ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES

Bachelor of Science in Computer Science

Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

MODULE 1: INTRUDUCING COMPUTER HARDWARE ANS SOFTWARE

WEEK 1

Learning Outcomes:
After completing this course you are expected to demonstrate the following:
1. Understand the origin, history and evolution of the computer in terms of its genertion
which includes its various harware and software components.

A. Engage

Trivia

Figure 1.1
The man in this figure is Charles Babbage was an English mathematecian, philosopher and
inventor born on December 26, 1791, in London, England. Often called “The Father of
Computer,”
,” Babbage detailed plans for mechanical Calculating Engines, Difference Engines,
and Analytical Engines. Babbage died on October 18, 1871, in London.

B. Explore

Video Titles:
1. Computer Components, Hardware and Software
2. What is a Computer?
3. Basic Parts of the Desktop Computer
YouTube Link:
1. https://youtube/dFHW7MCsV3I
2. https://www.you
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cXEOWAStq4
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K00dKueUDuI
Module Video Filename
Filenames:
1. Computer Components, Hardware and Software_Week1
Week1
2. What is a Computer_Week1
3. Basic Parts of the Desktop Computer_Week1

C. Explain

The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to solve a serious
number-crunching
crunching crisis. By 1880, the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more
than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to
get the job done, giving rise to punch
punch-card
card based computers that took up entire rooms.
Today, we carry more computing power on our smartphones than was available in these early
models. The following bri
brief
ef history of computing is a timeline of how computers evolved from
their humble beginnings to the machines of today that surf the Internet, play games and
stream multimedia in addition to crunching numbers.
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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

D. Elaborate

How the Computer Boom?

A complete history of computing would include a multitude of diverse devices such as the
ancient Chinese abacus, the Jacquard loom (1805) and Charles Babbage's ``analytical engine''
(1834). It would also include discussion of mechanical, analog and digital computing
architectures. As late as the 1960s, mechanical devices, such as the Marchant calculator, still
found widespread application in science and engineering. During the early days of electronic
computing devices, there was much discussion about the relative merits of analog vs. digital
computers. In fact, as late as the 1960s, analog computers were routinely used to solve
systems of finite difference equations arising in oil reservoir modeling. In the end, digital
computing devices proved to have the power, economics and scalability necessary to deal with
large scale computations. Digital computers now dominate the computing world in all areas
ranging from the hand calculator to the supercomputer and are pervasive throughout society.
Therefore, this brief sketch of the development of scientific computing is limited to the area of
digital, electronic computers.

What is Computer?

Computer
- An electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be
programmed with instructions. A computer is composed of hardware and software,
and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations.

Hardware Components

Input Devices
- A keyboard and mouse are the standard way to interact with the computer. Other
devices include joysticks and game pads used primarily for games.

Output Devices
- The monitor (the screen) is how the computer sends information back to you. A printer
is also an output device.

Computer Generations

- Computer generations are based on when major technological changes in computers

occurred, like the use of vacuum tubes, transistors, and the microprocessor. As of
2020, there are five generations of the computer.

Figure 1.2
First generation (1940 - 1956)

The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as a major piece of technology. Vacuum
tubes were widely used in computers from 1940 through 1956. Vacuum tubes were larger

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

components and resulted in first generation computers being quite large in size, taking up a lot
of space in a room. Some of the first generation computers took up an entire room.

The ENIAC is a great example of a first generation computer. It consisted of nearly 20,000
vacuum tubes, as well as 10,000 capacitors and 70,000 resistors. It weighed over 30 tons and
took up a lot of space, requiring a large room to house it. Other examples of first generation
computers include the EDSAC, IBM 701, and Manchester Mark 1.

Figure 1.3
Second generation (1956 - 1963)

The second generation of computers saw the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
Transistors were widely used in computers from 1956 to 1963. Transistors were smaller than
vacuum tubes and allowed computers to be smaller in size, faster in speed, and cheaper to
build.

The first computer to use transistors was the TX-0 and was introduced in 1956. Other
computers that used transistors include the IBM 7070, PhilcoTransac S-1000, and RCA 501.

Figure 1.4
Third generation (1964 - 1971)

The third generation of computers introduced the use of IC (integrated circuits) in computers.
Using IC's in computers helped reduce the size of computers even more compared to second-
generation computers, as well as make them faster.

Nearly all computers since the mid to late 1960s have utilized IC's. While the third generation
is considered by many people to have spanned from 1964 to 1971, IC's are still used in
computers today. Over 45 years later, today's computers have deep roots going back to the
third generation.

Figure 1.5
Fourth generation (1972 - 2010)

The fourth generation of computers took advantage of the invention of the microprocessor,
more commonly known as a CPU. Microprocessors, along with integrated circuits, helped
make it possible for computers to fit easily on a desk and for the introduction of the laptop.

Some of the earliest computers to use a microprocessor include the Altair 8800, IBM 5100,
and Micral. Today's computers still use a microprocessor, despite the fourth generation being
considered to have ended in 2010.
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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

Figure 1.6
Fifth generation (2010 to present)

The fifth generation of computers is beginning to use AI (Artificial Intelligence), an exciting

technology that has many potential applications around the world. Leaps have been made in
AI technology and computers, but there is still room for much improvement.

One of the more well-known examples of AI in computers is IBM's Watson, which was
featured on the TV show Jeopardy as a contestant. Other better-known examples include
Apple's Siri on the iPhone and Microsoft's Cortana on Windows 8 and Windows 10
computers. The Google search engine also utilizes AI to process user searches.

Computer Types

1. PC (Personal Computer) – it is a single user computer system having moderately

powerful microprocessor.
2. Workstation – it is also a single user computer system, similar to personal computer
however has much more powerful microprocessor.
3. Mini Computer – it is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of
users simultaneously.
4. Main Frame - it is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of
users simultaneously, Software technology is different from minicomputer.
5. Super Computer – it is an extremely fast computer, which can execute hundreds of
millions of instructions per second.

Inside a Computer

Have you ever looked inside a computer case, or seen pictures of the inside of one? The small
parts may look complicated, but the inside of a computer case isn't really all that mysterious.
This lesson will help you master some of the basic terminology and understand a bit more
about what goes on inside a computer.

Figure 1.7
Motherboard

The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that holds the CPU,
memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the video
and audio, and connections to your computer's ports (such as USB ports). The motherboard
connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

Figure 1.8
CPU/Processor

The Central Processing Unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the computer case
on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry
out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application, you're
sending instructions to the CPU.

Figure 1.9
RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs calculations, it
temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.

This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on a
document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you
save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage.

Figure 1.10
Hard Drive

The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The hard drive is
long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or
unplug it.

Expansion cards

Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types
of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
cards. You may never need to add any PCI cards because most motherboards have built-in
video, sound, network, and other capabilities.

Figure 1.11
Power Supply Unit
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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of
power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other
components.

Figure 1.12
Video Card

The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU
(Graphics Processing Unit) built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card.
If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of the
expansion slots to get better performance.

Sound card

The sound card—also called an audio card—is responsible for what you hear in the speakers
or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a
dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound.

Figure 1.13

Network Card

The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the
Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection (often
called Wi-Fi). Many motherboards have built-in network connections, and a network card can
also be added to an expansion slot.

Figure 1.14
Bluetooth card (or adapter)

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used in
computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's commonly built
into the motherboard or included in a wireless network card. For computers that don't have
Bluetooth, you can purchase a USB adapter, often called a dongle.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

Two Types of Memory

Primary Memory
The main features of primary memory, which distinguish it from secondary memory are −
 It is accessed directly by the processor
 It is the fastest memory available
 Each word is stored as well as
 It is volatile, i.e. its contents are lost once power is switched off

As primary memory is expensive, technologies are developed to optimize its use.

Figure 1.15
These are broad types of primary memory available.

RAM

- it stands for Random Access Memory. The processor accesses all memory addresses
directly, irrespective of word length, making storage and retrieval fast. RAM is the
fastest memory available and hence most expensive.

DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

- Each memory cell in a DRAM is made of one transistor and one capacitor, which store
one bit of data. However, due to small size of each cell, one DRAM can have large
number of cells. Primary memory of most of the personal computers is made of DRAM.

SRAM (SRAM)

- Each cell in SRAM is made of a flip flop that stores one bit. It retains its bit till the
power supply is on and doesn’t need to be refreshed like DRAM. It also has shorter
read-write cycles as compared to DRAM. SRAM is used in specialized applications.

ROM

- It stands for Read Only Memory. As the name suggests, ROM can only be read by the
processor. New data cannot be written into ROM. Data to be stored into ROM is
written during the manufacturing phase itself. They contain data that does not need to
be altered, like booting sequence of a computer or algorithmic tables for mathematical
applications. ROM is slower and hence cheaper than RAM. It retains its data even when
power is switched off, i.e. it is non-volatile.

PROM (Programmable ROM)

- Can be programmed using a special hardware device called PROM programmer or

PROM burner.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)

- Can be erased and then programmed using special electrical signals or UV rays.
EPROMs that can be erased using UV rays are called UVEPROM and those that can be
erased using electrical signals are called EEPROM. However, handling electric signals is
easier and safer than UV rays.

Cache Memory

- Small piece of high speed volatile memory available to the processor for fast
processing is called cache memory. Cache may be a reserved portion of main memory,
another chip on CPU or an independent high speed storage device. Cache memory is
made of fast speed SRAMs. The process of keeping some data and instructions in cache
memory for faster access is called caching. Caching is done when a set of data or
instructions is accesses again and again.

Secondary Memory

Characteristics of Secondary Memory:

These are some characteristics of secondary memory, which distinguish it from primary
memory −
 It is non-volatile, i.e. it retains data when power is switched off
 It is large capacities to the tune of terabytes
 It is cheaper as compared to primary memory

Depending on whether secondary memory device is part of CPU or not, there are two types of
secondary memory – fixed and removable.

Figure 1.16
Let us look at some of the secondary memory devices available.

Hard Disk Drive

- Is made up of a series of circular disks called platters arranged one over the other
almost ½ inches apart around a spindle. Disks are made of non-magnetic material like
aluminium alloy and coated with 10-20 nm of magnetic material.Standard diameter of
these disks is 14 inches and they rotate with speeds varying from 4200 rpm (rotations
per minute) for personal computers to 15000 rpm for servers. Data is stored by
magnetizing or demagnetizing the magnetic coating. A magnetic reader arm is used to
read data from and write data to the disks. A typical modern HDD has capacity in
Terabytes (TB).

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

CD Drive

- CD stands for Compact Disk. CDs are circular disks that use optical rays, usually lasers,
to read and write data. They are very cheap as you can get 700 MB of storage space for
less than a dollar. There are three types of CDs −

1. CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory) − the data on these CDs are recorded by
the manufacturer. Proprietary Software, audio or video are released on CD-ROMs.
2. CD-R (Compact Disk – Recordable) − Data can be wri en by the user once on the CD-R.
It cannot be deleted or modified later.
3. CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable) − Data can be wri en and deleted on these optical
disks again and again.

DVD Drive

- DVD stands for Digital Video Display. DVDs are optical devices that can store 15 times
the data held by CDs. They are usually used to store rich multimedia files that need
high storage capacity. DVDs also come in three varieties – read only, recordable and
rewritable.

Pen Drive

- Is a portable memory device that uses solid state memory rather than magnetic fields
or lasers to record data. It uses a technology similar to RAM, except that it is non-
volatile. It is also called USB drive, key drive or flash memory.

Blu-Ray Disk (BD)

- Is an optical storage media used to store High Definition (HD) video and other
multimedia filed. BD uses shorter wavelength laser as compared to CD/DVD. This
enables writing arm to focus more tightly on the disk and hence pack in more data. BDs
can store up to 128 GB data.

Input / Output Ports

A connection point that acts as interface between the computer and external devices like
mouse, printer, modem, etc. is called port. Ports are of two types −
1. Internal port − It connects the motherboard to internal devices like hard disk drive, CD
drive, internal modem, etc.
2. External port − It connects the motherboard to external devices like modem, mouse,
printer, flash drives, etc.

Figure 1.17
Serial Port

Serial ports transmit data sequentially one bit at a time. So they need only one wire to
transmit 8 bits. However it also makes them slower. Serial ports are usually 9-pin or 25-pin
male connectors. They are also known as COM (communication) ports or RS323C ports.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

Figure 1.18
Parallel Port

Parallel ports can send or receive 8 bits or 1 byte at a time. Parallel ports come in form of 25-
pin female pins and are used to connect printer, scanner, external hard disk drive, etc.

