NEW

2 ème A n n é e b a c
T O U T E S S é r ie s

Cross the bridge, make success

Ali EL AZOUZI
Titre : Bridge
Auteur : Ali EL AZOUZI
Edition : 1èreédition
Dépot légal : 2019MO1232
ISBN : 978-9920-37-227-5
Impression : CONCEPT PRINT
 Preface
Dear student,

“Bridge” is a book that was designed to help you overcome the difficul�es that you might encounter
while preparing for your na�onal and academic exams.

The book covers all the language aspects that you’ll need during your prepara�on for the exams. It
incorporates well-explained lessons, brief summary for each lesson, illustrated with good examples,
selected vocabulary to enrich your memory repertoire and to use them in your essay wri�ng, also
well-selected exam texts to make you familiar with such a recep�ve skill. This book, also, consists of
func�onal language, grammar and finally wri�ng samples and wri�ng useful ideas.

In more details, this book has been designed to expand your vocabulary. For each unit, you’ll be loaded
with key vocabulary items related to the theme set in the syllabi. To test your overall understanding, you’ll
be asked to do a variety of ac�vi�es, including matching defini�ons, gap filling, word forma�on, etc. For
texts, you will work on real na�onal exam texts using both skimming and scanning skills. I chose such texts
to help you know what the exam texts look like and at the same �me be familiar with the exam instruc�ons
and rubrics.

Gramma�cal lessons are explained and presented in a good way, as well. For each lesson, you will find
a brief summary of rules, examples and exercises. To be�er evaluate your grammar lessons’
understanding, I put a quiz for each single lesson, and hopefully you’ll be able to do all the exercises
without referring to the grammar reference at the end of the book while on the task.

Func�onal language is as crucial as grammar. For each func�on, you will find a variety of expressions
that you should memorize and use them well in the right contexts. Wri�ng essays, E-mails, reports, film
reviews, etc., may seem difficult for you, but bear in mind that with the help of the templates provided
along with the ideas listed in the end of the book, it will become very easy for you to follow or inspire from.

In the end of the book, there are some na�onal exam papers to evaluate your mastery of the lessons
previously studied alongside some more challenging ac�vi�es to check and strengthen your understanding
and your overall English language proficiency. I also included the key answer to help you check your
answers later by yourself.

Finally, I hope that “Bridge” will help you cross the bridge of BAC and join ter�ary educa�on with full
enthusiasm, and self confidence, also armed with English language basics which will make you dis�nc�ve
and more qualified. Good luck, everyone�

The author.
[email protected]
 Table of Content
Page Page
Preface 3 • Expressing a complaint 39
Table of content 4 • Expressing an apology 40
Tenses • Suggestion 40
• Regular & irregular Verbs 6 • Good news & bad news 41
• Simple Present 7 • Prohibition 41
• Simple Past 7 • Definition 41
• Present Continuous 8 • Permission 42
• Past Continuous 8 • Necessity and lack of necessity 42
• Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous 8 • Ability & inability 43
• Past Perfect 9 • Certainty & uncertainty & Possibility 43
• Simple Future 9 • Quiz on all functions 44
• Future Perfect 9 • Quizzes 45
• Past perfect, Past Perfect Continuous Reading text & Vocabulary
& Future perfect 10 1. Formal, informal & non formal education 56
• Quiz on all Tenses 11 2. Gifts of youth 58
Grammar lessons & Functions 3. Cultural issues & values 60
• Relative pronouns & adverbs 12 4. Humour 62
• Quiz 13 5. Science & technology 64
• Gerund, bare infinitive & infinitive 14 6. Sustainable development 66
• Quiz 15 7. Women & power 68
• Linking words 16 8. Brain drain 70
• Quiz 17 9. International organizations 72
• Purpose 18 10. Citizenship 74
• Quiz 19 Collocations & Do and Make 76
• Wish/ if only 20 Writing Samples & ideas
• Quiz 21 – Description of a person 78
• Conditionals 22 – Description of a place 80
• Quiz 23 – A report 82
• Phrasal Verbs 24 – A film review 84
• Quiz 25 – A book review 86
• Reported Speech 26 – An informal Email/ Letter 88
• Quiz 27 – A formal Email/ Letter 89
• Prefixes & suffixes 28 – Causes, consequences & solutions 90
• Quiz 29 – Advantages & disadvantages 92
• Modal verbs 30 – Funny story 94
• Quiz 31 – Connectors & transitions words 95
• Passive voice 32 – Writing Samples & ideas 96
• Quiz 34
• Causes & effect 35 • National Exam Papers 103
• Prepositions 36 • Answer key 112
Functions • Student’s Passport 122
• Opinion 37 • Writing Samples 124
• Agreement & disagreement 37 • Grammar Reference 126
• Making a request 38 • Phrasal Verbs 128
• Lack of understanding & asking • Irregular Verbs 129
for clarification 38
• Asking for and giving advice 39
Grammar & Functions
– Regular & irregular verbs
– English tenses
– Relative pronouns & clauses
– Gerund, infinitive & bare infinitive
– Linking words
– Purpose
–…wish/ If only…
– Conditional 0, I, II & III
– Phrasal verbs
– Passive voice
– Reported speech
– Prefixes & suffixes
– Modal verbs
– Prepositions
– Functions
 Irregular Verbs

There are two types of verbs in English. The verbs that change are called “irregular verbs” and those to
which we add “ed” to the simple past and past participle forms are called “regular verbs”. For example, the
verb “go” is irregular because its simple past and past participle forms are “went” and “gone”, successively,
whereas “watch” is regular because we just add “ed” to the base form and becomes “watched” in both
simple past and past participle.
Simply put, the verbs that we find in the list are called irregular verbs and those we don’t find are referred
to as “regular verbs”.
These are some examples of irregular verbs. These are some examples of regular verbs:

Infinitive Simple past Past participle Infinitive Simple past Past participle
1. see saw seen 1. start started started
2. do did done 2. collect collected collected
3. break broke broken 3. visit visited visited
N.B. We change the “y” into “i” if the verb ends in a consonant + “y”, for example, study studied and
it doesn’t change when the verb ends in a vowel + “y”, for example play played.

EXERCISE 1 Put the following verbs in the right column.

send – move – take – speak – launch – need – revise – feel – buy – imagine
Irregular verbs Regular verbs
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

EXERCISE 2 Complete this chart.

Infinitive Simple past Past participle

1. be
2. sell
3. fly
4. give
5. write

EXERCISE 3 Complete this chart with the missing verb forms.

Infinitive Simple past Past participle
1. watch
2. drove
3. drunk
4. teach
5. jumped

Ali EL AZOUZI 6 BRIDGE

 English Tenses

In exams, students are asked to put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. As all tenses will be mixed
up, it becomes harder for the student to know which tense it should be. So, students should look for the
signal word first and once they find one, they think of the form. Let’s consider these two examples:
1. I (to go) ................ to New York last year. The signal word is “last” and it refers to Simple Past. So, the
answer is “went”.
2. By 7 O’clock, Smith (to finish)...............painting the room. The signal word is “By...” and it refers to
Future Perfect Simple. So, the answer is “will have finished”.

1 SIMPLE PRESENT
EXERCISE 2 Put these verbs in simple present.
1. He/ to go
Form • he, she, it verb + s/ + es
2. They / to play
• I, you, we, they + verb
3. Mary/ to wash
• to be am/ is/ are
4. My children / be
• not doesn’t + verb/ don’t + verb
5. She/ not, to study
Use daily routine, habits and repeated actions,
and general truths.
EXERCISE 3 Put the following verbs in the correct tense.
Signal words every…., on Mondays, usually, sometimes,
often, rarely,… 1- Maria sometimes (to read) Spanish novels.
2- David (wash) the family car on Sundays.
EXERCISE 1 Find the signal words for simple present. 3- The teacher (wear) a suit and tie every meeting.
1. Which is a signal word for simple present? 4- My children (to be) usually sick in Autumn.
last week – on Mondays – next week 5- (Jackie, go) to the gym every week?
2. Which is not a signal word for simple present?
usually – everyday – in 2005

2 SIMPLE PAST
EXERCISE 2 Put these verbs in simple past.
1. go
Form • regular verbs + ed/ irregular (the list)
2. see
• to be was/ were
3. play
• not didn’t + verb
4. not, come
5. they/ be
Use actions happened at a specific time in the
past.
EXERCISE 3 Put the following verbs in the correct tense.
Signal words last…., yesterday, …..ago, in 2011, the
other day 1- Mike’s parents (arrive) yesterday at 6 O’clock.
1 2- My little brother (see) a nightmare last night.
EXERCISE Find the signal words for simple past.
3- Alfred and Dave (to be) in the swimming
1. Which is a signal word for simple past? two hours ago.
the other day – tomorrow - rarely 4- We (not, to like) the party last weekend; it
2. Which is not a signal word for simple past? was too noisy.
....ago – in 2005 – next week 5- (Nancy, go) shopping last night?

Ali EL AZOUZI 7 BRIDGE

 3 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
EXERCISE 2 Put these verbs in present continuous.
1. They / play
Form am, is, or are + verb + ing 2. Sara and Leila/ dance
3. I/ not, speak
Use actions happening now, at the moment 4. He/ to sing
of speaking. 5. David / not, to write
EXERCISE 3 Put the following verbs in the correct tense.
Signal words now, at the moment, still, Look! Listen!...
1. Now, it (rain) heavily outside.
2. She (not, speak) French at the moment.
3. Many people (still, fight) against poverty
EXERCISE 1 Find the signal words for present continuous.
in Africa.
1. Which is a signal word for present continuous? 4. Mark’s children (to play) video games at the
last – now – every night moment.
2. Which is not a signal word for present continuous? 5. (Sandra, to do) her homework now?
now - already - still

4 PAST CONTINUOUS
EXERCISE 2 Put these verbs in past continuous.
1. She/ watch
Form was or were + verb + ing 2. They/ to play
3. It/ rain
Use For actions which were in progress in the 4. Many students/ to work
past. 5. He/ not, to drive
EXERCISE 3 Put the following verbs in the correct tense.
Signal words when, while + long action in the past
1- Barbara (to do) her homework yesterday
when I came in.
2- When I (write) the E-mail last time,
EXERCISE 1 Find the signal words for past continuous. Mary (to watch) TV.
1. Which is a signal word for past continuous? 3- I saw my teacher yesterday when I (wait)
while - by next week - tomorrow for the bus.
2. Which is not a signal word for past continuous? 4- When Sandra (arrive) home yesterday, her father
next week – when - while (not, to cook) lunch.
5- (Your brother, to play) the game when the
computer crashed down?

5 PRESENT PERFECT
EXERCISE 2 Put these verbs in present perfect.
1. They/ to do
Form have or has + Past Participle
2. Jack / to publish
For actions which started in the past and 3. He/ not, to have
Use
continued up to the present. 4. She/ to study
5. Mike and Lina / to have
Signal words just, already, yet, for, since, so far, recently, EXERCISE 3 Put the following verbs in the correct tense.
ever… 1. He (just, phone) Sabrina; she is in
NB. We use Present Perfect Continuous (have/has+ been + verb +ing) to give Chicago now.
more emphasis on the duration of the action. However, some verbs can’t be 2. I (buy, recently) a laptop to Louis.
used in the continuous form such as own, smell, need, belong, cost, agree,
contain…, etc. 3. The maid (not, cook) the dinner yet.
EXERCISE 1 Find the signal words for present perfect.
4. She (drive) this car for two hours.
5. He (to be) in prison since 2003.
1. Which is a signal word for present perfect?
6. (you, ever, read) Hemingway’s novels?
still – usually – since
2. Which is not a signal word for present perfect?
since – before – for

Ali EL AZOUZI 8 BRIDGE

 6 PAST PERFECT
EXERCISE 2 Find the past perfect to these verbs.
1. come
Form had + Past Participle 2 actions in the past 2. not, have
1st action Past Perfect 3. see
2nd action Simple Past 4. play
Use For actions which happened before the 5. cut
other one in the past. EXERCISE 3 Put the following verbs in the correct tense.

before, after, already, when, never.. 1. Before Randa (to take) the test exam yesterday,
Signal words
as soon as, until… she (memorize) irregular verbs.
2. After she (to do) her homework last night,
EXERCISE 1 Find the signal words for past perfect . she (go) to bed.
1. Which is a signal word for past perfect? 3. When I (arrive) home yesterday, the film
last week - after - now (already, start) .
2. Which is not a signal word for past perfect? 4. Last time, I (feel) stressed because I (never, take)
at the moment – after- already the IELTS Test before.
5. Jonny (get) the job after he (graduate) from
Oxford university.

7 SIMPLE FUTURE
EXERCISE 2 Find the simple future to the following verbs.
1. to work
Form will + verb 2. to play
3. to speak
Use For actions which will occur in the future. 4. not, to come
5. to enjoy
Signal words next, tomorrow, soon, later,..
EXERCISE 3 Put the following verbs in the correct tense.

1 I (to travel) around the world next summer holiday.

EXERCISE 1 Find the signal words for simple future. 2. The boss (not, to meet) you tomorrow; he’s busy.
3. Alberto (marry) Helen next month.
1. Which is a signal word for simple future?
4. The Smiths (not, to be) in England next January.
already - next week- in 2017
5. (James, attend) the conference tomorrow?
2. Which is not a signal word for simple future?
by tomorrow – tomorrow- soon

8 FUTURE PERFECT
EXERCISE 2 Put these verbs in future perfect.
1. to go
Form will have + Past Participle 2. to play
3. to do
Use For actions that will be finished before 4. to visit
some point in the future, also to express 5. to enjoy
certainty that an action was completed.
EXERCISE 3 Put the following verbs in the correct tense.

Signal words by….., in……time 1- By 9 O’clock, many students (finish) doing

their exercises.
2- In two days’ time, we (go) back home.
EXERCISE 1 Find the signal words for future perfect. 3- My brother (to return) from the trip by
1. Which is a signal word for future perfect? 7 O’clock.
tomorrow- in two days’ time – next week- 4- By November, we (buy) a new
2. Which is not a signal word for future perfect? apartment in Paris.
already – by ... – in three weeks’ time 5- By the end of next year, we (study) English
for three years.

Ali EL AZOUZI 9 BRIDGE

 9 Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous & Future Perfect

Past Perfect Simple:

st nd
• Form: 1 action Past perfect = had + Past Participle 2 action Simple past = (ed/list)
• Signal words: before, after, already, when, never, as soon as, ……………

Exercise Put the following verbs in the correct tense.

1. My friends (to eat) everything before I (join) them yesterday.

2. After he (have) a shower last night, we (go out) with Laura.
3. When I (arrive) at the cinema, the film (already, start) .
4. Sara and Peter (know) each other for three years before they (get) married.
5. She (to phone) her friend before she (to go) to New York yesterday.
6. As soon as he (finish) his education in Paris in 2009, he (return) to Morocco.
Past Perfect Continuous:

• Form: Past perfect continuous = had been + verb + ing (here more emphasis is put on the duration of
the action.)
• Signal words: before, after, when, because, all day, for……
NB. Some verbs can’t be used in the continuous form such as own, smell, need, belong, cost, agree, contain….etc.

Exercise Put the following verbs in the correct tense.

1. The police (look for) the thief for 10 days before they (catch) him.
2. She (to be) tired because she (work) all day.
3. She (drive) for a couple of hours before she (have) the accident.
4. He (to work) on the project for three hours before the boss (come in) .
5. They (play) for two hours when it (begin) to rain.
6. I (feel) tired yesterday because I (to drive) all night.

Future Perfect:

• Form: Future Perfect = will have + Past Participle (here, the action will be completed at a point in the
future)
• Signal words: by…/ in….s’ time…..

Exercise Put the following verbs in the correct tense.

1. By 8 O’clock tomorrow, she (to do) the laundry.

2. The Smiths (visit) all Europe by next year.
3. By this time tomorrow, we (finish) the project.
4. By 10 O’clock, the kids (fall) asleep.
5. By next year, Maria (to receive) her promotion.
6. The maid (clean) the entire house by dinner.
7. Monica and Rosa (to begin) working by this time tomorrow morning.
8. By Sunday, you (do) all the homework.
9. In three days’ time, the school (receive) prizes.
10. In five minutes’ time, they (to leave) the classroom.

Ali EL AZOUZI 10 BRIDGE

QUIZ 1 Quiz on Tenses
20
EXERCISE 1 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. (5Pts)

1. Sorry, I (not, to come) yesterday.

2. My parents (send) me the money tomorrow.
3. When he (wake up) , his mother (already, prepare) breakfast.
4. It (start) to snow a few minutes ago.
5. Although Mr. Reed is retired, he (not, build) any house yet.
6. By this time next week, students (take) all their exams.
7. He (start) his new course in Business management soon.
8. I (not, see) my sister for more than two years.
9. Jack’s children (play) the guitar there on the roof at the moment.
EXERCISE 2 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. (10Pts)
1. He (just, finish) his homework.
2. By the time the doctor (arrive) , Fred (already, die) .
3. Jane (still, type) the research paper.
4. Before Mary (take) the exam last week, she (revise) all her lessons.
5. Teacher: Your friend (not, attend) my classes for two days. Is he Okay?
Student: Well, he (to be) sick a couple of days ago and his doctor advised him
(relax) more. I think by next week, he (resume) all his courses.
6. He (to win) the golden medal two years ago.
7. Last week, while a woman, who was drunk, (drive) her car crazily, a man (cross)
the road and she hit him. Unfortunately, he was terribly injured. We hope by the end
of this year, the government (introduce) severe traffic rules to punish careless drivers.
8. Alfred and Nora (to take) their little brother to the club on Sundays.
9. When she was 12 years old, Laura (to meet) her step father.
10. My children (to play) the game in the yard at the moment.
11. Kitty (to do) her homework yesterday when I came in.
12. Before he became an engineer, Lucas (already, to work) as a Physics teacher
for 2 years.
13. Another 6 million tourists (probably, to come) next year to Morocco.

EXERCISE 3 Fill in each gap with the right verb from the list. (5Pts)
1. Mr. Clark (come) to Edinburg in 2000. a. will have come
b. came
2. The Smiths (complete) their agricultural a. will complete
project by the end of this year. b. will have completed
3. Rosa missed the interview yesterday morning; her bus a. has already left
(already, to leave) when she arrived there. b. had already left
4. Her father (to send) her to continue her studies a. will send
in England next month. b. sent
5. An important multi-national organization (organize) a. organized
a conference last month in our city. b. had organized

Ali EL AZOUZI 11 BRIDGE

 Relative Pronouns Remember this:
who person

& Adverbs
that/ which objects or animals
which choice
where place
when time
why reason
whose possession
whom person

We use “who” to refer to people, for example, “the man who gave me the chocolate is Anna’s fiancé.” Here
we identify who the person was. “That or which” is used to talk about animals or objects for example,
“everybody likes the T-shirt that/which you bought yesterday.” T-shirt is the object and therefore we
used “that or which”.
The same rule applies for animals; “the long-necked animal that/ which we saw in the zoo is called a
giraffe.” Bear in mind that we only use “which” for choice, for example, ”I want to know which team is the
best.”
“Where” is clearly used to indicate places, for example, “this is the village where I grew up.” For “why and
when,” they are used for reason and time successively, for instance, “the reason why villagers leave coun-
tryside is unemployment.” “I will never forget the day when Peter asked Laura for marriage.”
“Whose” is most often used for possession, for example, “the teacher whose car is black is of Maths.” That
means that the teacher who has a black car is a Math teacher. “Whom” is used to refer to the object of a
verb or preposition.
Let’s consider this example, “the boss whom you had the interview with was my classmate.”

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the blanks with the right word from the list.
who - whose - that - which - where - when - why - whom
1. A lawyer is a person helps people with their legal problems in the court.
2. Frank showed me the photos he took in Istanbul last year.
3. The boy father is a doctor had an accident yesterday.
4. Marrakesh is a beautiful city tourists enjoy the hot weather and delicious food.
5. A camel is an animal lives in the deserts and used to carry both people and goods.
6. The reason the employees went on a strike was their low salaries.
7. I will never forget the day I got married to Julia.
8. The professor with I was talking is the best one in the university.

EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences using the words given in brackets.

1. This is the shop. The shop I bought my new glasses. (where)

2. The man we met yesterday. The man is nice. (whom)

3. I don’t like the car. The car he sold last week. (which)

4. The woman’s husband is dead. The woman is called a widow. (whose)

5. Illiteracy is a serious problem. This problem threatens our society. (that)

Ali EL AZOUZI 12 BRIDGE

 Quiz on Relative Pronouns
QUIZ 2 & Adverbs
20
EXERCISE 1 Match the following relative pronouns or adverbs with their uses. (2Pts)
1. who a. possession
2. whose b. place
3. where c. animal, object or choice
4. which d. person

EXERCISE 2 Fill in the blanks with the right word from the list. (8Pts)
who - whose - that - which - where - when - why - whom
1. Nick, is an excellent football player, got a lot of awards and trophies.
2. He likes the gift his sister sent to him for his birthday last week.
3. This is the town the president was born in 1978.
4. The man jacket is brown is a famous actor in Egypt.
5. The reason she refused the job was that she lives very far.
6. This is the time the birds fly towards the West.
7. I want to know car is the most expensive in this car show room.
8. The boss hired the woman he interviewed last week.

EXERCISE 3 Re-write these sentences using the words given. (2Pts)

1. Would you like the T-shirt? The T-shirt I bought yesterday. (which)

2. The man is wearing blue jeans. Can you call him? (who)

3. The teacher talked to the student. His phone rang during the exam. (whose)

4. Van Diesel was born in 1967 in California. Van Diesel is an American actor and director. (who)

EXERCISE 4 Fill in each gap with the right word from the list. (8Pts)
1. The girl motorbike is red is Nancy. a. whose
b. who
2. This is the candidate was chosen by the jury as the best a. who
free football style this year. b. whose
3. Mr. Bean, sense of humour is exceptional, is from New Castle. a. which
b. whose
4. “I need to make photocopy to the document the teacher gave a. why
you last week,” he said. b. that
5. The English test we took last Monday was difficult. a. which
b. who
6. This is the place Mr. Reed will build his new house. a. where
b. which
7. The lady to I was talking is Madam Nelson from England. a. whom
b. whose
8. I can’t find the dictionary I borrowed from the library last week a. when
b. that

Ali EL AZOUZI 13 BRIDGE

Gerund, Bare infinitive Remember this:
& infinitive Gerund (Verb + ing)
• enjoy
• suggest
• admit
• keep
Bare infinitive (Verb)
• can
• could
Infinitive (to+verb)
• decide
• ask
Gerund & Infinitive
• begin
• stop
• avoid • miss • will • agree • love
• give up • regret • would • manage • like
• feel like • shall • want • prefer
• can’t stand • should • need • forget
• can’t bear • may • invite • remember
• can’t resist • might • hope • neglect
• look forward to • should • promise • start
• be used to • ought to • don’t forget • stop
• crazy about • ’d better • refuse • remember
A gerund is a verb + ing. • would you mind
• fed up with
• must
• make
• advise
• choose Some verbs can be followed
• fond of • let • learn by either gerund or infinitive
• finish • help • know with a change in meaning,
A gerund can appear after prepositions (on, in, at, by, • keen on • needn’t • plan while others keep the same
• interested in • I can’t afford meaning, for example,
before, after, for, without...) for example, • it’s worth
• succeed in
For example :
You needn’t come; For example :
- I remember going to the
countryside. (means I have a
1. She is good at (speak/ to speak/ speaking) English. (after prepositions in, at...)
For example : He
just you call. He refused to sign
the document.
memory of visiting the village.)
- I remembered to buy soda.

2. He is interested in (playing/ to play/play) musical succeeded in cheating

in the exam.
means I was on my way home
and the idea of buying soda
came into my mind, so I
instruments. bought it.), whereas this
example keeps the same
It can take place also in the beginning of sentences, for meaning:
- I like eating fish = I like to eat
example: fish.

1. (Jog) Jogging is a good hobby. Prepositions are: on, in, at, by, before, after, about, to, with, of, from, without, off, up, ..
2. (Eat) Eating fast food is unhealthy.
EXERCISE 1 Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
A gerund can take place after certain phrases (look
forward to, would you mind, feel like, can’t stop, can’t 1. I’m looking forward to (meet) the boss soon.
bear...etc.) and verbs like (enjoy, avoid, suggest, admit, 2. He finished (build) his new house.
regret, keep, imagine, deny, finish....), for example: 3. Thank you for (come) tonight.
1. I ‘m looking forward to (help) helping you proofread 4. I’ll be back in a second; keep (work) .
the research paper. 5. Avoid (eat) fatty food; it’s unhealthy.
2. Would you mind (clean) cleaning the board?
2 Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
3. The kid enjoyed (watch) watching English cartoons. EXERCISE

4. The student avoided (meet) meeting the teacher in 1. You’d better (to study) hard this year.
the corridor. 2. She might (to accept) the job offer.
3. We should (to leave) the office now.
Bare infinitive is an infinitive without “to”.
4. He needn’t (to buy) more milk.
Bare infinitive is used after the following auxiliaries or 5. Tom will (to call) you tomorrow.
modals: can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should,
must, ‘d better, needn’t..... besides the verbs “let” and EXERCISE 3 Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
“make”. For example, 1. The doctor advised her (eat) vegetables.
1. You’d better (exercise/ to exercise/ exercising) 2. My wife encouraged me (save) more money.
regularly and eat fruit. 3. The teacher asked him (write) the date.
2. The driver must (stopping/ stop/ to stop) when the 4. The lady can’t afford (pay) the extra hours.
light turns red. 5. He planned (go) for a hike next week.
3. “Let the kid (eating/ eat/ to eat) by himself,” the
father said. EXERCISE 4 Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
4. The mother made her daughter (crying/ cry/ to cry). 1. He must (to respect) the traffic code.
5. Daniel needn’t (watering/ water/ to water) the 2. He’s fed up with (listen) to Rock music.
plants today. 3. The girl is afraid of (touch) the lion.
An Infinitive is to + the base form of the verb. 4. He finally chose (buy) the red car.
5. Would you mind (lend) me some cash?
The infinitive is used after a number of verbs such as 6. I find it difficult (solve) this problem.
want, need, decide, choose, plan, agree, promise,refuse,
EXERCISE 5 Choose the right answer.
manage, expect, hope, attempt, pretend, afford, try,
would like, don’t forget... etc, for example: 1. My friend stopped last month. (quit smoking)
1. The receptionist refused (to carry/ carry/ carrying) a- smoking b- to smoke
the baggage of the tourist. 2. I stopped a hitchhiker. (I was driving and I saw
2. He managed (solving/ solve/ to solve) the Math him) a- to pick up b- picking up
equation without calculator. 3. She forgot her medication. (She had the
3. I can’t afford (to buy/ buying/ buy) such a lovely car. intention, but she didn’t remember.) a- to take b- taking

Ali EL AZOUZI 14 BRIDGE

QUIZ 3
Quiz on Gerund, Bare infinitive
& Infinitive
20
EXERCISE 1 Fill in each gap with the appropriate word from the list. (10Pts)
1. I can you at 6 O’clock if you are free. (to meet- meet- meeting)
2. The Browns have finished for the wedding. (to prepare- prepare- preparing)
3. We agreed a new cinema club in our school. (to set up- set up- setting up)
4. I wanted to the stadium but I didn’t get a ticket. (to go - go- going)
5. The student finally admitted in the exam. (to cheat- cheat- cheating)
6. You’d better a doctor before taking that medication. (to visit- visit- visiting)
7. I can’t bear to that type of music. (to listen - listen - listening)
8. The little boy refused with his mum to the steam bath. (to go- go- going)
9. Humorists say that laughter makes us longer. (to live - live - living)
10. sport regularly is good to keep fit and healthy. (play- to play- Playing)

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form to the verbs in brackets. (5Pts)

1. He apologized for not (show) up in the wedding party.
2. The Spanish authorities forced some illegal immigrants (leave) the country.
3. People should (use) solar energy to protect the environment.
4. The countrymen are looking forward to (meet) the new president.
5. “Stop (make) the noise,” the teacher shouted.
6. Although he is poor, he insists on (wear) new clothes.
7. “(Buy) smart phones is a waste of money,” said the father to his son.
8. I really don’t know how (answer) this question.
9. Before (send) the application letter, write your full name and sign it.
10. How about (plant) some trees and flowers in our school garden.
EXERCISE 3 Fill in the blanks with the right answer from the list. (5Pts)
1. Julia ended up a new car after her old Volvo broke down. a. buying
b. to buy
2. Our neighbour agreed us his truck for a couple of days. a. to lend
b. lend
3. He suggested to the night club last night. a. go
b. going
4. You’d better a mechanic before buying this car. a. consult
b. consulting
5. Have you finished the questionnaire paper? a. filling in
b. fill in
a. raining
6. “It may today,” the weather man said.
b. rain
a. leave
7. The teacher let the student early yesterday before 6 p.m.
b. to leave
a. smoke
8. causes many fatal diseases namely lung cancer.
b. Smoking
a. playing
9. Instead of cards, why don’t you read an interesting novel? b. play
a. buy
10. I can’t afford a new house in the city. b. to buy

Ali EL AZOUZI 15 BRIDGE

 Remember this:
Linking Words 1- despite + noun
2- in spite of
3- because of + verb + ing
4- due to
+ the fact that
5- owing to
6- thanks to
Addition
…….. . Besides, …………. Example : He got an excellent mark. Bob worked hard.
….... . In addition, ……
…….. . Also, …………. 1. Bob worked hard. Therefore, he got an excellent mark.
…….. . Moreover,…….. 2. Bob worked hard. As a result, he got an excellent mark.
….… . What’s more, …… 3. Bob worked hard. Consequently, he got an excellent mark.
….… . Furthermore,…….
…not only….but also……. 4. The referee stopped the match because it was raining.
…………….., as well. 5. They cancelled the flight because of the bad weather.
…………….., too.
Example : He painted the wall. He cleaned the room, too. EXERCISE 1 Re-write these sentences as suggested.
1. He painted the wall. Besides, he cleaned the room.
1. TV is a source of education. It’s a source of entertainment,
2. He painted the wall. Moreover, he cleaned the room.
as well. (Besides)
3. He painted not only the wall, but also he cleaned the room.
4. Not only did he paint the wall, but also he cleaned the room.
Concession/ Contrast: 2. He speaks English. He understands Spanish, too. (in addition)
Although…….,……/ ……although…
Though……,…../……though………. 3. She sings in the parties. She dances, too. (not only ..but
Even if……,…../ …….even if………. also)
Despite…,…./ ……..despite……….
In spite of…..,../…..in spite of…..
…. . However,……….
… . Yet,………………
….... . Nevertheless,, ……
…….. . Nonetheless, …………. EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggested.
…….. . Whereas,……..
….…, but……………. 1. Martha is blind. She can write English poems. (Although)
Example 1 : She came to school. She was sick.
1. Although she was sick, she came to school. 2. It was cold in New York. Our vacation was full of fun. (Despite)
2. She came to school although she was sick.
3. Despite her sickness, she came to school. 3. Helen ran fast. She lost her final race. (Even if )
being sick, she came to school.
the fact that she was sick, she came to school.
EXERCISE 3 Re-write these sentences as suggested.
4. She came to school despite her sickness/ despite being sick/
despite the fact that she was sick. 1. Even though he was tired, he played the match. (However)
Example 2 : He wears smart clothes. He is poor.
1. He is poor. However, he wears smart clothes. 2. We walked to school. It was raining. (Nevertheless)
2. He is poor. Yet, he wears smart clothes.
3. He didn’t lose any weight. He exercised regularly. (Yet)
Example 3 : I like to live in a village. My brother prefers a city.
I like to live in a village, whereas my brother prefers a city.

Cause/ effect:
EXERCISE 4 Re-write these sentences as suggested.
Because…….,……/ ……because…
As……,…../……as………. 1. He is famous. Messi has millions of fans. (because)
Since……,…../ …….since……….
Because of…,…./ ……..because of……….
Due to…..,../…..due to….. 2. As it was Christmas holiday, the traffic was heavy. (Owing to)
Owing to…../……owing to…..
Thanks to..,../ ……thanks to….
… . Therefore,……. 3. There was a storm. We had to stay home. (because of )
.. . Consequently,…….
…. . As a result,……… 4. She took up an English course. She could speak English.(thanks to)
…. . So,………………….
.. . Thus,……………….

Ali EL AZOUZI 16 BRIDGE

QUIZ 4 Quiz on linking words
20
EXERCISE 1 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (10Pts)
1. He can play the piano. He can sing, too. (not only……..but also)

2. She drives well. She can’t pass her driving license. (Although)

3. He managed to win the final round. The boxer trained hard last time. (Therefore)

4. It was raining heavily. I had to drive slowly last night. (because)

5. His wife prefers to stay at home. Tom loves to spend his summer holiday abroad. (whereas)

6. Because Mr. Carter suffered from asthma, he left the city. (because of )

7. As the boy was young and naïve, he was easily convinced to buy the product. (since)

8. Even though he is wealthy, he lives in a small apartment in town. (Despite)

9. The snow didn’t melt quickly. It was sunny and shining. (However)

10. Although Mark and Sam were in danger, they didn’t call for help. (in spite of )

EXERCISE 2 Fill in each gap with the right linking word from the box. (6Pts)
because of - Despite - but - whereas - However - Although - thanks to
1. the rain, the referee didn’t stop the football match.
2. My brother had the necessary qualifications. ,they didn’t offer him the job.
3. his father is a vice-president, he spends his holiday in the countryside.
4. Emma is tolerant and easy-going, her sister is strong-headed and selfish.
5. The husband divorced his wife her physical handicap.
6. I really want to help you, I don’t have time.
EXERCISE 3 Match the following sentences with their appropriate functions. (4Pts)

Sentences Functions
1. He kept taking drugs. Consequently, he became addicted to cocaine. a- result
2. In brief, the internet is good and bad at the same time. b- concession
3. In spite of eating less, Mark is gaining more weight. c- summarizing
4. Mrs. Brady left her job because of her low salary. d- adding
5. Students not only ate cakes in the party but also they took pictures. e- cause/ effect
6. Life in England is hectic, whereas in Morocco is quite peaceful. f- contrast
7. Vegetarians eat just vegetables such as carrots, tomatoes, etc. g- explanation
8. Reading books is useful. That is to say, readers can get vocabulary and ideas h- examples
through reading.

1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8:

Ali EL AZOUZI 17 BRIDGE

 Purpose Remember this:
so that + subject + can+ Verb if the verb is in Simple Present
+ could + Verb if the verb is in Simple Past

By “purpose” we mean the objective that I want to achieve, for example, I am saving money so as to buy
a car. My objective is buying a car. There are different ways to express this purpose.
• to
• so as (not) to + Verb
• in order (not) to
• for + verb + ing (or noun)
• so that + subject + can+ Verb if the verb is in Simple Present.
+ could + Verb if the verb is in Simple Past.
Example: I am saving money. I want to buy a car.
• I am saving money to buy a car.
• I am saving money so as to buy a car.
• I am saving money in order to buy a car.
• I am saving money for buying a car.
• I am saving money so that I can buy a car.

EXERCISE 1 Fill in each gap with the appropriate word from the list.
for - so as to - in order not to - so that

1. The customs officer stopped the tourist at the airport check his suitcase.
2. He downloaded a dictionary on his smart phone he could look up difficult words.
3. She played the piano slowly disturb her neighbours.
4. I saved some money buying a new computer.

EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggested.

1. He projected a video about illiteracy. He wanted to sensitize parents to the importance of education. (to)

2. They want to improve their living and working conditions. Brainy people leave their homelands.(for)

3. He went to the hospital. He wanted to participate in the blood donation campaign. (so as to)

4. We need to use the solar energy. We want to sustain our development. (in order to)

5. The association received a lot of homeless children. They wanted to re-integrate them into families
and school. (so that)

6. This cultural festival is organized ever year. They want to promote tolerance within the community. (to)

Ali EL AZOUZI 18 BRIDGE

QUIZ 5 Quiz on Purpose
20
EXERCISE 1 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (8Pts)
1. They want to help them study hard. Parents give advice to their children. (so as to)

2. The teacher projected a film. He wanted to help students stop taking drugs. (in order to)

3. He attended a cookery school. He wanted to become a famous chef. (in order to)

4. They want to fight lung cancer. This campaign is often organized. (in order to)

5. Thousands of Moroccans immigrate to Europe. They want to make their life better. (so that)

6. They invest a lot of money in tourism. They want to attract the maximum of tourists. (for)

7. He didn’t want to be late for the interview. The candidate took a taxi. (in order not to)

8. Maria and her sister left home early. They didn’t want to be late for the appointment. (so as not to)

EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (7Pts)

1. The criminal ran away. He didn’t want to be caught by the police. (in order not to)

2. She went on a diet last year. She wanted to lose weight. (so that)

3. He went to Senegal to study Medicine. He wants to become a doctor. (so as to)

4. He wanted to discuss the community problems. The councilor organized a meeting. (for)

5. Gandhi organized non-violent protests. He wanted to fight for Indian’s independence. (to)

6. Abbey is saving money. She wants to buy a new cell phone. (so that)

7. He didn’t want to be fat. He eats less fast food. (so as not to)

EXERCISE 3 Fill in the blanks with the right word from the list. (5Pts)

1. Yassine created a blog encourage young people to read a- for

more books. b- to
2. They collected a large amount of money helping sick a- so that
people in the village. b- for
3. He is explaining slowly so that his students understand a- could
the lesson. b- can
4- The boy hid in his bedroom be seen by his uncle. a- so as not to
b- so as to
5- Nancy went to Cambridge University get her Ph Degree. a- in order to
b- so that

Ali EL AZOUZI 19 BRIDGE

 Remember this:
...Wish / If Only ... 1
will +verb + V(base form)
can + verb could+ V (base form)
2
instead of “was”,
we use”were”

Wishes about the past: 4. He doesn’t have enough money.

He wishes
We use “wish” to express regrets in the past for example,
5. They take the train every day.
“last year, you were offered a job to work in a restaurant, If only
but you turned down the offer.” Later, you found out that
the salary was high and the working conditions were
EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggeted.
excellent.
1. Robert didn’t have the ticket.
Here are some ways to express regrets in the past:
Robert wishes
I wish I had accepted the job offer.
2. I stole his cell phone yesterday.
If only I hadn’t turned down the job offer. I wish
Form: wish about the past Past Perfect 3. Paul didn’t apply for the job on time.
affirmative negative Paul wishes
4. She had an accident because she drove fast.
Wishes about the present: If only
5. I was not a member of that association
We can express wishes about present using this form.
I wish
Form: wishes about the present Simple Past
affirmative negative EXERCISE 3 Re-write these sentences as suggeted.
Here are some ways to express regrets in the present: 1. My best friend won’t come to the party.
1. What a pity! I don’t know how to use this iPad. I wish
I wish I knew how to use this iPad. 2. Sorry, I can’t see you more often.
2. My sister doesn’t live in Barcelona. I wish
If only my sister lived in Barcelona. 3. They won’t arrive on Friday.
If only
4. Adam can’t lend you the car.
Wishes about the future: I wish
We can express wishes about future using this form. 5. She won’t call Jack tonight.
Form: wishes about the future (will) would + verb If only
can could + verb
EXERCISE 4 Re-write these sentences as suggeted.
affirmative negative
Here are some ways to express wishes about future: 1. Leila didn’t take the taxi to work yesterday.

1. Messy won’t play the next match against Real Madrid. Leila wishes
I wish Messy would play the next month against Real 2. He didn’t have enough time to finish the whole
Madrid. exam last time.
2. The Smiths will not come this holiday to Morocco. He wishes
If only the Smiths would come this holiday to 3. I am terribly sorry, I can’t help you.
Morocco. I wish
EXERCISE 1 Re-write these sentences as suggeted. 4. I was not with my wife during my vacation in Europe

1. Sam doesn’t live near school. last summer.

Sam wishes If only
2. My two brothers don’t speak Spanish. 5. What a pity! Susan failed her driving test.
My two brothers wish
Susan wishes
3. It doesn’t rain much here.
6. He doesn’t have a good salary.
If only
He wishes

Ali EL AZOUZI 20 BRIDGE

QUIZ 6 Quiz on Wish / If Only ...
20
EXERCISE 1 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (10Pts)
1. I can’t join the club because I don’t have a membership card.
I wish I
2. He was not able to attend the meeting last week.
If only
3. My brother doesn’t live with us in this beautiful town.
I wish my brother
4. What a pity! It didn’t rain last year.
Mr. Lawrence wishes
5. Mark didn’t wake up early. So, he missed the train.
Mark wishes
6. What a pity! I don’t know how to solve this puzzle.
If only
7. I am sure. He will arrive late to the interview.
I wish
8. What a pity! Sophie didn’t go to the doctor earlier.
Sophie wishes
9. My daughter saw a horrible film and therefore she had nightmares at night.
I wish my daughter
10. I am sorry. I can’t answer you now.
If only
EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (5Pts)
1. My uncle didn’t stay longer in Spain, and now he regrets it.
My uncle wishes
2. I can’t speak foreign languages.
I wish
3. It’s a pity! He sold his old computer yesterday.
If only
4. I can’t help you because I don’t have time.
I wish
5. He had an accident because he didn’t respect the red light.
If only

EXERCISE 3 Complete these sentences with the right form. (5Pts)

1. I insulted my friend while having an argument with him. a- had insulted

I wish I my friend while having an argument with him. b- hadn’t insulted
2. I can’t chat with you because I don’t have the internet connection. a- had
If only I the internet connection to chat with you. b- had had
3. I missed my friend’s birthday party; so, he is now mad at me. a- didn’t miss
If only I my friend’s birthday party. b- had not missed
4. Jack arrived late at the airport. Therefore, he missed his flight. a- had not arrived
Jack wishes he late at the airport. b- had arrived
5. He couldn’t help you because he didn’t have money. a- had
If only he money to help you. b- had had

Ali EL AZOUZI 21 BRIDGE

 Conditional Type Remember this:
0, I, II & III If + subject + past perfect + subject
+ would (not) have + past participle

4. If he(work) hard, he (succeed) .

The conditionals are used to talk about real and unreal 5. If you (not, leave) now, I (call) the police.
situations. They are often called “if-clause.”
Form : If + subject + simple present + subject + simple present EXERCISE 3 Re-write these sentences as suggeted.
Conditional 0

Use : Conditional 0 is used to talk about general truths, 1. I can’t travel because I don’t have a passport.
scientific facts or things which are always true. If
For example : 2. I don’t have his phone number. So, I can’t call him.
1- If you mix water and oil, oil goes up. If
2- If you heat butter, it melts. 3. I can’t buy a Ferrari because I am not rich.
Form : If + subject + simple present + subject + simple future If
Use : Conditional I is used to talk about real conditional; 4. He doesn’t have time. So, he can’t help you.
Conditional I

something that is possible and likely to happen in the future. If

For example : 5. Peter can’t come because he is sick.
1-If I find David’s phone number, I will call him. If
2-If you work hard, you will succeed.
Form : If + subject + simple past + subject + would + verb Re-write these sentences as suggeted.
EXERCISE 4
Use : Conditional II is used to talk about something that’s
impossible or unlikely to happen at that moment; unreal 1. She didn’t find Steve’s phone number. So, she didn’t
Conditional II

conditional. For example : call him.

1- If I had money, I would help you. (but I don’t have any money If
at that moment.)
2- If I were tall, I would join the basketball team. (but in reality 2. The children were sick. That’s why, we didn’t go on a
I am short)
picnic.
Form : If + subject + past perfect + subject + would (not) have
If
+ past participle
Use : Conditional III is used to express conditions in the past
that didn’t happen. Often used to express regrets or criticism. 3. It started to rain. That’s why, we didn’t walk to the
Conditional III

For example : forest.

1- If I had driven slowly, I wouldn’t have had an accident (but in If
reality I didn’t drive slowly and I had an accident; expressing sort
of regrets.)
4. The professor spoke fast. So, I could not understand
2- If you had worked hard, you would have passed your exams. (but
his lecture.
in reality you didn’t work hard and you failed your exams;
expressing here criticism.) If

Re-write these sentences as suggeted.

5. Sara’s father lost the job. That’s why, she dropped
EXERCISE 1
out of school.
1. If you (to boil) water, it (evaporate) .
If
2. If you (heat) ice, it (melt) .
3. If you (not, water) trees, they (die) .
4. If it (rain) , the grass (get) wet. 6. I can’t send you the invitation because I don’t have
5. If you (mingle) water and oil, oil (go) up. your address.
If
EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggeted.

1. If I (have) money, I (buy) a car.

2. If you (not, hurry) , you (miss) the bus.
3. If you (invite) him, he (come) .

Ali EL AZOUZI 22 BRIDGE

QUIZ 7 Quiz on Conditional type III
20
EXERCISE 1 Rewrite these sentences as suggested. (8Pts)
1. He didn’t wear his jacket yesterday. That’s why, he caught a bad cold.
If
2. I didn’t work hard last year. That’s why, I didn’t get a lot of money.
If
3. The weather was terrible. So, the referee stopped the match.
If
4. You didn’t hear about the president‘s death because you didn’t watch last TV news.
If
5. She couldn’t join the music band because she was not good at the piano.
If
6. I didn’t have enough money. So, I couldn’t take my family to the restaurant.
If
7. She didn’t correct her mistakes. That’s why, she got a bad mark in the exam.
If
8. Maria didn’t have a yacht. So, she could not sail along the river.
If
EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (8 Pts)
1. We couldn’t go to the stadium because we lost our tickets.
If
2. Melisa had no eggs. So, she couldn’t make you your favourite cake.
If
3. I couldn’t explain to you the lesson because I didn’t understand it.
If
4. My father needed money. That’s why, he sold his car last month.
If
5. He was lazy. That’s why, he didn’t pass his final exams.
If
6. We threw garbage everywhere. That’s why, we suffered from pollution.
If
7. She couldn’t communicate with Americans because she didn’t learn English at school.
If
8. My sister forgot to close the cage. So, the bird flew away last night.
If
EXERCISE 3 Complete these sentences with the right form. (4Pts)

1. If we (tell) his father the truth, he wouldn’t have been angry.

2. If I (to know) how to word-process, I would have helped you write it.
3. If you had had the membership card, you (have) access to the internet.
4. If she had sent the message earlier, she (join) you at the club.
5. If he (not, eat) much, he wouldn’t have felt a stomach ache.
6. If you (fill in) this application form correctly, they wouldn’t have refused it.
7. If my mother (take) an aspirin, she (not, have) a headache now.

Ali EL AZOUZI 23 BRIDGE

 Remember this:
Phrasal Verbs A phrasal verb is made of a verb plus a particle or preposition.
Particles are “on”, “in”, “at”, “for”, “of”, “off”, “up”, etc. The meaning of some
phrasal verbs are clear from the verb and the particle like “agree with”, “come back”,
“eat out”, or “sit down,” , while the others are not. Their meanings should be learnt by heart for
example, “give up = stop”, “call off = cancel”, “make up= invent”, etc...

EXERCISE 1 Find the meaning of these phrasal verbs in Arabic. EXERCISE 4 Find the meaning of these phrasal verbs in Arabic.

Translation Translation
Phrasal Verbs Meaning in English Phrasal Verbs Meaning in English
into Arabic into Arabic
1. agree with a. share the same opinion 22. jot down a- write down
2. apply for b. write a request (job….) 23. keep away b- be away
3. break down c. stop working (machines) 24. let down c- disappoint
4. break in d. enter a building by force 25. log on d- connect (sign in)
5. break up e. finish a relation with someone 26. look after e- take care of
6. bring about f. cause 27. look forward to f- can’t wait
7. bring up g. educate (children) 28. look up g- search (a word)
8. call off h. cancel 29. make up h- invent
9. calm down i. relax 30. pass away i- die
10. cheer up j. be happy 31. pick up j- 1. take 2.learn (language)
11. come back k. return 32. put off k- postpone
12. fade away l. disappear 33. put on l- wear
13. eat out m. dine out 34. put out m- extinguish (fire/ cigarette)
14. figure out n. find a solution 35. run away n- escape
15. fill in o. complete (application form) 36. set up o- start (project/ business)
16. find out p. discover 37. show up p- appear
17. give up q. stop/ surrender 38. stand for q- mean (refer to)
18. go on r. carry on/ keep on/ continue 39. take after r- resemble (look like)
19. go through s. suffer from a bad time 40. take off s- 1. remove 2. fly (plane)
20. hand out t. distribute (papers, prizes..) 41. take up t- start (an activity)
21. hand in u. give back (papers, …..) 42. turn down u- refuse
43. turn on/off v- switch on/ off
(NB. You can have a look at the list on page 128 to check your Arabic translation.)

EXERCISE 2 Replace the underline verbs with phrasal verbs. EXERCISE 5 Replace the underline verbs with phrasal verbs.
1. Smoking causes lung cancer. 1. Don’t disappoint your parents this year. Get your BAC!

2. I invited my friends to dine out last night. 2. Brenda resembles her brother ; they are real twins.

3. You should complete this form before you send it. 3. Search this word in your dictionary.

4. The judge discovered that the suspect was innocent. 4. He invented an excuse to justify his absence.

5. The doctor advised him to stop eating fast food. 5. David’s mother died two years ago.

6. Students have to give back the papers by 9 O’clock. 6. I called Nick, but he didn’t come to the party.

7. Sam’s computer stopped working. 7. Children should take care of their parents.

EXERCISE 6 Fill in the blanks with the right phrasal verbs.

EXERCISE 3 Fill in the blanks with the right phrasal verbs.
take off - stands for - take up - show up - put on - turned down
come back - go on - broke up - applied for - broke down put off - set up
called off - broke into - fill in - eat out 1. He the job offer because the salary was
1. I a visa to Canada two days ago. not good.
2. She couldn’t come because her car . 2. It’s hot outside. your coat.
3. Angelina Jolie with Brad Pitt in 2016. 3. The teacher the test till next week.
4. The boss the meeting because he was sick. 4. AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
5. Just keep on working. I’ll soon. 5. I will a music course next month.
6. I invited my classmates to last weekend. 6. Many immigrants projects in their towns.
7. this paper, then hand it to the manager. 7. Rose didn’t last session; she might be sick.
8. A robber a bank last night. 8. If you don’t your jacket, you’ll get cold.

Ali EL AZOUZI 24 BRIDGE

 Quiz on Phrasal Verbs
QUIZ 8 20
EXERCISE 1 Match the phrasal verbs and their opposites. (3Pts)
1- put down a- switch off
2- turn on b- pick up
3- throw away c- keep
4- wake up d- undress
5- put on e- sleep
6- hand in f- hand out
EXERCISE 2 Replace the underlined verbs with the phrasal verbs. (5 Pts)
1- Complete this form and send it to the manager today.
2- Sandra got upset because she discovered that her son was smoking.
3- His father died two months ago in a plane crash.
4- Students need to return papers before 6. P.M
5- You need to continue; never ever surrender!
6- The initials RIP refer to Rest In Peace.
7- Layla resembles her sister; both have got blue eyes.
8- This fat girl needs to start sport to lose weight.
9- He refused the job offer because the salary was not good.
10- The teacher postponed the quiz because many students were absent.
EXERCISE 3 Fill in the blanks with the right phrasal verbs. (6Pts)
look up - put off - put out - bring about - breaks down - apply for - looking forward to
1- This car is very old. It always ; you should sell it.
2- Students should scholarship before June.
3- He had to his vacation because of the bad weather in Thailand.
4- Students are getting high grades in English in the national exam.
5- If you don’t know this word, why don’t you it in your dictionary.
6- High speed and drugs deadly road accidents.
EXERCISE 4 Fill in the blanks with the right phrasal verb. (6Pts)

Sentences Phrasal verbs

1. Would you my dog during this holiday, please? a- look up

b- look after
2. His car yesterday and he had to take a taxi to work. a- broke down
b- broke up
3. The teacher the test until next week. a- put on
b- put off
4. Could you the music? I need to concentrate on my work. a- turn down
b- turn on
5. You have to your essay by 6 O’clock. a- hand in
b- hand out
6. He his brother. They both have black hair and round face. a- takes off
b- takes after

Ali EL AZOUZI 25 BRIDGE

 Remember this:
Reported Speech

Simple present
Simple past

Tenses change:
Direct Speech Reported Speech today th at d ay
now th en 1- Normal statements
Simple present Simple past
Simple past yesterday th e p revio us d ay Tenses change.
Past perfect
tomorrow th e fo llo win g d ay 2- Commands/advice
Present continuous Past co n tin uo us
Past Perfect Co n tin uo us next….. th e fo llo win g .... to+verb/not to+verb
Past continuous th e p revio us..... 3- Questions wh-/if
Present perfect Past p erfect last………

Simple past
Past perfect
**** **** …….ago .....b efo re Tenses change.
will wo uld
can this th at 4- Gerund V(base
co uld
may + Verb + Verb (base form) th o se form) + ing
m ig h t these
must/have to h ad to here th ere

7- “I was doing my homework,” Mary said

Past continuous
Mary said
Reported speech is used to report what somebody else
said before. The reporting verbs that we use most are 8- “We were cleaning the classroom,” the students said.
The students said that
said, asked, told, suggested, warned, recommended, Past perfect continuous

ordered, advised, explained, etc. When we use reported Present perfect

9- I have repaired my car,” Soufiane said.
Soufiane said
speech, we either report statements, questions, requests
10- “Steve has sent a message,” my mother said.
and commands or other types, changing tenses, Past Perfect My mother told me
pronouns, and place and time expressions.
11- “We will make more efforts to win the match,” the
Statements: “I broke my arm last week,” Jeremy said. will players said.
The players told the coach
Jeremy said that he had broken his arm the
12- “I will take you on a picnic next weekend,” the father
previous week. said to me.
Request & commands: would The father promised

1. “Could you bring me some water?” she asked. 13- “We can solve this equation without a calculator,”
She asked me to bring her some water. can the students said.
The students told their teacher
2. “Don’t eat in the classroom,” the principal said.
14- “I can speak four foreign languages,” Salma said.
The principal told us not to eat in the classroom. could Salma said
Questions: “Did you go home yesterday?” he 15- “It may rain tonight,” the weatherman said.
asked Tom. may
The weatherman said that

He asked Tom if he had gone home the previous day. 16- “The president may visit this region,” the spokesman said.
The spokesman said
Other types: might

1. “Let’s go to the movies?” Mr. Reed told his wife. Must/ have to
17- “I have to go,” Stephanie said.
Stephanie said that
Mr. Reed suggested going to the movies or Mr.
18- “You must hand in the homework tomorrow,” the teacher said.
Reed suggested that we should go to the movies. had to The teacher told his students that
2. “The robber was thin and tall,” the witness said.
The witness described the robber as thin and tall. EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggested.
Order/ advice..... (to+ V/ not to +V)
N.B. If the introductory verb is in simple present tense,
(e.g, he says), we don’t change the tense. For example, “I 1. “Shut up,” the teacher to his students.
The teacher ordered the students
like English,” Mary says. Mary says that she likes English.
2. “Don’t use the cell phone aboard the plane,” she said.
She reminded the passengers
EXERCISE 1 Re-write these sentences as suggested.
Normal Statements (that +Tenses change)
3. “You’d better drink more water,” the doctor said.
The doctor advised the patient
Tenses Sentences
1.“I live in Marrakesh,” Othmane said. Wh- questions../ yes, no questions... (wh../if + tenses change)
Simple present
Othmane said that
1. “Do you know his home address?” James asked.
2. “I am very happy to see Mr. Taylor,” Jane said. James asked Mary
Jane said
Simple past
2. “Did your father buy a new car?” the neighbour asked.
Simple past 3. “I called the secretary yesterday,” Ahmed said.
The neighbour asked me
Ahmed said 3. “Will the mayor visit our city?” the residents said.
4- “I was not sick last week,” he said. The residents wanted to know
Past Perfect He said 4. “Where can I find a bank?” a man asked.
The man asked me
5. “I am waiting for my brother,” Susan said.
Present continuous
Susan said 5. “Why is the baby shouting? She asked her sister.
She asked her sister
6- “We are planting olive trees,” the farmers said.
The farmers said Gerund... (V+ing)
Past continuous
1. “Let’s go to the restaurant?” Jamal told his friend.
Jamal suggested
Ali EL AZOUZI 26 BRIDGE
QUIZ 9 Quiz on Reported Speech
20
EXERCISE 1 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (6Pts)
1. “I will attend the training session next week,” Nada said.
Nada said
2. “You played well in the match,” the coach told the players.
The coach told his players
3. “Don’t leave the door open at night,” the mother reminded her daughter.
The mother reminded her daughter
4. “Will the boss come tomorrow?” Taha asked.
Taha asked
5. “Where can I find the dollar change?” the tourist asked.
The tourist asked the receptionist
6. “Why don’t you go on a diet,” Mrs. Brown to her neighbour.
Mrs. Brown advised her neighbour
EXERCISE 2 Choose the right answer. (6Pts)
1. “The quiz will be difficult,” the teacher said. a- would
The teacher said that the quiz be difficult. b- could
2. “Let’s go to the party?” he said. a- going
He suggested to the party. b- to go
3. “Why don’t you eat healthy food?” Maria said. a- not to eat
Maria advised her sister healthy food. b- to eat
4. “You shouldn’t smoke,” Melissa said. a- to not smoke
Melisa advised her friend . b- not to smoke
5. “The show has attracted a lot of kids,” the show producer said. a- the show
The show producer said that had attracted a lot of kids. b- he
6. “Did you see the clown,” the mother asked. a- saw
The mother asked her son if he the clown. b- had seen
EXERCISE 3 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (8Pts)
1. “The association has established some new rules,” the president said.
The president said
2. “We have visited each other in Paris,” Mary and Sandra said.
Mary and Sandra said
3. “Do your homework,” the father to his daughter.
The father reminded his daughter
4. “Will the teachers come to the party?”Peter asked his friend.
Peter wanted to know
5. “Do you need some help?” a man asked an old lady.
A man asked an old lady
6. “When did you visit Istanbul?” the police asked a visitor.
The police asked the visitor
7. “I studied Biology last year in that College,” Frank said.
Frank told the dean
8. “Let’s go on a picnic to Ourika?” the students to their teacher.
The students suggested

Ali EL AZOUZI 27 BRIDGE

Prefixes & Suffixes

Remember this: EXERCISE 2 Add the correct suffix to these words.

