel.

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Output Impedance

PROJECT

G4 Drive (1)T parameter of series-parallel-cascade, (2) T

parameter of series-cascade-parallel, (3) T parameter of
parallel-series-cascade, (4) T parameter of
parallel-cascade-series, (5) T parameter of
cascade-series-parallel, (6) T parameter of
cascade-parallel-series, (7) T parameter of series-series-parallel,
(8) T parameter of series-series-cascade, (9)Z parameter of
parallel-parallel-cascade, (10) T parameter of
parallel-parallel-series, (11) T parameter of
cascade-cascade-series, (12) T parameter of
cascade-cascade-parallel.

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Output Impedance

PROJECT

Add Drive (1)Y parameter of series-parallel-cascade, (2) Y

parameter of series-cascade-parallel, (3) Y parameter of
parallel-series-cascade, (4) Y parameter of
parallel-cascade-series.

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Introduction to two port network Condition for Reciprocity Condition for Symmetry Relationships Between Parameter

Output Impedance

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS