ST.

ANTHONY COLLEGE MODULE IN GE 3: THE

CONTEMPORARY WORLD
CALAPAN CITY, INC.

MODULE I
Introduction to Globalization

MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This module introduces the various definitions of globalization, understand its
key features, and familiarize you to a variety of factors which have contributed
to the process of globalization, its benefits and disadvantages, and its history
and theories. It includes different activities that will enhance the student’s
knowledge after the discussions.

NOMINAL DURATION:
This module’s timeframe is from August 16-20, 2021.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
1. Develop a nuanced definition of globalization in order to begin to
understand the processes of globalization.
2. View a video and develop their own definition of globalization.
3. Understand the key features of globalization.
4. Identify the pros and cons of globalization.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Developed a nuanced definition of globalization in order to begin to
understand the processes of globalization.
2. Viewed a video and develop their own definition of globalization.
3. Understood the key features of globalization.
4. Identified the pros and cons of globalization.

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 ST. ANTHONY COLLEGE MODULE IN GE 3: THE
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CALAPAN CITY, INC.

LEARNING OUTCOME # 1 DEVELOP A NUANCED DEFINITION OF

GLOBALIZATION IN ORDER TO BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND THE
PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION.

CONTENTS: Globalization, the meaning of globalization, converging currents

of globalization, factors that have contributed to globalization, advocates and
critics of globalization.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Developed a nuanced definition of globalization in order to begin to
understand the processes of globalization.
2. Viewed a video and develop their own definition of globalization.
3. Understood the key features of globalization.
4. Identified the pros and cons of globalization.

CONDITIONS:
Learners must be provided with the following:
1. WORKPLACE LOCATION
2. EQUIPMENT
- Computer/ Cellphone (with Internet Connection)
3. TOOLS, ACCESSORIES AND SUPPLIES
- Notebook
- Paper
- Pen
4. LEARNING RESOURCES
- Internet Connection or Book Suggested by the Teacher
- Module in Language and Literature Assessment

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
1. Written Test
2. Portfolio
3. Performance Test

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CALAPAN CITY, INC.

LEARNING EXPERIENCES
Learning Outcome 1
DEVELOP A NUANCED DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION IN ORDER TO
BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION.

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet no. 1.1 After reading the Information Sheet,
answer Self Check no. 1.1 to
Introduction to Globalization ensure knowledge in Key Concepts
Compare the answers to the answer
Answer Self Check no. 1.1
key.
After the Self-Check, reflect on the
topic studied by accomplishing the
Task Sheet. This task will exhibit
your understanding on the topics
Accomplish Task Sheet no. 1.1 studied.

The teacher will use Performance

Criteria Checklist 1.1 to assess your
output.

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 ST. ANTHONY COLLEGE MODULE IN GE 3: THE
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
CALAPAN CITY, INC.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

Learning Objectives
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:
1. Develop a nuanced definition of globalization in order to begin to
understand the processes of globalization.
2. View a video and develop their own definition of globalization.
3. Understand the key features of globalization.
4. Identify the pros and cons of globalization.

“Let me begin with globalization. [...] Narrowly defined, it is meant to mean the
instant movement of capital and the rapid distribution of data and products
operating within a politically neutral environment shaped by multinational
corporate demands. Its larger connotations, however, are less innocent,
encompassing as they do not only the demonization of embargoed states or
the trivialization cum negotiation with warlords, but also the collapse of nation-
states under the weight of transnational economies, capital, and labor; the
preeminence of Western culture and economy; the Americanization of the
developed and developing world through the penetration of US culture into
others as well as the marketing of third-world cultures to the West as fashion,
film setting, and cuisine… Its disregard of borders, national infrastructures, local
bureaucracies, internet censors, tariffs, laws, and languages; its disregard of
margins and the marginal people who live there; its formidable, engulfing
properties accelerating erasure, a flattening out of difference, of specificity for
marketing purposes. An abhorrence of diversity. We imagine
indistinguishability, the elimination of minority languages, minority cultures in its
Wake. We speculate with horror on what could be the irrevocable, enfeebling
alteration of major languages, major cultures in its sweep. Even if those
dreaded consequences are not made completely manifest, they nevertheless
cancel out globalism's assurances of a better life by issuing dire warnings of
premature cultural death.”
― Toni Morrison

“One day there will be no borders, no boundaries, no flags and no countries

and the only passport will be the heart.”
― Carlos Santana

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CALAPAN CITY, INC.

The Meaning of Globalization

“Globalization” is a catchphrase familiar to anyone tuned in to social media.
Every day we hear the term globalization on the news, read it in the papers,
and overhear people talking about it. What does this term mean? There is no
definite definition of globalization or globalisation and the term is used to
denote a variety of ways in which nation-states, regions and people, due to
advances in transportation and communication systems, are becoming more
and more closely connected and interdependent, not only in the economic
sense, but also in the cultural, political, social, technological, environmental and
spatial aspects.
Shalmali Guttal (2007) defined globalization as “the process of interaction and
integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. As a
complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some
as a form of capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and
national economies into a global, unregulated market economy.”
Below are further definitions of globalization:
[Globalization] is “the geographic dispersion of industrial and service activities,
for example research and development, sourcing of inputs, production and
distribution, and the cross-border networking of companies, for example
through joint ventures and the sharing of assets.”
– Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
[Globalization] is “the word used to describe the growing interdependence of
the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-
border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment,
people, and information.” – Peterson Institute for International Economics
[Globalization] is “the ability to produce any good or service anywhere in the
world, using raw materials, components, capital and technology from
anywhere, sell the resulting output anywhere and place the profits anywhere.”
– Peter Jay
[Globalization] is “the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of
peoples and countries, is generally understood to include two inter-related
elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of
goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and
policies at national and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.
Globalization has the potential for both positive and negative effects on
development and health.” – World Health Organization

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CALAPAN CITY, INC.