A prefix is a letter or a group of letters placed at the beginning
of a word, and it changes the meaning. involve - differ – discriminate - imagine – attend
Words Prefixes ignore – manage – unemployed – reside- pollute
1. normal abnormal 24. experienced inexperienced violent – governor – develop- explain – addict
2. like dislike 25. write re-write
3. literate illiterate 26. number out number
4. teacher ex-teacher 27. use mis-use …..ment ……ence/….ance ……tion
5. legal illegal 28. advantage disadvantage
6. possible impossible 29. operate cooperate
7. tolerant intolerant 30. expensive inexpensive - - -
8. polite impolite 31. behave misbehave - -
-
9. expensive inexpensive 32. large enlarge
10. relevant irrelevant 33. rich enrich - - -
11. stop non-stop 34. virus anti-virus
12. responsible irresponsible 35. polite impolite - - -
13. weigh out-weigh 36. paid under-paid - -
-
14. crowded over crowded 37. able unable
15. school pre-school 38. nuclear anti-nuclear
16. reliant self reliant 39. satisfied dissatisfied EXERCISE 3 Give the correct prefix to the words in brackets.
17. fair unfair 40. understand mis-understand
18. wear under-wear 41. honest dishonest 1. You should (write) your essay.
19. mature immature 42. motivate demotivate
20. grateful ungrateful 43. lucky unlucky 2. Can you (play) that music track?
21. reliable unreliable 44. pilot co-pilot 3. Mark is an (dependent) businessman.
22. patient impatient 45. appear disappear
23. legible illegible 46. healthy unhealthy 4. The advantages (number) the drawbacks.
5. (legal) immigration is a serious problem.
A suffix is a word or a group of letters added to the end of a
6. It’s (safe) to walk alone in the woods.
word and changes the grammatical form of the word.
7. Some students are (responsible) nowadays.
Words Suffixes 8. You (understood) what she told you.
1. history historical 24. suit suitable 9. I was (satisfied) with your last performance.
2. refuse refusal 25. revolution revolutionary 10. He is (comfortable) in that room.
3. appear appearance 26. education educational
4. arrive arrival 27. finance financial
5. wise wisdom 28. art artistic EXERCISE 4 Give the correct suffix to the words in brackets.
6. children childish/ childhood 29. rely reliable
7. differ difference 30. friend friendship 1. Smoking is (harm) to your health.
8. hunger hungry 31. illiterate illiteracy
9. thirst thirsty 32. unemployed unemployment 2. He left school because of (finance) problems.
10. beauty beautiful 33. job jobless
11. science scientific
3. Cathy is a (gift) student in this school.
34. home homeless
12. creative creativity 35. discriminate discrimination 4. Associations should help (home) people.
13. free freedom 36. describe description
14. assist assistance
5. Some (job) people suffer from poverty.
37. integrate integration
15. depart departure 38. inform information 6. It’s his (responsible) to find a solution.
16. achieve achievement 39. assist assistance
17. diverse diversity 40. prevent prevention
7. (Prevent) is better than cure.
18. care careless/ careful 41. success successful 8. For more (inform) , contact the manager.
19. decide decision 42. know knowledge
20. pollute pollution 43. geography geographical
9. The little boy over there needs (assist) .
21. difficult difficulty 44. improve improvement 10. These (history) monuments are ancient.
22. available availability 45. destroy destruction
23. meaning meaningless/ ful 46. environment environmental
EXERCISE 5 Complete the following chart.

EXERCISE 1 Match these prefixes with their meanings. Verbs Adjectives Nouns

1. re a. before 1. benefit - -
2. un b. reverse action
2. create - -
3. pre c. again
3. differentiate - -
4. super d. former
4. rely - -
5. ex e. greater
5. succeed - -
6. strengthen - -
7. accept - -

Ali EL AZOUZI 28 BRIDGE

QUIZ 10 Quiz on Prefixes & Suffixes
20
EXERCISE 1 Give the correct form of the words in brackets: Prefixes (5Pts)
1. Parents should teach their children to be (dependent) after they get their BAC.
2. The boss didn’t accept him because he was an (experienced) journalist.
3. The teacher said, “(Write) this essay because you made a lot of mistakes.”
4. M’barek is an (literate) person; he doesn’t know how to read or write.
5. I (agree) with you. English is the most spoken language in the world.
6. Facebook is an (national) social network; most people are using it worldwide.
7. Barak Oubama is now the (president) of the United States.
8. Morocco is making great efforts to fight (legal) immigration.
9. Jad is an (mature) student; sometimes, he acts childish in front of his mates.
10. “Your answer to the question is (correct) ; try again,” the teacher said.

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form to the words in brackets : Suffixes (5Pts)
1. “Sarah is more (beauty) than her sister,” Mr. White said.
2. Brain drain is the (emigrate) of genius people to other countries.
3. The secretary told her colleagues, “Our relationship is based on (friend) , not love.”
4. This car is (economy) . Besides, it’s very cheap.
5. Some environmentalists argue that (industry) factories shouldn’t be built here.
6. Memories of (child) are unforgettable; they are tattooed in our minds.
7. Martha is always a (lie) ; she never tells the truth to her parents.
8. This is not a (gold) ring ; it was just made of a mixture of silver and iron.
9. Angela Merkel is a good example of a (success) woman in the political domain.
10. This book gives a full (describe) of the Moroccan culture.

EXERCISE 3 Put the words in brackets in the correct form adding the right prefix or suffix or both. (10Pts)
1. He is a (care) taxi driver. That’s why, he made a lot of accidents.
2. The jury didn’t accept the candidates who didn’t have (art) talents.
3. Today, it’s (sun) in Marrakesh, but (wind) and (rain)
in Casablanca.
4. Because of the sudden (dark) , the referee stopped the match yesterday.
5. “Your first attempt was (success) ; try again tomorrow,” the coach said.
6. The two vice-presidents signed an (agree) to help each other in the future.
7. Some people in the street are (job) and (home) .
8. Please, don’t use my (person) computer without my permission.
9. You need to be (care) when you take this pot. It’s made of glass.
10. Villager women mostly suffer from (literate) and (ignore) .
11. You can touch this dog. It’s (harm) ; it never bites.
12. Madam Nelson is a (child) woman; that’s why, she adopted that kid.
13. It’s (use) to shout in this desert; no one can ever hear you.
14. It’s (necessity) to change your password from time to time.
15. I don’t like Mark because he is a (self ) and (child) boy.

Ali EL AZOUZI 29 BRIDGE

 Modal Verbs
Remember this:
Modal verbs, also called helping verbs, include can, could, may, might, will, would, should, must, have to,
ought to, needn’t...etc. They are used with other verbs to express ability, possibility, obligation, lack of
necessity, and so on. The chart below summarizes this:

Modal verbs Examples

Ability can , could - Maria can speak four languages.

- He could sing when he was young.
Possibility may, might, can, could - The car looks nice, but it might be expensive.
- The Taylors may visit us next week.
- My book could be in the office.
- Smoking can cause death.
Obligation must - Passengers must fasten their seat-belts.
(necessity) have to - Students have to wear the school uniform.
had to - Last night, it was raining heavily, so I had to drive slowly.
No obligation don’t have to - He doesn’t have to work on Saturday mornings.
(lack of necessity) needn’t - You needn’t wear a suit and a necktie for the interview.
Advice should - I think you should exercise regularly.
ought to - The patient should see a doctor now.
had better - You had better call and check your hotel booking.
Prohibition mustn’t - Teenagers mustn’t watch this TV programme.
can’t - You can’t park here; it’s a private property.
Certainty must - She’s wearing a diamond ring. She must be married.
Permission may - May I borrow your red dress for the party?
can - Can I use your sunglasses today?

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart with the appropriate modals.

may - have to - can - don’t have to - could - might - needn’t - can’t - must -ought to - mustn’t - should - had better
Obligation No obligation
Ability (necessity) Advice Prohibition Possibility
(Lack of necessity)

- - - - - -
-
-
-
- - - - -
-

EXERCISE 2 Underline the right modal in the list.

1. It’s cloudy; It (might/ should) rain tonight. 9. Tonny (had to/ have to) leave yesterday.
2. I (must/ needn’t) respect the red light. 10. He (can’t/ couldn’t) come last night.
3. (May/must) I take your pen? 11. It’s a hospital. You (must/ mustn’t) smoke here.
4. You (should/ mustn’t) see a doctor. 12. You (should/ should have) helped him when he asked for help yesterday.
5. He (must/ mustn’t) smoke in the station. 13. Mathew has been working all day; he (must/ needn’t) be tired.
6. You (must/needn’t) come; you could just call. 14. (Can/ May) you drink a bottle of water without stopping?
7. When I was 14, I (can/could) run faster. No, I (mightn’t/ can’t).
8. I (can/ could) play violin and guitar. 15. He didn’t show up yet. He (might/ might have) taken the wrong bus.

Ali EL AZOUZI 30 BRIDGE

QUIZ 11 Quiz on Modal Verbs
20
EXERCISE 1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the list. (7Pts)
1. I am good at languages. I speak French, Spanish and English. will - can – must
2. I use your calculator machine, please? might - may – should
3. you pass some salt, please? should - must – could
4. “You smoke in the hospital,” he said. wouldn’t - mustn’t - needn’t
5. He said it rain tonight. had to - should – might
6. You work hard if you want to succeed. must - can - mustn’t
7. Mr. Laurence come because he was sick. mustn’t - couldn’t- can
8. When I was a child, I wear the school uniform. had to - must – can
9. We have a party tonight. So, we be late. mustn’t- had to – has to
10. The entrance to the stadium is free today. You buy the ticket. mustn’t - don’t have to
11. I saw her crying. She a problem. will have had – must have had - can’t have had
12. You all this dessert. We still have some apples and oranges in the fridge.
shouldn’t have brought - will have brought - might have brought
13. The man over there Mr. Jason. Mr. Jason died two weeks ago. should be - will be - can’t be
14. When he was a young boy, he work out every day. can- could- will

EXERCISE 2 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the list. (8Pts)
1. “It’s a library. You keep quiet,” he said. must - can - may
2. Everybody can get this job. You get any diploma. needn’t – should - will
3. “You go if you want to,” the boss told his secretary. may - should - must
4. If you want to catch the train, you leave now. will- must - can
5. There is plenty of food and the guests are few. You buy all this food.
don’t have to - mustn’t - should
6. You leave the medicine on the ground. The child might swallow it.
should – shouldn’t – may not
7. Taxi drivers respect the red light. can - must - might
8. He has a Ferrari car. He be very rich. must - can - will

EXERCISE 3 Match the following sentences with their right functions. (5Pts)

1. He can play the violin pretty well. a. Advice

2. Can we go out tonight, mum? b. Permission
3. You should work out regularly. c. Ability
4. Could you help me do this homework? d. Request
5. Would you like some chocolate? e. Offer
6. She got a good mark. She must be an excellent student. f. Obligation
7. You must respect the traffic code. g. Certainty
8. Ask your father. He may know the answer. h. Possibility
9. He can’t play the match today. i. Prohibition
10. You mustn’t park your car here. j. Inability

1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10 :

Ali EL AZOUZI 31 BRIDGE

 Remember this:
Passive Voice
no change
Rule 1: Object + modal +be + Past Participle
Rule 2: object + be + Past Participle
change
Simple Simple Present Past Present Past
Present Past Continuous Continuous Perfect Perfect
am was am was have
Object + is +PP +PP is +being+PP +being+PP +been+PP had+been+PP
are were are were has

The passive voice is used to show interest in the action done rather than the person or the object that has
done it. For example, the car is being repaired. It’s also used when we don’t know who the doer was. For
example, “my mobile phone was stolen yesterday.”
The passive voice is formed this way:
Rule 1: object + modal + be (no change) + past participle
Modals are: can, could, will, would, may, might, must, should, have to, ought to, needn’t......
Example: The housemaid can make coffee.
The coffee can be made by the housemaid.
Rule 2: object + auxiliary “be” in the same tense as the verb in the active + past participle
Example: Sara broke the window last night.
The window was broken by Sara last night.
N.B. With such verbs say, believe, think, consider, show, etc., the passive voice is formed like this.
Example: People say that high speed is the main cause of road accidents.
It’s said that high speed is the main cause of road accidents or High speed is said to be the main cause of
road accidents.

EXERCISE 1 Re-write these sentences as suggested.

A Modals : can, could, will, would, may, might, must, should, have to, ought to,
needn’t......
Rule:

1- The coach should select two new players for the next African cup of nations.
Two new players
2- People must avoid the excessive use of technological devices.
The excessive use of technological devices
3- We will send the invitations tomorrow.
The invitations
B Simple Present Rule:

1- The maid makes tea every morning for the kids.

Tea
2- The headmaster sends the files to the university department every year.
The files
C Simple Past Rule:

1- The groom sent the gifts yesterday.

The gifts
2- Doctors discovered a new vaccination to some fatal diseases.
A new vaccination to some fatal diseases
D Present Continuous Rule:

1- Mona is preparing the food now.

The food
2- She is taking pictures of the statue at the moment.
The pictures of the statue
Ali EL AZOUZI 32 BRIDGE
 E Past Continuous Rule:

1- The club members were making great efforts to help children speak English.
Great efforts
2- The local authorities were building a charitable house for elderly people.
A charitable house
3- The mechanic was repairing the car yesterday.
The car

F Present Perfect Rule:

1. They have founded a new association in this region.

A new association
2. He has written two novels recently.
Two novels
3. The farmer has grown the grapes in this place.
The grapes
G Past Perfect Rule:

1- Julia had prepared lunch for children.

Lunch
2- They had given some prizes to brilliant students.
Some prizes
3- The writer had printed the new edition of the book.
The new edition of the book

EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggested.

1. The members of the association may recycle the factory waste.
The factory waste
2. The police arrested the thief last weekend.
The thief
3. A foreign NGO will build a school for disabled children in our city.
A school for disabled children
4. Mark has made two spelling mistakes.
Two spelling mistakes
5. Because of the bad weather, the coach cancelled the match.
The match
6. He is typing the letters at the moment.
The letters
7. Last night, the housemaid kept the milk in the refrigerator.
Last night, the milk
8. Mary has done her homework.
The homework
9. He writes two reports every month to the boss.
Every month, two reports
10. Sandra posted the video on Facebook yesterday.
The video

Ali EL AZOUZI 33 BRIDGE

QUIZ 12 Quiz on Passive Voice
20
EXERCISE 1 Correct the underlined mistakes and then re-write the sentences. (6Pts)
1- The project work must be hand in after the vacation by the students.

2- A new data system will been tested by the company.

3- A new report has been publish by the magazine about “illiteracy.”

4- A well-paid job were offered to Leila by the new boss last week.

5- Two players have being selected by the coach for the next tournament.

6- The letter is being written now by he.

EXERCISE 2 Choose the right answer. (6Pts)

1- Students won’t finish the project till next week. a- will not be finished
The project till next week by students. b- would not be finished
2- Some rich people give money to the poor every year. a- is given
Money to the poor every year by some rich people. b- was given
3- The journalist is taking pictures of the star now. a- is being taken
Pictures of the star now by the journalist. b- are being taken
4- They made a lot of progress in the project. a- has been made
A lot of progress in the project. b- was made
5- They didn’t send the invitations on time. a- are not sent
The invitations on time. b- were not sent
6- They should take procedures to fight unemployment. a- should be taken
Procedures to fight unemployment. b- should been taken
EXERCISE 3 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (8Pts)
1- Some international NGOs helped the victims of the war.
The victims of the war
2- They are painting the walls of the school and the classrooms.
The walls of the school and the classrooms
3- My students had made many mistakes last writing.
Many mistakes
4- The president builds two hospitals every five years in this city.
Two hospitals
5- The patient has taken the advice of the doctor into consideration.
The advice of the doctor
6- They have considered him as the leader of the school before his accident.
He
7- The Smiths didn’t allow pets such as dogs and cats in the house.
Pets such as dogs and cats
8- The committee will invite the prime minister for a TV interview.
The prime minister
Ali EL AZOUZI 34 BRIDGE
 Remember this:
Cause & effect 1- despite + noun
2- in spite of
3- because of + verb + ing
4- due to
+ the fact that
5- owing to

Cause: 6- thanks to

• ………………………………lead(s) to…………………………
• …………………….…………..cause(s)………………………………….
• …………………….…………….result(s) in…………………………….
Example: Smoking leads to lung cancer/ Smoking causes lung cancer/ Smoking results in lung cancer.

Exercise Join these parts of sentences using the words given.

1. Pollution. The smoke of cars. (lead to)

2. High speed. Road accidents. (cause)

3. The flood in the region. The heavy rain. (result in)

Effect:
• ………………………be due to………………...… …….….….. . Therefore,…….….
• ……………………..be caused by………………. . ………….. . . Consequently,…..
• …………………….result(s) from…………..……… ………….... . Accordingly,…….
Example: Cancer is due to smoking/ Cancer is caused ……… …. . . As a result,……….
by smoking/ Cancer results from smoking. …….…...…. . So,……….….….

Exercise Join these parts of sentences using the words given.

1. Pollution. The smoke of cars. ( due to )

2. High speed. Road accidents. (caused by)

3. The flood in the region. The heavy rain. (result from)

Exercise Re-write these sentences as suggested.

1. His car broke down. Mark came late to school. (because)

2. He got a good mark. He studied hard. (Therefore)

3. He left school as he was poor. (because of )

4. The death of animals and trees. The destruction of the forest. (due to)

5. She made efforts. She could read and write. (thanks to)

Ali EL AZOUZI 35 BRIDGE

 Prepositions
Remember this:
EXERCISE 1 Fill in the blanks with the right preposition.
A preposition is a word that relates a noun or a noun
phrase to some parts of the sentence. to – for – in – of – at - from - by
The most common prepositions are: 1. He is interested learning foreign languages.
2. I am proud my son’s performance.
at It‘s used to point out specific time, for example, 3. Marrakesh is well known Jamaa Lafna square.
– We have a meeting at 7 a.m. 4. She is good speaking English.
– The train will leave at 6.30 p.m. 5. My friend is addicted smoking.

It’s used to indicate a place, for example,

EXERCISE 2 Fill in the blanks with the right preposition.
– The party will take place at the conference room.
– They organized the festival at the royal park. in – about –from - to – on – with – of -

It’s used to indicate an E-mail address. 1. I agree him on that point.

– You can send it to me at [email protected] 2. Dropping out of school results illiteracy.
3. I want to complain your noise.
in It’s used for days, months, seasons and years. 4. He always relies his brother.
5. She belongs a rich family.
– I always drink coffee in the morning.
– In winter, it usually rains. EXERCISE 3 Tick the right preposition.
– The spring semester will start in March.
1. My friends are all Scotland.
– I was born in 1986. from through at
2. I dropped my pen the carpet.
on It’s used to express a surface of something. on in at
– You can put the flower on the desk. 3. We’ll meet 6 O’clock.
– Your jacket is on the table on at from
4. My brother isn’t here the moment.
It’s used for specific days and dates.
in at on
– We go to the club on Sundays.
5. You have English 6 7 a.m today.
– He died on the 6th day of August in 2000. from …on from ..at from…to
It’s used to indicate a device or machine. 6. My birthday is the sixth of July.
– Hold on! He is on the phone now. in through on
– You can store data on the computer. 7. We usually watch TV the afternoon.
on in from
8. We play sport Saturdays.
Adjectives with prepositions:
from on across
interested in – surprised by - keen on – good at – afraid of
9. He used to tell me stories bed time.
– bad at – aware of – conscious of – proud of – famous in at on
for – fed up with – attracted to – addicted to – shocked 10. I found a coin the ground.
by – happy about... from on in
11. He is afraid telling the truth.
Verbs with prepositions: from of by
12. Leila is keen reading books.
agree with – lead to –result in – result from – apologize
in on about
for – complain about – wait for – graduate from – suffer
from – congratulate on – insist on think about – compare
with – accuse of- believe in – belong to – rely on-
comment on...

Ali EL AZOUZI 36 BRIDGE

 FUNCTIONS
1 Opinion

Asking for opinion Giving opinion

– What is your opinion about.............? – In my opinion,........................

– What do you think about..................? – In my view,.....................
– What is your view about....................? – For me,..........................
– In your opinion, ...................................? – To my mind,.....................
– From my point of view,..............
– I think that.../ I believe that.......
– As far as I am concerned,........

Example Give your opinion about using Moroccan Arabic in course books.
• In my opinion, using Moroccan Arabic may make students neglect their classic language.
• In my view, using Moroccan Arabic in textbooks may help students understand the lessons better.

Exercise What would you say in the following situations?

1. Some Egyptian channels are a waste of time, don’t you think so?
You: (give your opinion)
2. What do you think of the Moroccan football team’s last performance?
You: (give your opinion)
3. Jane: I changed may hair style. (ask for opinion)
Jack: (give your opinion)

2 Express agreement & disagreement

Expressing agreement Expressing disagreement

– I agree. ............... – I disagree.

– Of course. – I don’t agree with you.
– I think so. – Of course, not.
– You are right. – I don’t think so.
– Absolutely. – You are wrong.
– Exactly. – I ‘m afraid. I disagree.
– I couldn’t agree more. – That’s not always true.

Example English is one of the most spoken languages in the world.

• I agree. English is one of the most spoken languages all over the world.
• You are right. Millions of people speak English worldwide.

Example Dinner is the most important meal of the day.

• I don’t agree with you. Dinner is not the most important meal of the day.
• You are wrong. Lunch is the most important meal of the day.

Ali EL AZOUZI 37 BRIDGE

 Exercise What would you say in the following situations?
1. Exercising regularly keeps you fit and healthy.
You: (express agreement)
2. Tutors should do the homework to their students.
You: (express disagreement)
3. Some new married couples prefer to live with their parents after marriage.
You: (Do you agree or disagree and why)

3 Making a request

Making a request Accepting the request Declining the request / refusing

– Can you..........................., please? – Yes, I can. – Sorry, I can’t.

– Could you please,........................? – Of course. – I am afraid, not.
– Will you........................................? – Yes, sure. – I am sorry, no.
– Would you.....................................? – With pleasure. – I wish I could but...........
– Would you mind + v+ ing – Not at all. – Yes, I mind.

Example You need some money to pay the rent. Ask your friend, Manuel, to lend you some.
• Manuel, could you lend me some money, please? I need to pay the rent.
• Manuel, would you mind lending me some money? I need to pay the rent.

Exercise What would you say in the following situations?

1. Ask your teacher to clarify more the meaning of a word.
You: (make a request)
2. Could you switch on the TV, please?
You: (accept the request)
3. Can you help me carry this baggage to the train station, please?
Mark: (decline and give a reason)

4 Lack of understanding & asking for clarification

Lack of understanding Asking for clarification

– I beg your pardon. – Could you repeat, please?

– I don’t understand. – What do you mean by “.........”?
– I am not quite sure I follow you. – Could you be more specific?
– I am sorry. I didn’t hear what you said. – Could you possibly explain more?
– I didn’t get your point. – Would you elaborate on that, please?

Example • Interviewer: I am afraid we accept only polyglots in our hotel.

• Interviewee: I beg your pardon. What do you mean by a “polyglot”?
• Interviewer: I mean we just accept those who speak many languages.
Exercise What would you say in the following situations?
1. The doctor: If you want to keep fit, you need to exercise regularly and eat healthy food.
You: (express lack of understanding)
2. The police officer: Sorry, Sir, your driving license expired a couple of days ago.
You: (express lack of understanding and ask for clarification)

Ali EL AZOUZI 38 BRIDGE

 5 Asking for and giving advice

Asking for advice Giving advice Accepting advice

– What should I do? – I advise you (not) to.............. – That’s a good idea, thanks.
– How can you advise me? – You should (not)............. – It sounds a good idea.
– What’s your advice for me? – You ought (not) to...........
– I don’t know what to do. Can you – You’d better (not) .........
help me? – If I were you, I would.........

Example I have a terrible headache. What should I do?

• You should see a doctor now.
• You’d better have some rest.

Exercise What would you say in the following situations?

1. Your friend: It’s my best friend’s birthday and I don’t know what to bring him as a gift.
You: (give him a piece of advice)
2. I have an English test next week but I didn’t understand some lessons.
You: (ask your friend for advice)
You: (give him a piece of advice)

6 Expressing a complaint

Express complaint Positive answer Negative answer

– I am sorry, but................ – I’m so sorry. I didn’t realize – Well, there’s nothing I can do about it.
– I am sorry. I have a complaint that. – I can’t do anything about it.
about........ – I just don’t know what
– Sorry to say this, but........ to say.
– I’m afraid. I have a complaint to – Oh! I am sorry about that.
make. ............
– I am not satisfied with the way.......

Example Your neighbour turned on the music aloud last night and you couldn’t sleep.
• I am sorry to have to say this, but your music was loud last night.
• I am afraid. I have a complaint to make. You turned on the music aloud last night.

Exercise What would you say in the following situations?

1. You were in a bank and one of the clients didn’t respect the queue.
You: (Make a complaint)
The client (respond positively)
2. Someone put rubbish in front of your flat front door.
You: (Complain to the doorman)
3. The service is terrible in the hostel you are staying at.
You: (Complain to the manager)

Ali EL AZOUZI 39 BRIDGE

 7 Expressing an apology

Make an apology Responding to apologies

– I am sorry. – It’s not a problem.

– I am terribly sorry (for + verb + ing) – That’s OK.
– I do apologize. – It’s all right.
– I am really sorry about this. – It’s Okay. Don’t worry.
– I can’t tell you how sorry I am. – It doesn’t matter.

Example You came late. You apologize to the teacher.

• I am sorry, Sir, I am late.
• I am terribly sorry, Sir, for being late. I missed the bus.

Exercise What would you say in the following situations?

1. You mispronounced your classmates’ name.
You: (apologize to him)
Your classmate (respond to the apology)
2. You dialled a wrong number by mistake and you called someone you didn’t know.
You: (make an apology)

8 Suggestion

Make a suggestion Respond positively Respond negatively

– Let’s...............? – Ok let’s. - No let’s not.

– How about + verb + ing.........? – That’s a good idea. - I don’t think that’s a good idea.
– What about + verb + ing...........? – That sounds a good idea, - Yes, but.................
– Why don’t we.......................? thanks.
– Do you fancy + verb + ing......? – Yes, why not.

Example You and your friend are free this afternoon. Suggest doing or going somewhere.
• Let’s go to the movies. I am bored.
• How about watching a film this afternoon?

Exercise What would you say in the following situations?

1. Your teacher wants to organize a trip abroad. Suggest a country you like to go to.
You:
Your teacher:(respond )
2. Your father’s car always breaks down.
You: (suggest a solution to him)
3. Your friend: I am hungry now.
You: (Suggest eating something)

Ali EL AZOUZI 40 BRIDGE

 9 Good & bad news

Responding to good news Responding to bad news

That’s good news! That’s bad news!

That’s wonderful! That’s terrible!
I’m glad to hear that! I’m sad to hear that!
Congratulations! How sad!
Really? I can’t believe it. That must be awful!

Example
• You: My brother got married last week.
Your friend: I am glad to hear that! Congratulations!
• You: I failed my driving test yesterday.
Your friend: Oh, that’s terrible.

Exercise What would you say in the following situations?

1. You: My wife is pregnant. She’s expecting a baby in the coming months.
Your friend: (respond)
2. You: Our classmate, Adam, didn’t pass his BAC exam.
Teacher: (respond)

10 Prohibition

You mustn’t.................. Example

You can’t................ • You mustn’t smoke in this area.

• No parking in this place. It’s a private property.
You are not allowed to................
You are not permitted to.................... Exercise What would you say in the following situations?
Don’t................ 1. Write a note in which you prohibit fishing in the lake.
You:
It’s forbidden to..................
2. Write a note in which you prohibit feeding animals in the zoo.
No + Verb +ing
You:

11 Definition

Example
………………is……………………… • An atheist is someone who does not believe in the existence of god.
• Zoology refers to the scientific study of the behaviours of animals.
………….refers to…………….
…………….can be defined as……… Exercise Re-write these sentences differently.
………can be considered as……….. 1. Xenophobia is the fear that you have towards foreigners.
……………….refers to…………. You:
2. A protagonist is the main character in a play, film, book or story.
You:
Ali EL AZOUZI 41 BRIDGE
 12 Permission

Asking for permission Giving permission

May I ...................................................................? You may........................

Can I.....................................................................? You can.........................
Do you mind if..................................................?
Is it OK if .............................................................?
Would it be all right if.....................................?

Example Get permission from your father to use his laptop for a while.
• Dad, can I use your laptop for a while?
• Dad, is it Ok if I use your laptop?

Exercise What would you say in the following situations?

1. Get permission from your teacher to go to the rest room.

You:
2. Get permission to take a picture of an old lady and post it on your Facebook.
You:

13 Necessity & lack of necessity

Necessity (obligation) Lack of necessity (no obligation)

...must.... ......needn’t....
have to ......don’t have to

Example Necessity
• You must respect the traffic code.
• Students have to do their homework.

Example Lack of necessity

• You needn’t have bought all this dessert. We have some apples left in the fridge.
• He doesn’t have to take a taxi. The office is just in the corner.

Exercise Necessity or lack of necessity?

1. You must stop when the light is red.

2. There are many eggs in the basket. You don’t need to buy more.
3. I have a stomach-ache; I should see a doctor.
4. It’s Sunday. So, he doesn’t have to wake up early. .
5. I didn’t need to tell him about my absence. He already knew I was sick
6. My aunt has to pay all the taxes every year.
7. She needn’t buy all this food.
8. He had to study last night because he had an exam.
9. He didn’t have to take the umbrella last night.

Ali EL AZOUZI 42 BRIDGE

 14 Ability & inability

Ability Inability Example

Can Can’t • I can read Japanese books and speak Spanish.

Could Couldn’t • Jack could play soccer well when he was in his twenties.
Be able to Be able to • I couldn’t do the project work yesterday because I was sick.

Exercise can or can’t?

1. Jack is blind. He see anything.
2. Susan drive well; she has never made an accident.
3. Mrs. Wilson is rich. She buy anything she wants.
4. A comedian tell jokes and make the audience laugh.
5. The student do the exercise by himself; the teacher’s helping him.

15 Certainty & uncertainty

Certainty Uncertainty Example

I am sure. Mark and his wife will come today.
I am sure; I am not sure.
I am not sure, but he might steal that cell phone.
I am absolutely sure. Definitely, not.
He’s got a lot of factories and cars. He must be rich.
I am certain. Certainly, not.
Definitely. I am not certain. Exercise What would you say in the following situations?
Of course.
1. Will you go to France to continue your higher education?
............must................
You: (express uncertainty)
2. Will you get the first mark in English all over Morocco?
You: (express certainty)

16 Possibility

Possibility Example
............ may............... 1. I may go to the movies tonight.
............ might............... 2. He might arrive now.
............ can............... 3. It can be very cold in Canada.
............ could............... 4. The kid could lose the directions.

Exercise Fill in the blanks with the right answer.

1. Where’s Sandy? - I don’t know. She be in the park. (must - could - have to)
2. I called him but no answer. He have left the office. (might - should - needn’t)
3. It get hot there ; take off your coat. (must - can - have to)
4. They have finished early if they had started early. (should - could- will)

Ali EL AZOUZI 43 BRIDGE

QUIZ 13 Quiz on Functions
20
EXERCISE 1 Can you find out which function these sentences express? (5Pts)
1. Could you lend me some money, please?
2. I am sorry to say this, but this food tastes bad.
3. “I’m terribly sorry for the mess I’ve made in the corridor,” he said.
4. For me, students who cheat in the exam should be expelled.
5. I definitely share your opinion on this point.
EXERCISE 2 What would you say in the following situations? (6Pts)
1. You want to use the multi media room next week. (Get permission from the headmaster)
You :
2. Students should be tested on just what they have studied. (Express agreement)
You :
3. You are confused whether to continue your studies in Morocco or abroad.
You (ask the teacher for advice)
Your teacher (give you his advice)
4. It’s a summer holiday time. (Suggest to your friend going somewhere outside Morocco)
You :
5. You need your classmate‘s computer to type a short article. (Make a request)
You :
6. You were rude to your best friend last time. (Apologize to him)
You :
EXERCISE 3 What would you say in the following situations? (5Pts)
1. Ali : I am sorry, but the screen of this computer was cracked.
Shop assistant : (responds to this complaint)
2. Diego : How about eating out tonight?
His wife : (responds to this suggestion)
3. Abigail : I got engaged last night to Louis.
Her friend : (responds to this good news)
4. I really apologize for not answering your calls yesterday; I was in a bad mood.
You : (accept apology)
5. Could you please check if the door is closed?
You : (accept his request)

EXERCISE 4 Match these sentences with their following functions. (4Pts)

Examples of use Functions

1. You mustn’t pick flowers from the garden. a- prohibition
2. What do you think of the new coach of Arsenal? b- asking for advice
3. What should I do to improve my English language? c- asking for opinion
4. Let’s go skiing in the mountain? d- suggesting
5. What do you mean by “lingua franca”? e- asking for clarification
6. You have plenty of time. You don’t have to hurry. f- permission
7. Is it Okay, Sir, if I use your correction pen? g- lack of necessity
8. Alzheimer is a disease of the brain that usually affects old people. It h- defining
makes them lose gradually their memory, speech and even movement.

Ali EL AZOUZI 44 BRIDGE

QUIZ 14 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
20
EXERCISE 1 Fill in each gap with the right word from the list. (3Pts)
1. I ate a sandwich and I had a stomach ache. I have eaten at that snack. (shouldn’t- needn’t)
2. He is a doctor now. He have studied medical studies somewhere. (will- should- must)
3. You look pale. You take some medicine. (should- will- might)
4. Drivers drive without fastening their safety-belt. (must- mustn’t – needn’t)
5. His car has never broken down. So, he to buy a new one. (doesn’t have- needn’t- mightn’t)
6. He had an accident. He have driven carefully. (should- might-need to)

EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences beginning with the words given. (5Pts)

1. “The medicine prescribed didn’t make the patient feel better,” the doctor to the nurse.
The doctor told the nurse
2. I went to the library. I wanted to borrow some books.
So as to
3. I argued with my parents last night.
If only
4. United Nations organized the Cop22 in Marrakesh last November.
The COP22
5. I’ve worked for many years as a doctor. I’ve never seen such a fatal disease.
In spite of
EXERCISE 3 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate linking words from the list. (4Pts)
due to - Although - therefore - However - despite - whereas
1. he is a gifted person, he has never won a prize.
2. The police officer reported that the accident was high speed and lack of sleep.
3. The steak was over-grilled. , the guests liked it.
4. William likes homemade food, his wife prefers eating out in restaurants.
EXERCISE 4 Fill in the blanks with the right phrasal verbs from the box. (2Pts)
slow down - broke out – show up - stands for - put off - handed in - went out
1. Last night, the fire and there was no body to help,” said a witness.
2. You should while crossing the bridge; accidents often happen here.
3. When Alicia had finished her exam, she her paper and .
EXERCISE 5 Fill in the gaps with appropriate words from the lists. (3Pts)
1. It’s a shame! He left without goodbye to anyone. (say- to say- saying)
2. Sara, I haven’t met for ages, came back yesterday from Tunisia. (whom-who-which)
3. I am hungry. I feel like something. (eat- to eat- eating)
EXERCISE 6 What would you say in the following situations? (3Pts)
1. Girls are better students than boys.
(express your agreement or disagreement)
2. Your friend : The publisher has accepted my first English novel.
You (respond to this news)
3. Your neighbour’s children always make noise in the corridor.
You (complain to your neighbour)
Ali EL AZOUZI 45 BRIDGE
QUIZ 15 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
20
EXERCISE 1 Fill in the gaps with appropriate words from the list. (2Pts)
humour - resources - independent - discrimination - countries
1- Bill is an student. He doesn’t rely on his parents for his school fees or pocket money.
2- Mr. Bean has a sense of . He is good at making other people burst into laughter.
3- Some African immigrants still suffer from racial even in developed countries.
4- We mustn’t squander our natural namely water; we should think about the upcoming
generations.
EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets. (4Pts)
1. Doing (volunteer) work is a good aspect of being a good and responsible citizen.
2. If we want to improve our education, we should change our (education) system.
3. Cultural (diverse) and global tolerance are needed to avoid culture shock among nations.
4. The new president declared that health (careful) should be given top priority.
EXERCISE 3 Fill in the blanks with the right words from the list. (2Pts)
who – whose - whom - which - why - where
1. Mandy: Do you know the man is sitting there in the garden?
Susan: Yes, he is Mr. Parker. The man family died last year in a plane crash.
2. Malasyia is a place the prime minister usually spends his summer holiday.
3. “I need the money I lent you last year,” Thomas told his friend.
EXERCISE 4 Re-write these sentences beginning with the words given. (5Pts)
1. “I will sell my new apartment,” Peter said.
Peter said
2. The president signed the two contracts yesterday.
The two contracts
3. It’s a pity! I didn’t watch the film last night.
If only
4. I didn’t bring my son a gift. So, he was mad at me.
If
5. We organized a meeting. We wanted to improve our working conditions in the factory.
in order to
EXERCISE 5 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. (3Pts)
1. My classmate and I are shooting a short film in the school. So far, we (finish) the first
sequences. By the end of this month, we (post) it on our school facebook page.
2. Mr. Taylor (buy) a new car before he retired three years ago.