Figure 1.19
USB Port

USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It is the industry standard for short distance digital data
connection. USB port is a standardized port to connect a variety of devices like printer,
camera, keyboard, speaker, etc.

PS-2 Port
- PS/2 stands for Personal System/2. It is a female 6-pin port standard that connects to
the male mini-DIN cable. PS/2 was introduced by IBM to connect mouse and keyboard
to personal computers. This port is now mostly obsolete, though some systems
compatible with IBM may have this port.

Infrared Port
- is a port that enables wireless exchange of data within a radius of 10m. Two devices
that have infrared ports are placed facing each other so that beams of infrared lights
can be used to share data.

Bluetooth Port
- a telecommunication specification that facilitates wireless connection between
phones, computers and other digital devices over short range wireless connection.
Bluetooth port enables synchronization between Bluetooth-enabled devices. There are
two types of Bluetooth ports −
1. Incoming − It is used to receive connec on from Bluetooth devices.
2. Outgoing − It is used to request connec on to other Bluetooth devices.

FireWire Port
- is Apple Computer’s interface standard for enabling high speed communication using
serial bus. It is also called IEEE 1394 and used mostly for audio and video devices like
digital camcorders.

Computer in a Network

- is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the computer to

communicate with another computer and share their resources, data, and applications.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

A computer network can be categorized by their size. A computer network is mainly of four
types:
1. LAN (Local Area Network)
2. PAN (Personal Area Network)
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
4. WAN (Wide Area Network)

Figure 1.20
LAN (Local Area Network)

- Is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as building,

office.
- Is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication
medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
- It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters,
and ethernet cables.The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area
Network.
- It provides higher security.

Figure 1.21
PAN (Personal Area Network)

- Is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of 10

meters. It also covers an area of 30 feet.
- Is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as Personal Area
Network.
- Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the Personal
Area Network.
- Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the
laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.

Figure 1.22
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

- Is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to

form a larger network.
- Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
- In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.
- The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3,
ADSL, etc.
- It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

Uses of Metropolitan Area Network:

1. MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.
2. It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
3. It can be used in a college within a city.
4. It can also be used for communication in the military

Figure 1.23
WAN (Wide Area Network)

- Is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries.
- Is quite bigger network than the LAN.
- Is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area through a
telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
- The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
- Used in the field of Business, government, and education.

What is Network Hardware and How Does It Work?

Network hardware
- Is the individual components of a network system that are responsible for transmitting
data and facilitating the operations of a computer network. Although a network
contains many hardware components, there are several basic categories that make up
the complete operations of a network system. Here are some of the different
categories and how they contribute as a whole to the overall functioning of a network
system.

Categories of Different Network Hardware

Basic network infrastructure is connected by components that fall under several categories of
different types of network hardware.

1. Network Router:
- Is a hardware device that is connected to multiple channels for different networks
through an interface that is situated on each network. The router is usually located
within the layers of a network that determine the path for the transfer of data with
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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

the router acting as a processing unit for information packets. The router duplicates
information packets for use during transmission from one network to another.
- The router uses a specific protocol or set of rules to determine which information
packets are to be routed to certain interfaces within the network. Different types of
routers perform different functions depending upon the requirements of the network
system.

2. Network Interface Card:

- Are used to connect each computer to the network so they can communicate with the
network router to receive information packets. The interface cards determine the
infrastructure of a local area network (LAN) and allow all of the computers to connect
to the network. There are many different types of network interface cards that
perform different functions within the network which include Ethernet cards and
wireless network interface cards.

3. Network Switches:
- A work similar to routers because they both copy information from one area of the
network to the other. However, network switches contain multiple ports for copying
frames of information from one port to the other. Like routers, switches operate within
the layers of a network and evaluate every frame before determining the port in which
the frame should be copied. Network switches are more sophisticated then their
predecessor the network hub, which copied all frames to all ports instead of
determining individual destinations. This required more bandwidth than what is
required with network switches.

4. Network Bridge:
- A network bridge divides traffic on a local area network by separating the LAN into
several different segments. It is also responsible for filtering data by determining the
data destination or discarding unnecessary data. Network bridges operate within the
layers of the network and also control the data that crosses the boundaries from one
local area network to the other.