[Globalization] is “the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and

technologies to a degree never witnessed before – in a way that is enabling
individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther,
faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before and in a way that is enabling the
world to reach into individuals, corporations, and nation-states farther, faster,
deeper, and cheaper than ever before.” – Thomas Friedman
[Globalization] is “the process of greater interdependence among countries and
their citizens. It consists of increased integration of product and resource
markets across nations via trade, immigration, and foreign investment – that is,
via international flows of goods and services, of people, and of investment such
as culture and the environment. Simply put, globalization is political,
technological, and cultural, as well as economic.” – Robert J. Carbaugh
[Globalization] is “… a process in which geographic distance becomes less a
factor in the establishment and sustenance of border-crossing, long distance
economic, political, and socio-economic relations. People become aware of this
fact. Networks of relations and dependencies therefore become potentially
border-crossing and worldwide. This potential internationalization of relations
and dependencies causes fear, resistance, actions, and reactions.” – Rudd
Lubbers
[Globalization] can thus be defined as “the intensification of worldwide social
relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are
shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice-versa. This is a
dialectical process because such local happenings may move in an obverse
direction from the very distanciated relations that shape them. Local
transformation is as much part of globalization as the lateral extension of social
connections across time and space.” – Anthony Giddens

Converging Currents of Globalization

Most scholars agree that the most significant components of globalization are
the economic reorganization of the world. The characteristics of this new world
arrangement are:
 Global communication systems that link all regions of the planet
instantaneously and global transportation systems capable of moving
goods quickly by air, sea, and land;
 Transnational conglomerate corporate strategies that have created
global corporations more economically powerful than many nation-
states;

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 International financial institutions that make possible 24-hour trading

with new and more-flexible forms of monetary flow;
 Global agreements that promote free trade;
 Market economies that have replaced state-controlled economies, and
privatized firms and services, like water delivery, formerly operated by
governments;
 An abundance of planetary goods and services that have arisen to
fulfill consumer demand (real or imaginary); and, of course,
 An army of international workers, managers, executives, who give this
powerful economic force a human dimension. (Rowntree, Lewis, Price
& Wyckoff, 2008)

Factors That Have Contributed to Globalization

There are a variety of factors which have contributed to the process of
globalization. Some of the most important globalization drivers are numbered
below.
 The price of transporting goods has fallen significantly, enabling good to
be imported and exported more cheaply due to containerization and bulk
shipping;
 The development of the internet to organize trade on a global scale;
 TNCs have taken advantage of the reduction or lowering of trade
barriers;
 The desire of TNCs to profit from lower unit labor costs and other
favorable production factors abroad has encouraged countries to
regulate their tax systems to draw in foreign direct investment (FDI);
 Transnational and multinational companies have invested significantly in
expanding internationally;
 The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union; and
 The opening of China to world trade.

Advocates and Critics of Globalization

Globalization is one of the most controversial issues of our times. Supporters
generally believe that it brings in greater economic efficiency that will eventually
result in bring prosperity for the entire world. Critics think that it will largely
benefit those who are already rich, leaving most of the world poorer than before.
Economic globalization is generally applauded by corporate leaders and
economists. But opposition to economic globalization is widespread in the labor
and environmental movements for it has promoted exploitation of workers,
children, farmers, and the environment.
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CALAPAN CITY, INC.

Advantages of Globalization Disadvantages of Globalization

Productivity increases faster when Millions of workers have lost their
countries produce goods and services jobs because of imports or shifts in
in which they have a comparative production abroad. Most find new
advantage. Living standards can jobs that pay less.
increase more rapidly.

Global competition and cheap imports Millions of workers fear getting laid
keep a constraint on prices, so inflation off, especially at those firms in
is less likely to disrupt economic import-competing industries.
growth.

An open economy promotes Workers face demands of wage

technological development and concessions from their employers,
innovation, with fresh ideas from which often threaten to export jobs
abroad. abroad if wage concessions are not
accepted.

Jobs in export industries tend to pay Besides blue-collar jobs, service and
about 15 percent more than jobs in white-collar jobs are increasingly
import-competing industries. vulnerable to operations being sent
overseas.

Unfettered capital movements provide Workers can lose their

workers access to foreign investment competitiveness when companies
and maintain low interest rates. build state-of-the-art factories in low
wage countries, making them as
productive as those in the developed
countries.
(Business Week “Backlash Behind the Anxiety over Globalization,” 2000)

A number of experts argue that both the anti-globalization and the pro-
globalization stances are exaggerated. Those in the middle ground tend to
argue that economic globalization is indeed unavoidable. They point out that
even the anti-globalization movement is made possible by the Internet and is,
therefore, itself an expression of globalization. They further contend that
globalization can be managed, at both the national and international levels, to
reduce economic inequalities and protect the natural environment. Such
scholars stress the need for strong yet efficient governments and international
institutions (such as the UN, World Bank, and IMF), along with networks of
watchdog environmental, labor, and human rights groups. (Rowntree, Lewis,
Price & Wyckoff, 2008)

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