EXERCISE 6 Match the following sentences with their functions. (4Pts)

Sentences Functions
1. Jargon refers to a set of words or expressions used by a profession a. Opinion
or a group of people. b. Complaint
2. “Could you repair this wheel tire for me, please?” he said. c. Definition
3. “I am terribly sorry for the noise we made last night. We had a party,” he said. d. Request
4. For me, getting a job is better than going to university. e. Apology

Ali EL AZOUZI 46 BRIDGE

QUIZ 16 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
20
EXERCISE 1 Fill in each gap with an appropriate word from the list. (4Pts)

1. Karim can’t find his notebook. He have left it in the classroom. (will-might-should)
2. Look at the girl is sitting on the chair. She is Parker’s daughter, Emily. (who-whose-which)
3. When I was a kid, I used a lot of chocolate. (eat - to eat – eating)
4. The journalist, you had the interview with, was my classmate. (whom-whose-who)

EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (5Pts)

1. “I bought you a new puppet,” the mother to her little daughter.
The mother told her little daughter
2. They have built a new show car room in Marrakesh.
A new show car room
3. Luke and his wife don’t have the internet connection. They can’t buy the products online.
If Luke and his wife
4. Claude and his friend bought two tickets. They wanted to watch the match at the stadium.
so that
5. I didn’t take a taxi. So, I came late for the interview.
I wish
EXERCISE 3 Put the verbs in the correct form. (4Pts)

1. Camellia (start) writing novels two years ago. Since then, she has participated in
many international writing competitions. By the end of next year, she (print)
out her fifth novel.
2. Kevin’s aunt (to work) in Florida for many years before she (move) to Chicago.

EXERCISE 4 Fill in the blanks with the right phrasal verb. (4Pts)
bring about - keep on - stand for - take off - put on

1. “Just warming up. I’ll be back soon,” the coach told his players.
2. The Cop22 will certainly important changes to reduce global green house emissions
in the world.
3. “It’s time to your jacket and your pyjamas before you go to bed,” the mother said.

EXERCISE 5 Give the correct form of the words between brackets. (2Pts)
1. Some students find it difficult to (memory) irregular verbs.
2. I am sorry. I have a (complain) about your dog. It was barking all night long.
3. Students should be (awareness) of the danger of taking drugs on their health.
4. People say that farmers are responsible for the (destroy) of forests.

EXERCISE 6 What would you say in the following situations? (1Pts)

1. You phoned somebody by mistake.
You : (apologize to him)
2. You need your friend’s motorbike to make a delivery.
You (make a request)
Ali EL AZOUZI 47 BRIDGE
QUIZ 17 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
20
EXERCISE 1 Fill in each gap with an appropriate word from the list. (4Pts)

1. You come all this way to bring this paper. You can just fax it. (need –needn’t-will)
2. “You’d better more water in the morning,” the doctor told him. (drink-to drink-drinking)
3. She took the bus arrive on time to work. (for- so as to – so that)
4. “Working at night with high salary doesn’t me,” he said. (turn on- appeal to- log on)

EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (5Pts)

1. “You’d better see an optician before wearing those sunglasses,” Uncle Fred told Brenda.
Uncle Fred advised
2. Clark gave Garcia a diamond ring for her engagement.
Garcia
3. I couldn’t go to the racing car show because I didn’t buy a ticket.
If
4. I was late to work last time; so, the boss got angry.
I wish
5. She didn’t want to be seen by the guests. The little girl hid under the table.
so as not to
EXERCISE 3 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. (4Pts)
1. I (can, not) answer your phone call last time because I (drive) my car.
2. When Karim arrived at class, his classmates (already, to start) the exam .
3. The city council (build) a new youth center in this city two years ago.

EXERCISE 4 Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the list. (2Pts)
attendance - Boarding – access - tempting - anthem
1. Brainy people are seduced by salaries , better working conditions and modern
facilities by host countries.
2. schools are badly needed in rural areas to stop dropping out of school.
3. Players should sing their national before any official sports competition.
4. Nowadays, even in villages, people can have to the internet.
EXERCISE 5 Give the correct form of the words in brackets. (2Pts)
1. In our hospital, we need a lot of (medicine) supplies.
2. He made a good (choose) to continue his studies abroad.
3. Students should (application) for scholarship before the deadline.
4. This association’s principal aim is to teach (illiteracy) women in countryside.
EXERCISE 6 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (3Pts)
1. He is a university professor. He is an active member in an NGO, too. (not only….but also)

2. He eats less greasy food. Yet, he is still fat. (in spite of )

3. The police arrested him because he killed an old lady. (Therefore)

Ali EL AZOUZI 48 BRIDGE

QUIZ 18 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
20
EXERCISE 1 Fill in each gap with appropriate words from the list. (2Pts)
higher - immigration - homework - housework - opportunities
1. Despite the efforts made to stop illegal , many African immigrants still cross the sea.
2. To fight the problem of unemployment, the government should offer more job
to diploma holders.
3. Besides babysitting the two kids, the house maid should do all the .
4. Some students prefer to continue their education in Morocco while others prefer abroad.

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets. (3Pts)

1. This is an (nation) organization whose goal is to help needy people worldwide.
2. Jamal’s mother is a (help) woman. She always helps people who are in need.
3. He is a (care) student. He never does his homework.

EXERCISE 3 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (4Pts)

1. It should be forbidden in all public places. Smoking is a bad habit. (That’s why)

2. Some workers are not satisfied with their salaries. They left their jobs. (As a consequence)

3. Last month, many flights to Istanbul were cancelled. The weather was bad. (due to)

4. The security guard didn’t let the journalist in because he didn’t bring the badge. (Therefore)

EXERCISE 4 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (4Pts)

1. “When did you meet the king?” the TV presenter asked an old man.
The TV presenter wanted to know
2. It’s a pity! I didn’t bring my camera to take some photos.
I wish
3. I used to meet him in this restaurant. He has become my best friend.
The man whom
4. They are building a new private school downtown.
A new private school
EXERCISE 5 Give the correct form of the verbs between brackets. (3Pts)
1. In spite of being tired, the father insisted on (play) the game with his child.
2. Yesterday, Rose went to the gym after she (finish) her Math homework.
3. In two weeks’ time, Henry and his wife (leave) Australia.
EXERCISE 6 Give the correct form of the verbs between brackets. (4Pts)
Sentences Functions
1. You needn’t have paid for the meal. My father is the owner of this restaurant. a-Lack of necessity
2. Sorry to have to say this, but your child was rude to me. b-Complaining
3. “You are not allowed to take pictures in this museum,” the notice says. c-Necessity
4. You need to send the papers now, otherwise your visa will be rejected. d-Prohibition

Ali EL AZOUZI 49 BRIDGE

QUIZ 19 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
20
EXERCISE 1 Give the correct form of the words in brackets. (3Pts)
1. The jury didn’t accept him because he was an (experienced) candidate.
2. The steward said,” For your (safe) , fasten your seat-belt and switch off your cell phones.”
3. Environmentalists argue that (industry) factories should be built outside the city.

EXERCISE 2 Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. (2Pts)
ceasing – voluntary – thoughtless - thoughtful - rights
1. It’s of you to help such homeless children; they are badly in need.
2. Community service and work are good aspects of active citizenship.
3. Many Non-Governmental Organizations call for fire in some African countries.
4. Free medical checks up and medication are one of the basic human .

EXERCISE 3 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. (3Pts)

1. The film festival (to take) place in Marrakesh every year.
2. Jamal (to work) as a teacher for 10 years before he became a headmaster.
3. By the end of July, students (finish) all their exams.
EXERCISE 4 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (6Pts)
1. Christian didn’t know the answer during the exam.
Christian wishes
2. “Where can I find a cheap apartment for rent?” a tourist asked a man.
The tourist wanted to know
3. Camellia is a rich woman. Yet, she doesn’t help poor people.
Despite
4. The bus driver had to slow down because it was raining heavily. (Therefore)

5. The journalist brought a notebook. He wanted to take notes during the conference. (in order to)

6. I regret having gone to that party; it was terrible.

I wish
EXERCISE 5 Match these sentences with their appropriate functions. (4Pts)
Sentences Functions
1. I’m afraid but we served you the food you ordered. a. Asking for advice
2. I have a problem with my teacher. What should I do? b. Responding to a complaint
3. Would you like me to help you do that exercise? c. Offering
4. How about looking for another job? d. Suggesting

EXERCISE 6 Fill in each gap with the correct word from the list. (2Pts)
1. The police officer my name and address in his notebook. (took down- turned down)
2. He was able three goals last match despite his injury. (score- to score- scoring)
3. I don’t know the meaning of this word. Can you it in your dictionary? (pick up-look up)
4. You’d better the paper before you sign it. (read- to read- reading)
Ali EL AZOUZI 50 BRIDGE
QUIZ 20 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
20
EXERCISE 1 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. (3Pts)
1. By this time next week, Sarah (join) Sorbonne university.
2. Sam missed his flight yesterday. When he (get) at the airport, the plane (already,
take off ) .
3. Thousands of tourists (to visit) Morocco in 2010.
4. Mr. Lee (die) two months ago. He left two children who (study) in France now.

EXERCISE 2 Fill in each gap with the appropriate word from the list. (2Pts)
whose - whom - where – which - why
1. Ayman is not satisfied with the new place he has to live; it’s too narrow for him.
2. Hot Maroc is a novel was written by a Moroccan writer, Yassin Adnane.

EXERCISE 3 Fill in each gap with the right word from the list. (4Pts)
1. You go to the agency to pay the bills; you can do that on line. (needn’t -need to)
2. He came late to school. He have missed the bus. (should- shouldn’t- will)
3. Mr. Lynch has a Porsche car. He be wealthy. (must- should- will)
4. He continue playing the match because he got injured. (can’t- couldn’t- must)
EXERCISE 4 Circle the right answer. (4Pts)
a. My friend suggested that he will plant more trees in the school garden.
1
b. My friend suggested that he should plant more trees in the school garden.
a. The party will organize in the cafeteria next week.
2
b. The party will be organized in the cafeteria next week.

a. We would have bought a new car if my father had saved enough money.
3
b. We will buy a car if my father had saved enough money.

a. He is studying hard for passing his final exams.

4
b. He is studying hard for pass his final exams.

EXERCISE 5 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (3Pts)

1. Although he had a lot of money, he didn’t buy a car. (Nevertheless)

2. Frank wanted to check his spelling mistakes. He read the article twice. (so as to)

3. Despite being an old man, Mr. Wilson writes books in English.

Although Mr. Wilson
EXERCISE 6 Match these sentences with their appropriate functions. (4Pts)
Sentences Functions
1. That man can’t be my uncle. My uncle is in Spain now. a. Impossibility
2. He drives his car despite his handicap. b. Concession
3. I’m positive that my team will win the match tomorrow. c. Permission
4. May I go to the restroom, Sir? d. Certainty

Ali EL AZOUZI 51 BRIDGE

QUIZ 21 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
20
EXERCISE 1 Put the verbs between brackets in the correct form. (4 Pts)
1. Bob : When shall I come to get my cell phone back?
Phone repairer : You can come at 11 O’clock a.m. I (finish) (repair) it by then.
2. After I (see) the film, “The twilight”, which (win) , the prize a few years ago,
I (be) deadly scared.
3. He (recently, to buy) a new apartment in Casablanca.
4. “You’d better (to work) and do more exercises,” the teacher said.
5. Thanks for (devote) some of your time to answer our questionnaire.

EXERCISE 2 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (6pts)

1. Every day, the building keeper brings food to the dog.
Every day, the food
2. “Let’s take up evening classes to learn English?” the wife said.
The wife suggested
3. Nadia walks to school every day because she doesn’t have a bike.
If Nadia
4. The tourist took the map with him. He didn’t want to be lost in the desert.
in order not to
5. He could not go to the concert because he had some homework to do.
He wishes
6. “Don’t worry about the global tests,” the teacher said.
The teacher told the student

EXERCISE 3 Fill in the gaps with the right phrasal verbs from the list. (4pts)
put off - stands for - hand in - take off - put on

1. WHO World Health Organization.

2. You should revise your essay before you it .
3. The candidate should a new black suit and a tie for the interview.
4. He the meeting because the manager had a terrible accident.

EXERCISE 4 What would you say in the following situations? (3Pts)

1. Your elder brother has just got engaged.
(Congratulate him)
2. You went to a club and you wasted all your money.
(Express regret)
3. You are on the phone talking to your Spanish friend who is coming to Morocco.
(Ask him to bring you a real T-shirt of FC Barcelona)

EXERCISE 5 Match these words to make appropriate collocations. (3Pts)

1. vacuum a. diversity
2. cultural b. cleaner
3. sustainable c. development
Ali EL AZOUZI 52 BRIDGE
QUIZ 22 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
20
EXERCISE 1 Fill in each gap with the right word from the list. (3Pts)

1. Unfortunately, Salah’s son finish the exam on time. (couldn’t- mustn’t- needn’t)
2. I use your land phone to call my friends? (might- need- may)
3. You look exhausted. I think you go home to relax. (should- will – needn’t)

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets. (2Pts)

1. You need a medical certificate to (justification) your absence.
2. The boss employed the job applicant (immediate) after the interview.
3. When the electricity went off, there was a complete (dark) all over the place.
4. The (invent) of light bulbs was a great achievement of Thomas Adison.

EXERCISE 3 Fill in the blanks with the right phrasal verb from the list. (3Pts)
run out – went through - sit for – put off – set up

1. He difficult time last year because he had a lot of family problems.

2. We’ ve of bread. I need to go to the bakery now.
3. Students should prepare well before they the exam.
EXERCISE 4 Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets. (4Pts)
1. Why did you paint your room yellow? If you (paint) it red, it (look) nicer.
2. When Ahmed got to the cinema, the film (already, to start) .
3. If he had come earlier, he (not, to miss) the train.
4. Thank you for (help) that old lady cross the road; that was very nice of you.

EXERCISE 5 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (5Pts)

1. “Don’t forget to take your medication before the meals,” the doctor said.
The doctor reminded Natalie
2. The company manager said, ” We give bonuses to hard working workers.”
The company manager said, ”the bonuses “
3. The film you lent two weeks ago. I liked the film. (which)

4. I cheated on my wife and I regret it.

I wish
5. Because he was injured, he couldn’t run quickly.
because of

EXERCISE 6 What would you say in the following situations? (3pts)

1. Someone asks you to help him carry his luggage at the airport.
You : (refuse and give a reason)
2. Your friend called you and told you that he broke his arm in a basket ball match.
You : (respond to this news)
3. Suggest to your classmates cleaning the classroom on Sunday.
You :
Ali EL AZOUZI 53 BRIDGE
QUIZ 23 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
20
EXERCISE 1 Give the correct form of the words in brackets. (3Pts)

1. The words are arranged in an (alphabet) order in all dictionaries.

2. It’s really (pain) to see Palestine people being slaughtered and killed in public.
3. You can’t rely on Silvia. She is an (rely) person.

EXERCISE 2 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. (3Pts)

1. By the end of next month, she (save) enough money to buy a new cell phone.
She (to dream) of having an iPhone long time ago.
2. After she (watch) the film the other night, she went out with her friends.

EXERCISE 3 Join the following sentences using the words given. (3Pts)
1. He finished his homework early. He wanted to go to the stadium. (so as to)

2. Regardless of how old Mr. Lewis is, he is still the right coach for the team.
No matter
3. I liked science fiction films. Now, I prefer romance stories.
I used to

EXERCISE 4 Put the right prefix to the words in brackets. (5Pts)

pre - under - ex - part -un - dis - im
1. “Never (estimate) your opponent; he may win the next round,” he told the boxer.
2. Mrs. Evans, who used to be my (teacher) , passed away last week.
3. I’ll always remember my visit to London last year; it was an (forgettable) trip.
4. Besides studying, most of Moroccan students have (time) jobs abroad.
5. Many associations are against (arranged) marriage because it often ends in divorce.

EXERCISE 5 Re-write these sentences as suggested. (5Pts)

1. He didn’t go to the doctor because he was not aware of the danger of this disease.
If
2. No one is allowed to park his car in this place.
It’s
3. Austin didn’t have enough money to buy the camera.
Austin wishes
4. The man didn’t manage to open the door although he had the key.
. Nevertheless,
5. They have considered her as their president woman before the elections.
She

EXERCISE 6 What would you say in the following situations? (1Pts)

1. Your friend complained because you lost his notebook.
(apologize to him)
2. You are not satisfied with the service in a luxurious restaurant.
(complain to the restaurant manager)
Ali EL AZOUZI 54 BRIDGE
Vocabulary & reading texts
– Formal, informal and non formal education
– Gifts of youth
– Cultural issues & values
– Humour
– Science & technology
– Sustainable development
– Women & power
– Brain drain
– International organization
– Citizenship
 FORMAL , INFORMAL & NON FORMAL EDUCATION
1
EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart below with the missing word form.

Words Nouns 8. partner

1. educated 9. financial
2. illiterate 10. ignore
3. poor 11. attend
4. assist 12. know
5. important 13. succeed
6. graduate 14. fail
7. active 15. clarify

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. A great number of students leave school because of (finance) problems.

2. Ahmed is an (illiteracy) villager; he doesn’t know how to write or read.
3. (Ignore) and (illiterate) are serious issues these days.
4. Students should (attendance) all classes if they want to (success) .
5. Learners are advised to work in groups to exchange ideas and (know) .

Reading text
[1] Najat Belkacem was born on October 4th, 1977, in a farmhouse in Bni Chiker, a village near Nador. Her
father, Ahmed, had emigrated to France before she was born. She lived with her grandfather and she still
remembers gathering water and helping him with the farm work.
[2] When Najat was five, her father found a permanent job and sent for his wife and daughters to join him
in 1982. Najat grew up in the suburbs of Amiens, France. The little girl felt the shock of the new culture. She
didn’t speak a word of French. “Leaving your country, your roots, can be painful. My father had already found
his place, but for us, it was really hard,” she says.
[3] Her father set strict rules: she was forbidden to hang out with friends or to go out to cafés before the age
of eighteen. As a result, Najat devoted all her time and energy to her studies. By the end of her first year, she
could read and speak French fluently.
[4] She received French citizenship shortly before joining university as a law student. It was there that she
discovered the prestigious Paris Institute of Political Studies. She took the entrance exam and passed. At the
institute library, she met Boris Vallaud whom she married later. The couple has followed similar paths into
government. “It’s very nice to have a husband who moves in the same world as I do,” she says.
[5] In March 2008, she was elected ‘Conseillère Générale’ of the Rhône department. On May 16th, 2012, she
was appointed to French President François Hollande’s cabinet as Minister of Women’s Rights and
Spokesperson for the government. On August 25th, 2014, she became the first woman to be appointed
Minister of Education and Research in France.
[6] Najat has proved that there are no boundaries to what you can achieve if you work hard. Her story
reminds us that immigrants are valuable human capital. If we believe in them and invest in them with the
right education, there are no limits to what they can achieve. Adapted from : www.wikiwand.com

Ali EL AZOUZI 56 BRIDGE

 COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS)
BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT.

A ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (2 pts)

1. When she first came to France, Najat Belkacem found it difficult to adapt to the French culture.

2. Najat got French citizenship when she was a university student.

B ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (3 pts)

1. How did Najat help her grandfather?

2. When did Najat know about the Paris Institute of Political Studies?

3. Where did Najat first meet her husband?

C COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. (2 pts)

1. Because Najat devoted all her time and energy to her studies, she
in just one year.
2. The writer thinks that immigrants can achieve a lot if .
D WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS E PICK OUT FROM THE TEXT SENTENCES
IN THE TEXT REFER TO? (1 pt) OR PHRASES WHICH SHOW THAT. (2 pts)
1. The little girl (paragraph 2) : 1. Najat’s father was not flexible :

2. them (paragraph 6) :
2. Najat and her husband share the same interests :
F CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER. (2 pts)

1. “your roots” (paragraph 2) means: 2. “to hang out with friends” (paragraph 3) means:
a. your origins. a. to live with friends.
b. your emotions. b. to spend time out with friends.
c. your attitudes. The right answer is : ...... c. to study with friends. The right answer is : ......

G COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART. (3 pts)

Information in the text Paragraph Number

a. Najat Belkacem’s first contact with the French culture 2

b. Najat Belkacem’s higher education . . . . . . .

c. Najat Belkacem’s life in Morocco . . . . . . .

d. Najat Belkacem’s political career

Ali EL AZOUZI 57 BRIDGE

 2 GIFTS OF YOUTH

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart below with the missing word form.

Words Nouns 8. vigorous

1. energetic 9. contribute
2. independent 10. participate
3. enthusiastic 11. artistic
4. famous 12. skilled
5. ambitious 13. gifted
6. confident 14. talented
7. creative 15. imaginative

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. Tom is an (ambition) actor who wants to become (fame) in a short time.

2. If you want to be a writer, you need to be (creativity) and (imagine) .
3. “Only candidates who have (art) talents are welcomed here,” the jury said.
4. Some young people are (confidence) , and (independence) .
5. He is a (gift) boy; he can speak more than eight foreign languages fluently.

Reading text
[1] Professional football player Lionel Messi was born on June 24, 1987, in Rosario, Argentina. He started football at the
age of 8, playing for the Newell's Old Boys - a team in his native town.
[2] As a kid, Messi was smaller than most of the boys he played with; he was suffering from a hormone deficiency that
restricted his growth. Medication was costly and Messi's parents couldn't pay for it. At the age of 13, Messi was offered
an opportunity to play for Barcelona and have his medical bills paid by the team. So, the whole family moved across the
Atlantic to Spain.
[3] Messi was famous for being short and rapid with a fierce style of play. He was soon compared to another
well-known Argentinean footballer: Diego Maradona. Messi moved quickly through the ranks of the team's junior
system, and by the age of 16, he had made his first appearance for Barcelona. He put himself in the record books on May
1, 2005, as the youngest player to ever score a goal. That same year he led Argentina to the title in the under-20 World
Cup.
[4] In recent years Messi has become one of the highest paid football players, earning an estimated $18 million a year.
He has justified that he is worth that price by leading Barcelona to a lot of success; the left-footer's team won the
Champions League, La Liga, and Spanish Club titles in 2009. That same year, he took home the FIFA World Player of the
Year award.
[5] Even Maradona, the renowned retired player, has praised Messi. "I see him as very similar to me," he told the BBC.
"He's a leader and is offering lessons in beautiful football. He has something different from any other player inthe world.
[6] Messi became the first player to score five goals in a Champions League match in early March. By the end of 2012,
he had scored 91 goals in club and international matches.Therefore, he broke one more record. In January 2013, Messi
was named the FIFA Ballon d'Or winner for the fourth time!
www.biography.com/people/lionel-messi

Ali EL AZOUZI 58 BRIDGE

 COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS)
BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT.

A CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER FROM THE LIST. (2 pts)

The text is mainly about:
1. Messi’s biography
2. Messi’s childhood
3. Messi’s family
The right answer is: . . . . . .

B ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (3 pts)

1. Why did Messi’s family move to Spain?

2. How much money does Messi earn each year?

3. What did Messi achieve in 2012?

C COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. (2 pts)

1. The first team Messi played for was
2. Maradona thinks that Messi

D FILL IN THE CHART WITH THE RIGHT INFORMATION FROM THE TEXT. ( 2 pts)
Year Messi’s awards and performances

2005 Messi put himself in the record books.

Messi won the FIFA World Player of the Year.

2013

E FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS THAT MEAN THE SAME AS: (3 pts)
1. expensive (paragraph 2) :
2. fast (paragraph 3) :
3. famous (paragraph 5) :

F WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN THE TEXT REFER TO? (3 pts)

1. native town (paragraph 1) :

2. team (paragraph 4) :
3. he (paragraph 5) :

Ali EL AZOUZI 59 BRIDGE

 3 CULTURAL ISSUES & VALUES

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart below with the missing word form.

Words Nouns 8. disapprove

1. tolerant 9. responsible
2. cooperate 10. honest
3. cultural 11. marry
4. hospitable 12. collaborate
5. generous 13. believe
6. celebrate 14. interested/interesting
7. traditional 15. organize

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. Moroccan people usually (celebration) different (culture) events.
2. In wedding parties, women wear (tradition) clothes like caftans.
3. We are known for our (generous) and (hospitable) worldwide.
4. Hundreds of tourists are (interest) in discovering our culture these days.
5. Marriage is tightly based on (responsible) , (honest) ,(tolerate)
and mutual love.

Reading text
[1] Touria returned to Morocco together with her French spouse Michel and their one-year old child. She wanted to
introduce her husband to her family and celebrate their marriage in the Moroccan way. She is just one of a growing
number of Moroccan women deciding to marry men from other backgrounds and traditions.
[2] “Michel, now named Mehdi, is a friendly person. He tries to understand our traditions and social habits," she said.
Her husband agrees to raise their child in accordance with traditional Moroccan values while she respects his French
roots. Although Touria's mother accepted the marriage, she is worried about the success of the relationship because of
cultural differences. According to her, marrying a foreigner would only cause problems, especially if there was lack of
understanding.
[3] According to a recent study conducted by the Ministry of Justice, the number of Moroccan women who married
foreigners increased from 2,507 in 2001 to 5,664 in 2009. Meanwhile, the number of Moroccan men who married
foreigners rose from 1,366 in 2001 to 4,320 in 2009.
[4] Meriem, another Moroccan woman who is married to a Spanish man, said: "My marriage took place by chance. I
went to a friend's house on a weekend where I met Pedro. My father insisted on testing him for a month; so we invited
him over to our house in Morocco. My father told him about the traditions of our society, family habits and the
teachings of our religion. My husband accepted all that with an open heart."
[5] Mustafa al-Ashhab, a lawyer, said: "Girls looking for opportunities to emigrate often choose to marry foreigners.
Similarly, young men, looking for moral or financial support while living in a foreign country, get married to women in
that country". Yet, such mixed marriages often affect children’s identity and psychological stability.

Ali EL AZOUZI 60 BRIDGE

 [6] Jamal Al-Zayadi, a sociologist, believes that although spouses may have a good relationship with each other,
children born to mixed marriages will still face problems. "They are foreigners when they come to Morocco, and they
are Moroccans when they go to a foreign country despite the legal residence they have in that country," Al-Zayadi
explains. Consequently, they feel that they are marginalised, and this creates more problems for them and their
parents. Fortunately, a new citizenship law has given mothers the right to pass their Moroccan citizenship on to their
children of foreign husbands.
http://www.magharebia.com

COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS)

BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT.

A ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (3 pts)

1. When Touria returned to Morocco, she was not married to Michel yet.

2. Touria can raise her child according to Moroccan values.

3. Children born to mixed marriages have no identity problems.

B ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (3 pts)

1. Why is Touria’s mother not sure about the success of her daughter’s marriage?

2. Where did Meriem meet Pedro?

3. What do statistics show about the number of Moroccan men marrying foreigners?

C COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. (3 pts)

1. Meriem’s family invited Pedro to their house because
2. Young men living in a foreign country marry women there in order to

3. An advantage of the new citizenship law is

D FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS THAT MEAN ALMOST THE SAME AS. (3 pts)
1. husband (paragraph.1):
2. origins (paragraph.2):
3. thinks (paragraph.6):

E WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN THE TEXT REFER TO? (3 pts)

1. her :
2. him :
3. they :

Ali EL AZOUZI 61 BRIDGE

 4 HUMOUR

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart below with the missing word form.

Words Nouns 8. tired

1. humorist/humorous 9. relax
2. funny 10. relieve
3. monotonous 11. famous
4. bored 12. sad
5. artistic 13. happy
6. exhausted 14. tensed
7. angry 15. entertain

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. Eko is a famous M’rrakeshi (humour) ; he always tells (fun) jokes.
2. After a long day of hard work in the garden, Teresa felt (tiredness) .
3. The boy became (anger) and (sadness) because his dog died.
4. Music is a form of (entertain) ; that’s why, many people like it.
5. I feel (boring) because I watched this film over than four times.
6. An old man said,” Money can’t buy (happy) “.

Reading text
[1] Born in Casablanca on April 19, 1971, Gad Elmaleh is an actor and comedian of Moroccan- French nationality. He
speaks fluently both French and Moroccan Arabic as he was raised in a household that gave him access to a mix of
cultural influences. He was educated in Morocco, first at the Georges Bizet School and later at Lycée Lyautey in
Casablanca. In 1988, he moved to Montreal, Canada, where he studied political sciences for a year. He also worked on
radio and started writing humorous stories which he performed in nightclubs. He soon discovered that he had a talent
for entertaining people. This launched him on a career which continues today.
[2] Gad Elmaleh has had roles in a number of films and has enjoyed success as a stand-up comedian. His talents also
include singing and voice-overs for animated films. His first cinema role was in 1996 in “Salut Cousin!”, a film by Algerian
screenwriter and director Merzak Allouache. His first one-man show, “Décalages”, based on his own life, was performed
at the Palais des Glaces in 1997.
[3] Following the success of “Décalages”, Gad Elmaleh's second one-man show “La Vie Normale” proved to be a huge
success. In 2005, Elmaleh returned to the stage with a new style in “L’autre c’est moi”, in which he interacted with the
audience and improvised his dialogue. In 2006, he was awarded the “Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres” by the French
Minister of Culture and was voted “The Funniest Person in France.”
[4] Gad Elmaleh performed in Montreal and Casablanca, before taking his shows to France, Belgium and Switzerland
in 2007. As part of the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal in July 2007, Elmaleh presented his latest production, “Papa
est en Haut” for the first time. In December 2007, the show made history when all tickets were sold out at L’Olympia in
Paris for seven consecutive weeks.

Ali EL AZOUZI 62 BRIDGE

 [5] In 2009, Elmaleh wrote, produced and acted in the film Coco which was another great success. It was based on
one of his one-man show “La Vie Normale”. In 2011, the actor had a role in Woody Allen's Midnight in Paris and
appeared in the film The Adventures of Tintin. No doubt, fans are looking forward to future shows by the
Moroccan-born actor and comedian Gad Elmaleh.
Adapted from: http://www.morocco.com/blog/talented-entertainer-gad-elmaleh

COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS)

BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT.

A COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART WITH INFORMATION FROM THE TEXT. (3 pts)

Year Event

a- 1971 Gad Elmaleh was born.

b- 1997

c- Gad was voted “The Funniest Person in France”.

d- 2009

B ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (3 pts)

1. “Salut Cousin!” was Gad’s first experience as an actor in the cinema.

2. People didn’t like “Décalages”.

3. “Papa est en Haut” was first performed at L’Olympia.

C ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (3 pts)

1. Where did Gad receive his secondary education?

2. Why did he go to Canada?

3. How was “l’autre c’est moi ” different from Gad’s previous shows? .

D COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. (2 pts)

1. Gad realised that he could entertain people when

2. “Papa est en Haut” was so successful that

E FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS THAT MEAN F WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS
THE SAME AS: (2 pts) IN THE TEXT REFER TO? (2 pts)
1. brought up (paragraph1) : 1. he (paragraph 3) :
2. spectators (paragraph3) : 2. It (paragraph 5):
Ali EL AZOUZI 63 BRIDGE
 5 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart below with the missing word form.

Words Nouns 8. evolute

1. scientific 9. harmful
2. addicted 10. personal
3. technological 11. connect
4. invent 12. perform
5. innovate 13. discover
6. entertain 14. threaten
7. amuse 15. inform

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. Please, if you need any more (inform) , call the secretary.

2. Most parents are worried about their children’s (addicted) to the internet.
3. TV is not only a source of (entertain) but also of (educate) .
4. The customer complained about his internet (connect) ; it’s too slow.
5. Using the cell phone much is (harm) to our brain and eyes, too.

Reading text
[1] A selfie is a self-portrait photo taken with a digital camera or camera phone held in the hand or supported by a
stick. Selfies are often posted on social networking services such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. The photo
messaging application Snapchat is also largely used to send selfies. The term ‘selfie’ was first used in January 2011 by
Jennifer Lee, a life-style coach.
[2] Initially popular among young people, selfies have gained wider popularity over time. A survey conducted by
Samsung found that they constitute 30% of the photos taken by people aged 18–24. In a society in which images have
become a growing means of communication, it has become accepted, and almost expected, for people to post selfies.
[3] Many people send selfies to give a pleasing image of themselves and display their physical portraits. Some users
of Snapchat choose to send intentionally unattractive selfies to their friends for comic purposes. For Patricia Wallace,
author of The Psychology of the Internet, some people may just use them to share a funny or spontaneous moment
with others.
[4] However, according to Zlatan Krizan, a professor of psychology at Iowa State University, people may engage in
dangerous activities to take a selfie that attracts attention. In the USA, a 32-year-old woman from North Carolina was
driving when her vehicle hit a tree and burst into flames moments after posting selfies online. Luckily, the driver was
unharmed. A 21-year-old Spanish man died from electrocution after climbing on top of a train to take a selfie. In Russia,
a teenager died while trying to take a selfie on a railway bridge.
[5] Anabel Quan-Haase, a professor at the University of Western Ontario, points out that "as a society, we have moved
toward a new type of Net Visual Culture, where we are attracted by pictures of others and descriptions of events.

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 We want to show people what our lives are like. Sometimes, this can be achieved only through taking risks". Given the
number of selfie-related injuries and deaths occurring recently in different countries, it is a must for officials to launch
campaigns to warn people of the dangers of taking selfies.

Adapted from: www.livescience.com & nobullying.com

COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS)

BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT.

A COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART. (3 pts)

MAIN IDEA PARAGRAPH NUMBER

a. Reasons for taking selfies

b. Definition of a selfie
c. Examples of selfie accidents
d. Quan-Haase’s views on selfies 5

B ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (4 pts)

1. What did the survey conducted by Sumsung show?

2. Name two purposes for posting selfies:

a
b
3. How did the Spanish man lose his life?

C COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. (3 pts)

1. It was in 2011 that Jennifer Lee

2. Warning people of the dangers of taking selfies can limit

3. In a society of a Net Visual Culture, people

D FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS WHICH MEAN ALMOST THE SAME AS: (3 pts)
1. trainer (paragraph 1) :
2. electric shock (paragraph 4) :
3. to start (paragraph 5) :

E WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN THE TEXT REFER TO? (2 pts)

1. them (paragraph 3) :
2. the driver (paragraph 4) :

Ali EL AZOUZI 65 BRIDGE

 6 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart below with the missing word form.

Words Nouns 8. loyal

1. deforest 9. speak
2. grow 10. corrupt
3. starve 11. wise
4. sustainable 12. receive
5. homeless 13. industrial
6. feed 14. environmental
7. invest 15. respectful

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. (Deforest) is a serious issue that environmentalists should deal with.

2. An NGO will (reception) a dozens of (homelessness) children.
3. The king made a long (speak) about the climate change in the world yesterday.
4. (Pollute) is an (environment) problem that threatens humanity
these days.
5. The new president welcomed foreign (invest) and international (collaborate) .

Reading text
[1] Morocco is the biggest importer of energy in North Africa. With growing energy consumption, Morocco is trying
alternative solutions to meet its demands while keeping the environment clean. Moreover, the country aims at
becoming a major producer of renewable energy.
[2] Morocco has wind energy production of over 800 megawatts already in operation and has recently inaugurated
Africa’s largest wind farm. As for hydroelectric power (energy generated from water), Morocco has programmed a new
station of energy transfer by pumping water in the region of Agadir. This station will be operational in 2020.
[3] Yet, the perfect answer to the country’s heavy energy demands is the solar power plants. As world leaders were
discussing the effects of climate change in Paris Conference, Morocco had already started a very ambitious clean
energy project, named "Noor" in the area of Ouarzazate, taking advantage of the Sahara sunshine. It is the largest solar
power production facility in the world.
[4] With a capacity of 580 megawatts, Noor power station is expected to occupy a space as big as the city of Rabat and
provide electricity to 1 million homes. It is the fruit of the country’s efforts in recent years to reduce dependence on
imported energy. The first phase of the project, Noor 1, is already operating. This first station alone can produce a
power equivalent to 160 megawatts and provide energy to 650,000 locals from sunrise until three hours after sunset.
Noor 2 and Noor 3 will follow soon. Environmentally, once the three plants are operational, gas emissions should
decrease significantly.
[5] Renewable energy in Morocco is also contributing to the development of job creation and the improvement of
social services. Noor 1 alone has created around 1,000 jobs in the region of Ouarzazate. Moreover, the millions of dollars

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 spent on importing oil will now be used to finance social services such as building more schools and hospitals.
[6] In order to sustain our development and keep a better future for the coming generations, we need to make our
energy sector cleaner. Morocco is a shining example to follow with regards to solar and wind energy in Africa. The
2016 conference on climate change, which is to be hosted in Marrakech, will further highlight Morocco’s efforts to
become a leader in the use of renewable energies.
Adapted from www.middleasteye.net

COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS)

BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT.

A ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (2 pts)

1. Morocco has a new project to produce energy from water.

2. Noor 1 can provide local people with energy all day and night.

B MATCH EACH MAIN IDEA WITH ITS CORRESPONDING PARAGRAPH. (3 pts)

MAIN IDEA PARAGRAPH

a. Social and economic benefits of renewable energy in Morocco Paragraph 4

b. Morocco is a leading example for renewable energy in Africa Paragraph 5
c. Description of Noor project Paragraph 6

a- ..... b- ...... c- ......

C ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (2 pts)
1. Name two types of renewable energy mentioned in the text.

2. What was the aim of Paris Conference?

D COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. (2 pts)

1. Ouarzazate is an ideal place for Noor project because
2. Morocco will use the money spent on importing oil to

E WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN THE TEXT REFER TO? (2 pts)

1. the country (paragraph 3): 2. This first station (paragraph 4):

F FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS OR EXPRESSIONS THAT MEAN ALMOST THE SAME AS (2 pts)
1. increasing (paragraph 1): 2. result (paragraph 4):

G CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER:

The writer is
1. neutral about Noor project.
2. enthusiastic about Noor project.
3. worried about the future of Noor project.
The writer is
Ali EL AZOUZI 67 BRIDGE
 7 WOMEN & POWER

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart below with the missing word form.

Words Nouns 8. empower

1. free 9. political
2. violent 10. strong
3. equal 11. harmful
4. improve 12. audacious
5. develop 13. autonomous
6. assist 14. promote
7. criticize 15. member

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. You need a photograph to re-new your (member) card of the club.
2. Many women are still fighting for (free) and (equal) .
3. This campaign is organized against domestic (violent) and for equal rights.
4. Many women have (strength) , and (audacity) personalities.
5. My sister is an (independence) businesswoman; she doesn’t need any (assist)
from the bank.