Why computers need software?

Software provieds the means for accomplishing many different tasks with the same basic
hardware. Practical computer systems divide software systemsinto two major classes: System
software helps run the computer hardware and computer system itself. Application Software
allows users to accomplish one or more tasks.

What is Software?

- Is a computer program that provides instructions and data to execute a user’s

commands. It is an indispensable part of the machine you cannot see, but it allows you
to use the computer … just like how a mouse, monitor, hard drive and keyboard help
you use the computer.

Some common examples of software include Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe
Reader, Google Chrome, Gmail, PowerPoint, VLC, and many other similar computer programs
that we often use in our daily life. If we sat down to list all the examples of software, the list
would never end, but what’s more important than that is to understand how they differ from
each other.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

What Are the Two Major Software Types?

The two major types of computer software are:

1. Application Software
2. System Software

Whereas, two other types of computer software are:

1. Programming Software
2. Driver Software

Major Types of Software

Application Software

- As a user of technology, application software or ‘apps’ are what you engage with the
most. These types of computer software are productive end-user programs that help
you perform tasks. Following are some examples of application software that allow you
to do specific work:

1. MS Excel: It is spreadsheet software that you can use for presenting and analyzing
data.
2. Photoshop: It is a photo editing application software by Adobe. You can use it to
visually enhance, catalogue and share your pictures.
3. Skype: It is an online communication app that you can use for video chat, voice calling
and instant messaging.

System Software

- System software helps the user, hardware, and application software to interact and
function together. These types of computer software allow an environment or
platform for other software and applications to work in. This is why system software is
essential in managing the whole computer system.

When you first power up your computer, it is the system software that is initially loaded into
memory. Unlike application software, the System software is not used by end-users like you. It
only runs in the background of your device, at the most basic level while you use other
application software. This is why system software is also called “low-level software”.

Example of System Software

Operating systems are an example of system software. All of your computer-like devices run
on an operating system, including your desktop, laptop, smartphone, and tablet, etc. Here is a
list of examples of an operating system. Let’s take a look and you might spot some familiar
names of system software:

For desktop computers, laptops and tablets:

 Microsoft Windows
 Mac (for Apple devices)
 Linux

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

For smartphones:

 Apple’s iOS
 Google’s Android
 Windows Phone OS

Programming Software

- Is the type of software that is not used by end-users. It is not for you unless, of course,
you are a programmer who writes code. Programming software are programs that are
used to write, develop, test, and debug other software, including apps and system
software. For someone who works at a bespoke software development company, for
example, this type of software would make their life easier and efficient.
- Is used by software programmers as translator programs. They are facilitator software
used to translate programming languages (i.e., Java, C++, Python, PHP, BASIC, etc) into
machine language code. Translators can be compilers, interpreters and assemblers.
You can understand compilers as programs that translate the whole source code into
machine code and execute it. Interpreters run the source code as the program is run
line by line. And assemblers translate the basic computer instructions called “Assembly
Code” into machine code.

Different programming language editors, debuggers, compilers and IDEs are examples of
programming software. For example:

 Eclipse – a Java language editor

 Coda – programming language editor for Mac
 Notepad++ – an open-source editor for windows
 Sublime Text – a cross-platform code editor for Mac, Windows, and Linux

Driver Software

- Often classified as one of the types of system software. They operate and control
devices and peripherals plugged into a computer. Drivers are important because they
enable the devices to perform their designated tasks. They do this by translating
commands of an Operating System for the Hardware or devices, assigning duties.
Therefore, each device connected with your computer requires at least one device
driver to function.

Since there are thousands of types of devices, drivers make the job of your system software
easier by allowing it to communicate through a standardized language. Some examples of
driver software that you may be familiar with are:

 Printer Driver
 Mouse Driver
 Network Card

Usually, the operating system comes built-in with drivers for mouse, keyboard, and printers by
default. They often do not require third-party installations. But for some advanced devices,
you may need to install the driver externally. Moreover, if you use multiple operating systems
like Linux, Windows, and Mac, then each of these supports different variants of drivers. For
them, separate drivers need to be maintained for each.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
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Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

BIOS may refer to any of the following:

1. Short for Basic Input/Output System, the BIOS (pronounced bye-oss) is a ROM chip
found on motherboards that allows you to access and set up your computer system at
the most basic level. The picture below is an example of what a BIOS chip may look like
on a computer motherboard. The BIOS pictured is of an early AMIBIOS, a type of BIOS
manufactured by AMI.

Figure 1.24

The Operating System (OS)

What is an Operating System?

- An Operating System is the most important software that runs on a computer. It

manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its software and
hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how
to speak the computer's language. Without an operating system, a computer is useless.

The Operating System's job

- Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on
the computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer programs
running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer's central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all of
this to make sure each program gets what it needs.

Types of operating systems

Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you buy. Most people use the
operating system that comes with their computer, but it's possible to upgrade or even change
operating systems. The three most common operating systems for personal computers are
Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). A GUI
lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed
on the screen using a combination of graphics and text.

Figure 1.25

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a different
operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are
designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic principles are the same.

Microsoft Windows

- Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. There have been
many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 10
(released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007).
Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most
popular operating system in the world.

Figure 1.26

MacOS

- MacOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It

comes preloaded on all Macintosh computers, or Macs. Some of the specific versions
include Mojave (released in 2018), High Sierra (2017), and Sierra (2016).
-
- According to StatCounter Global Stats, MacOS users account for less than 10% of global
operating systems—much lower than the percentage of Windows users (more than
80%). One reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive.
However, many people do prefer the look and feel of MacOS over Windows.
-

Figure 1.27

Linux

- Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems, which

means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is
different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the
company that owns it. The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many
different distributions—or versions—you can choose from.
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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

- According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for lless than 2% of global
operating systems. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to
customize.

Figure 1.28

Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October
25, 1983under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later
written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh
running the Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&AT&TT Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989),
Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1994), and macOS (formerly OS X; 2001).

Figure 1.29

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet devel

developed
oped by Microsoft for Windows, MacOS,
M Android and
iOS. It features calculation
calculation,, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language
called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these
platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 11-2-3 as the industry
standard
andard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of the Microsoft Office suite of software.

Figure 1.30

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program, created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin
at a software company named Forethought, Inc. It was released on April 20, 1987, initially for
Macintosh computers only. Microsoft acquired PowerPoint for $14 million three months after
it appeared. This was Microsoft's first significant acquisition, and Microsoft set up a new
business unit for PowerPoint in Silicon Valley where Forethought had been located. Microsoft
PowerPoint is one of many programs run by the company Microsoft and ccan be identified by
its trademark orange, and P initial on the logo. It offers users many ways to display
information from simple presentations to complex multimedia presentations.

Figure 1.31

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

What is TCP/IP?

- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication

language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol
in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set up with
direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP
program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or get
information from also has a copy of TCP/IP.
- TCP/IP is a two-layer program. The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),
manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted
over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the
original message. The lower layer, Internet Protocol (IP), handles the address part of
each packet so that it gets to the right destination. Each gateway computer on the
network checks this address to see where to forward the message. Even though some
packets from the same message are routed differently than others, they'll be
reassembled at the destination.

What is Internet Application?

- Internet Applications can be described as the type of applications which use the
internet for operating successfully, that is, by using the internet for fetching, sharing
and displaying the information from the respective server systems. It can be accessed
only with the help of the internet facility, and it cannot be functional without internet.
These applications can be classified as electronic devices based, automated digital
technology, industrial internet, smartphones based, smart home based, smart grids,
smart city, and other major applications.

1. The internet has many few major applications like electronic mail services, web browsing,
and peer to peer networking. The use of email increases because of their several features
like attachments, messages, data usage.
2. The attachment feature such as word documents, excel sheets, and graphical media is
possible because of Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions but the result is traffic volume
caused by mail is calibrated in terms of data packets in the network.
3. Electronic mail services became a vital part of personal and professional communication
method and its time and cost consuming. The data is transmitted and received securely
by encryption. The price of tickets for transport and sport are received in the mail.
4. The web browser is a critical application of the internet and is highly commercial
dominated by Microsoft and highly influenced by WWW – World Wide Web.
5. The web browser is free and available as an open-source model that enriches the minds
of future generations. The open-source has been developed and deployed on a modular
basis since the source code is accessible only with few restrictions on usage. The open-
source feature has given integrated to file managers and web browsers.
6. Other important applications and potentially needed in Internet application is peer-to-
peer networking.
7. This P2P networking is a dynamic method that is based on the exchanging of physical
resources like hard drives, files, processors and other intelligent features.
8. Each group of peer to peer networking has equal responsibility and functions. Peer-to-
peer applications based on the internet locate the computer at the focus of computing
matrix based on cross-network protocols like SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol or
Remote Procedure Calling XML-RPC enables the user to enter on the Internet more
proactively.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
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Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

Top Application of Internet

Here are the top 8 internet applications listed below:

Figure 1.32

1. Smart Home
Smart Home has become the evolutionary ladder in residential and developing as common as
smartphones. It is a special feature of Google and now deployed in many areas to make life
convenient and user-friendly. The smart home is designed to save time, money and energy.

2. Electronic Devices
The electronic devices like wearables are installed with different sensors and software which
gather data and information of the user where data is processed to give required info about
the user. The devices mainly used to monitor fitness, entertainment, and health. They mostly
work on ultra-low power and available in small sizes.

3. Automated Digital Technology

The automated digital technology has concentrated on the optimization of vehicles and their
internal functions. The automated car is designed with special features that give a comfort
zone to passengers with on-board sensors and internet establishment. The popular companies
like Tesla, Apple, BMW, Google is yet to aboard their revolution in the automobile industry by
installing excellent features.

4. Industrial Internet
The industrial internet is investing in industrial engineering with Artificial intelligence and data
analytics to build brilliant machines. The important moto is to build smart machines that are
accurate and compatible with a human. It holds vast potential with good quality and reliability.
The applications are deployed for tracing the goods to be delivered, real-time data regarding
retails and supplies that increase the efficiency of supply chain and productivity of the
business.

5. Smart City
A smart city is another major implementation of the internet which is employed for smart
surveillance, water distribution, automatic transportation, environment monitoring. People
are prone to pollution, improper supplies and shortage of sources, and irregular traffic flow
are solved by the installation of traffic sensors, and the app is developed to report the
municipal systems. Citizens can able to diagnose simple malfunctions in meter and can report
to the electricity system via electricity board applications or websites and they can also find
available slots for vehicle parking easily in sensor systems.

6. Smartphones
Smartphones are also used for retailers and customers to stay connected for their business
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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

transactions even out of the store. They have using Beacon technology to help business people
to provide smart service to the client. They can track the products and enhance the store
dashboard and deliver premium order before the scheduled date even in congested traffic
areas.

7. Smart Grids
The idea applied in smart grids is to gather data in an automated way to analyze the attribute
of electricity consumers to improve the efficiency and economics of usage. Smart grids can
easily detect the power outage and shortage quickly and fix it shortly.

8. Major Application
Another major application of the internet is in healthcare as it is smart medical systems
installed to diagnose and cure the disease at an earlier stage. Many machines learning
algorithm is used in image processing and classification to detect the abnormalities of the
fetus before birth. The main aim applied in the medical field is to provide a healthier life to all
by wearing the connected devices. The gathered medical data of patients made the treatment
easier and monitoring device is installed to track the sugar and blood pressure.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Course Modules
CC112 – Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1 (C/C++ Language)
1st Year – 1st Semester

E. Evaluate

ASSESSMENT:
Instruction: You may write your answer on the Answer Shee (AS) provided in this module.

I. Define the following term: (2 points each)

1. Charles Babbage
2. Computer
3. Input Devices
4. Output Devices
5. Bit
II. Enumeration: (1 point each)
1. Top 8 internet applications
2. Types of operating systems
3. What are the four main functions of a PC BIOS?
4. What are the five Computer Types?

References:
1. BIOS - https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/bios.htm
2. Charles - Babbage https://www.biography.com/inventor/charles-babbage
3. Computer network - https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-computer-network
4. Computers generations - https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001921.htm
5. Computers memory
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/basics_of_computers/basics_of_computers_primary_m
emory.htm
6. Inside a computer - https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/computerbasics/inside-a-computer/1/
7. Inter application - https://www.educba.com/what-is-internet-application/
8. Software types - https://www.goodcore.co.uk/blog/types-of-software/
9. YouTube Link: https://youtube/dFHW7MCsV3I

Facilitated By:
Name :
MS Teams Account (email) :
Smart Phone Number :

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