Reading text
[1] Joanne K. Rowling is one of the most popular modern writers. She is famous for writing the Harry Potter series,
which have gained international attention and have won many prizes. Besides, she has recently published a book for
adults named 'The Casual Vacancy'.
[2] Rowling was born in England in 1965. During her childhood she was always interested in writing stories, and she
used to narrate stories to her younger sister, Diane. Rowling studied French at university and got a degree in 1986. After
graduation she worked as a secretary for a while, but she quitted as she wasn't happy with her job. Later, she moved to
Portugal to teach English. While there, she got married with a Portuguese TV journalist in 1992. Shortly after the birth
of her daughter, Jessica, the marriage ended in divorce.
[3] Rowling then joined her sister in Edinburgh, Scotland, where she started writing her first book. At that time, she
was going through difficult times. She was unemployed and lived on state benefits. She also had to take care of her
baby while pursuing writing. In fact, she completed her first novel in different cafés, accompanied by her baby.
[4] For Rowling, success didn't come easily. Her first work was turned down by many publishers.
However, she managed to find one to publish "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" and a success story began!
Copies of the book were sold in millions. Actually, she didn't expect such a success. She said," I thought I'd written
something that a handful of people might quite like. So this has been something of a shock".
[5] The Harry Potter seven books have won multiple awards, including 'The British Book Awards, Children's Book of the
Year' and the 'Smarties Prize'. In addition, they have sold more than 400 million copies and have been translated into
over 60 languages. They have also been made into films. Furthermore, her last four books are the fastest- selling books
in history.

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 [6] Thanks to the books, films and products bearing Harry Potter images, Rowling has become one of the richest
people in the world. Indeed, she is considered the first person to become a multi-millionaire from writing books. She
is also known as a strong financial supporter of many associations, NGOs and charities. But above all, she is credited
with getting an entire generation of children interested in reading again. In 2010, she was named the "Most Influential
Woman in Britain".

Adapted from: Wikipedia

COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS)

BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT.

A FILL IN THE CHART WITH INFORMATION FROM THE TEXT. (3 pts)

Date Event

1965 J.K Rowling was born

1986

Rowling got married

2010

B ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (4 pts)

1. Rowling has never written any books for adults.

2. Rowling enjoyed working as a secretary.

3. Rowling's marriage wasn't successful.

4. Rowling is a generous woman.

C ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS (3 pts)

1. What problem did Rowling have with her first book?

2. What are awards has she won for her books? (Give two examples)

3. How has Rowling become a multi-millionaire?

D FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS OR PHRASES E WHAT DO THE UNDERLIND WORDS

THAT MEAN THE SAME AS: (2 pts) IN THE TEXT REFER TO? (3 pts)
1. look after (paragraph 3): 1. there (paragraph 2):
2. a small number (paragraph 4): 2. the book (paragraph 3):
3. they (paragraph 5):

Ali EL AZOUZI 69 BRIDGE

 8 BRAIN DRAIN

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart below with the missing word form.

Words Nouns 8. expect

1. emigrate 9. responsible
2. instable 10. encourage
3. deny 11. economic (al)
4. discriminate 12. graduate
5. qualified 13. lose
6. professional 14. social
7. refuse 15. brainy

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. Brain drain is the (emigrate) of highly smart people to other countries.
2. Some scientists ran away because of civil wars, starvation and political (instable) .
3. The government should (encouragement) brainy people to come back.
4. After (graduate) , BAC students will join universities for their higher education.
5. The late (economy) crisis in Europe made a lot immigrants return to their homeland
and (investment) in different domains.

Reading text
[1] Brain drain is a major problem facing developing countries such as Morocco.The opportunities offered by new
information technologies in Western countries have attracted waves of Moroccan computer science graduates to
migrate to Europe. They go there in search of higher salaries or better working conditions.
[2] In 1986, Dr. Mehdi ElMandjra, the Moroccan researcher who used to work as Deputy Director of UNESCO in human
and social sciences, warned against the negative impacts of brain migration on the development of Morocco. In his
book Premiere Guerre Civilisationnelle (1991), he mentioned that more than 700 Moroccan researchers at the doctoral
level work for Le Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Morocco, however, has not benefited from their
expertise although the cost of educating each of them is about 1,000,000 Dhs.
[3] On his part, Professor Khalid El Hariry , the president of the Moroccan Federation of Information Technology, says
that: "since 1999, the number of Moroccan immigrants abroad has noticeably increased. Nearly 60% of the students
who graduated from L’Institut National de Postes et Télécommunications (INPT) left Morocco in 2000.
[4] Ahmed Akartit, an engineer in a mobile phone company in Rabat, said: “The technology experts left Morocco as
salaries here reach a maximum of $800 a month. In Europe, these engineers will receive salaries ten times higher than
what Moroccan private or public firms can offer them.” The Moroccan government argues that it cannot increase
salaries at a time it has to reduce the high rate of unemployment.
[5] Conversely, Morocco wants its citizens living abroad to come back although their money transfers are its second
foreign currency source after tourism. But many expatriates in Europe say they have worked hard to build a successful
career and returning home would be risky and uncertain.

Ali EL AZOUZI 70 BRIDGE

 [6] Ahmed Najm, an economist, stressed the need for Morocco to show more care for its experts and grant more
importance to scientific research. Otherwise, the country will be out of the race. “Morocco cannot benefit from its
human potential unless it takes full advantage of existing opportunities to develop science and technology," he said.

Adapted from: http://www.angelfire.com/bc2/walid98/admira.html

COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS)

BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT.

A CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER. (2 pts)

The text is mainly about brain drain as:
a. a new phenomenon in Morocco
b. a challenge to Morocco
c. a financial gain for Morocco
The best answer is:

B ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE OR FALSE. JUSTIFY. (2 pts)

1. Ahmed Akartit is a Moroccan immigrant.

2. Moroccan private or public firms offer the same salaries as the European ones.

C ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (3 pts )

1. What did Dr. ElMandjra warn against?

2. How much does it cost to educate a Moroccan researcher according to Dr. ElMandjra?

3. Why do many Moroccan immigrants hesitate to return to their country?

D COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES. (2 pts)

1. The Moroccan government cannot increase salaries as

2. In Najm’s view, Morocco will benefit from its experts if it

E WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN F FIND WORDS IN THE TEXT WHICH MEAN
THE TEXT REFER TO? (3pts ) THE SAME AS: (3 pts )
1. he (paragraph 2): 1. big numbers (paragraph 1) :
2. them (paragraph 4): 2. skill and knowledge (paragraph 2 ) :
3. the country (paragraph 6) : 3. give (paragraph 6) :

Ali EL AZOUZI 71 BRIDGE

 9 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart below with the missing word form.

Words Nouns 8. anticipate

1. employ 9. jobless
2. social 10. child
3. eradicate 11. difficult
4. invest 12. real
5. improve 13. suggest
6. satisfied 14. ill-treat
7. organise 15. disabled

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. Doctors are doing their best to (eradication) all diseases in the world.
2. Child maids suffer from (ill-treat) , low pay and domestic (violent) .
3. (Disability) people in UK have the same rights namely that of work.
4. Morocco suffers from a lot of (society) problems recently.
5. The green peace’s principal aim is to fight against (ecology) problems.
6. Forcing children to drop out of school is a serious (violate) to their basic rights.

Reading text
[1] My Name is Ayman, I am a 21-year-old Egyptian student from a village called Assadiya, in Egypt. I want to share my
story with you as I am currently living the happiest times in my life! This is simply because I have just learned what
"responsibility" means and I have made friends all over Egypt. I am a volunteer in the “Step Towards Our Future”
programme which is one of the activities of the Youth Association for Population and Development (YAPD), a
non-governmental organisation supported by UNICEF, Egypt.
[2] The year 2007 marks the beginning of this fantastic phase in my life! We travelled to Cairo with YAPD to attend a
youth empowerment workshop. We learned to make field studies in order to understand the problems of our small
community. My field study took me to houses of rich and poor people. In my village, I was touched and overwhelmed
with what I have found out. I saw how the poor have compassion for each other. You can definitely learn a lot when you
get closer to your community and feel for your people!
[3] We chose to start with an initiative that we called “Ayssin” which means moonlight. We viewed our problems as
darkness, and we wanted to get light out of this darkness. We decided to start by marking our place, so we put
large notices at the village entrance and built a fence around the Youth Centre. We also established a social club inside
the Youth Centre and turned a deserted area there into a garden and called it Ayssin Garden for Children. We also
arranged for a big medical convoy including 19 mobile clinics and a drugstore. The convoy provides medical specialties
not available in our community for skin, eye, heart and chest diseases.
[4] For me, the most important reward after taking part in all these activities is that one feels that his work has made
a difference. I hope our ideas will reach all people in order to encourage them to volunteer for the benefit of their

Ali EL AZOUZI 72 BRIDGE

 community. I hope a weekly or a monthly TV programme will present our lectures, workshops and every step we take
in “Step Towards Our Future” programme. In this manner, parents will know what their sons and daughters are doing
and they will then encourage them to contribute to solving our community problems. A UNICEF representative visited
us to see the outcome of our efforts. Consequently, people are seeing for themselves how our efforts are respected
and held in high esteem.
Adapted from: http://www.unicef.org/egypt

COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS)

BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT.

A ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (4 PTS)

1. What does YAPD stand for?

2. When did Ayman travel to Cairo?

3. How did Ayman and his friends mark their place?

4. What diseases did the medical convoy treat in the village?

B ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (3 PTS)

1. In Ayman’s village, poor people care for each other.

2. Because of Ayman’s voluntary work, he has recently been invited to a TV program.

3. Ayman is satisfied with the results of the Ayssin initiative.

C FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS OR PHRASES WHICH MEAN THE SAME AS: (3 PTS)
1. now ( paragraph 1):
2. discovered (paragraph 2):
3. result (paragraph 4):

D WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN THE TEXT REFER TO? (3 PTS)

1. me:
2. there:
3. them:

E CHOOSE THE BEST TITLE FOR THE PASSAGE. (2 PTS)

a. Education in Assadiya
b. Voluntary work in Assadiya
c. Health care in Assadiya
The best title is:
Ali EL AZOUZI 73 BRIDGE
 10 CITIZENSHIP

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart below with the missing word form.

Words Nouns 8. recognize

1. citizen 9. oblige
2. involve 10. participate
3. responsible 11. courageous
4. governor 12. aware
5. voluntary 13. differ
6. member 14. grow
7. conscious 15. contribute

EXERCISE 2 Give the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. Both men and women can contribute to the economic (grow) .

2. Each and every citizen should be (awareness) of his rights and duties.
3. Citizenship refers to the (involve) of each citizen in the community service.
4. You need to re-new your (member) card of the club before it expires.
5. Keeping the environment clean is everybody’s (responsible) .

Reading text
[1] There is no universally accepted definition of active citizenship. But there is a general agreement that it refers to
the involvement of the individual in public life and affairs. This can take place at local, national and international levels.
The term is used especially at local level to refer to citizens who become actively involved in the life of their
communities tackling problems or bringing about change. At national level, it can move from voting to being involved
in campaigning pressure groups to being a member of a political party. At international level, global active citizens may
be involved in movements to promote sustainable development, reduce poverty or eradicate racism.
[2] Active citizens are not necessarily people who follow the rules and laws of society. They may challenge them
although they should generally respect democratic processes and should not become involved in violent acts. There is
a general set of values that can be associated with active citizens. These include justice, democracy, openness,
tolerance, courage and willingness to listen to and work with others.
[3] Active citizenship is also expressed through citizens’ initiatives and participation in civic activities. The following
example is from a Moroccan public school. Two years ago a group of second year Baccalaureate students set up a Club
for Citizenship in their school. The aim was to promote the values necessary for a person to act as a good citizen. The
club launched a project for blood donating. “There is a shortage of blood in hospitals,” Nabil, the coordinator of the club
pointed out. “Blood transfusion is needed due to road traffic accidents, premature babies and medical emergencies,” he
added. When Nabil spread the news, the response to his Facebook page was fantastic. The Provincial Blood Centre got
involved and the partners agreed on the following slogan: “A Drop of Blood Saves a Life.”
[4] The date to donate was fixed to coincide with the World Blood Donor Day in June. Believe it or not, ninety two
donors responded. Speaking after making her donation, Rahma commented: “The best things in life are free. Blood

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 donating is an altruistic act..., and my fellow students have shown warm hearts, great spirit and amazing generosity.”

Adapted from : http://www.faceitproject.org/activecitizenship.ht

COMPREHENSION (15 POINTS)

BASE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE TEXT.

A ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (3 PTS)

1. It is easy to define active citizenship.

2. Active citizens do not always respect the laws and rules.

3. Rahma was one of the blood donors.

B ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (3 PTS)

1. Why did the students set up a club for citizenship?

2. How did Nabil inform the public about the blood initiative?

3. When was blood donated?

C PUT THE FOLLOWING EVENTS IN THE CORRECT ORDER ACCORDING TO THE TEXT. (4 PTS)
a. The provincial blood centre participated in the campaign.
b. A group of students established a Club for Citizenship.
c. Donors responded positively to the campaign.
d. The students launched a campaign for blood donating.
1. 2. 3. 4.

D WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS REFER TO? (3 PTS)

1. the term (Paragraph 1):
2. these (Paragraph 2):
3. his (Paragraph 3):

E FIND IN THE TEXT SYNONYMS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS. (2 PTS)

1. readiness (paragraph 2) :
2. started (paragraph 3) :

Ali EL AZOUZI 75 BRIDGE

 Collocat ions
Exercise Match the words in column ‘’A’’ with those in ‘’B’’ to make appropriate collocations.
A B 19- general s- assembly
1- adult a- gain 20- have t- fun
2- boarding b- school 21- high u- priority
3- brain c- illiteracy 22- higher v- education
23- health w- rights
4- common d- education
24- human x- care
5- civic e- literacy
6- adult f- good 25- rural y- awareness
7- communication g- technology 26- information z- technology
8- critical h- diversity 27- raise aa- areas
9- cultural i- thinking 28- local bb- a mistake
10- developed j- system 29- look cc- community
11- digital k- camera 30- make dd- forward
12- educational l- countries 31- mobile ee- phone
13- problem m- opportunity 32- natural ff- responsibility
14- equal n- solving 33- sense of gg- disaster
15- formal o- education 34- note hh- Organizations
16- equal p- access 35- pay ii- taking
17- generation q- gap 36- non governmental jj- fashioned
18- have r- rights 37- old kk- attention
38- sustainable ll- development
39- cultural mm-backgrounds
40- private nn-uniforms
41- school oo-lessons

Do / Make
Remember this:
DO MAKE EXERCISE 1 Fill in the chart below.
• hair • a dress
a dress – hair – the laundry – a fortune – work – money
• duty • food
a mistake – the dishes – difference – the homework
• the ironing • coffee
• exam • meal DO MAKE
• the laundry • lunch/breakfast/dinner - -
• crossword • arrangement - -
• the washing • money
- -
- -
• good/harm • difference - -
• homework • an excuse
• chores
EXERCISE 2 Put do or make?
• a fortune
• job • friends 1. “Don’t worry! I will my best to do the project,” he said.
• the dishes • a mistake 2. “I don’t like students who noise in class,” he shouted.
• damage • your bed 3. The maid’s principal duty is to chores besides babysitting.
• work • a move 4. “Don’t mistakes again,” the professor told the student.
• business • an appointment 5. It has become hard to business in America these days.
• a favour • a decision 6. “ your homework before you go to bed,” the mother said.
• your best • a suggestion 7. Would you a cup of coffee for me, please?

Ali EL AZOUZI 76 BRIDGE

 Writing
Samples

– Description of a person
– Description of a place
– A report
– A film review
– A book review
– An informal E-mail/ letter
– A formal E-mail/letter
– An article: causes, consequences & solutions
– An article: advantages & disadvantages
– A funny story
 Description
of a person 01
When we describe a person, we should talk about:
name (Sara, Ali, Peter, Mark, Mr. Smith, Mrs. Taylor, Miss. Baker,….)
relationship (friend, boyfriend, girlfriend, fiancé, fiancée, brother, teacher, best actor…)
age (teenager, young, adult, middle aged, in his twenties, thirties..…)
height (short, tall, medium, average height….)
weight (slim, fat, skinny, well –built …..)
face (round, oval, freckled, wrinkled....) A sample to
eyes (big, small, black….)
hair (short, long, black, straight, wavy, curly..…)
follow
clothes (formal, casual, smart….)
personal qualities (talented, smart, vigorous, brainy, active, enthusiastic….)
attitudes of other people (trustworthy, reliable, honest, gorgeous, polite,..)

The person that I like most is (name of the person). He/She is (my best friend/ my cousin/ my brother/ my
sister/ my teacher/ my favourite actor..). I met him/ her at (a school/ a party/ a restaurant..) in (Marrakesh/
London/ Paris…). From that time on, he/she has been my favourite and admirable person.
(name) is a (student, journalist, player, artist…) He/She is (age) . He/She is (height and weight). His/Her face
is ……………and his/her eyes are………….. . His/Her hair is……….. . He/She usually wears (clothes). He/She
is (personal qualities: smart, talented..). (Name) is (attitudes of other people about him/her)…………….....
.
Topic Describe the person below, using the following information.
• name Johnny
• relationship best friend
• age in his twenties
• height short
• weight fat
• face round and freckled
• eyes small and black
• hair blonde and short
• clothes smart
• personal qualities modest, funny, ambitious
• attitude of other people sociable, helpful, trustworthy

The person that I like most is Jonny. He’s my best friend. I met him on holiday two years
ago in Paris, and from that time on, he has been my favourite and reliable person.
Johnny is a student at Sorbonne University. He is in his twenties. He is a bit short and fat.
His face is round and his eyes are small and black. His hair is blonde. Johnny usually wears
smart clothes. He likes to wear most a black suit and a necktie. He looks like a businessman,
though. My friend is talented and creative. He is an active member in different university
clubs. He most of the time goes overseas to take part in some international theatre
competitions. In 2017, he performed an excellent show in Edinburg and the jury gave him
the first prize. Children in his neighbourhood love him because he has such a great sense
of humour.
Johnny is a sociable, helpful and trustworthy person. Besides participating in some
community services, he helps other students do their assignments and University research
papers. We really share a lot of things and we have a lot of plans to do in the future. I hope
our friendship will continue forever.

Ali EL AZOUZI 78 BRIDGE

 Practice
PRACTICE 1 Describe the person below, using the following information.
Angelina Jolie
• name she used to be a model/ she got divorced from Brat Pitt in 2016/ she received
plenty of awards as the best actress and film maker/ her best films are
Mr. & Mrs. Smith and Wanted/ she is a charitable person……

• relationship favourite American actress

• age 43 years old
• height tall
• weight thin
• face round
• eyes big and brown
• hair long, blonde and straight
• clothes smart (red dresses, black leather trousers, black skirts..
• personal qualities kind -hearted, helpful, tactful, romantic and sensitive.
• attitude of other people volunteer, generous, modest, ambitious, humanitarian..

PRACTICE 2 Write a paragraph about the person you like most.

(friend, family members, football player, actor, actress, teacher, neighbour…..)

Ali EL AZOUZI 79 BRIDGE

 Description
of a place 02
When we describe a place, we should talk about:
name of the place (Marrakesh, Paris, London, Ourika, Ouzoud….)
geographical location (in the West, East, North, South..)
A sample to
the weather (cold, hot, rainy, cloudy, clear, windy, warm, freezing…) follow
people (friendly, funny, generous, honest, modest, grateful,……)
historical monuments (charming, lively, touristic, bustling, amazing, ancient, lovely….)
food (delicious, spicy, tasty, yummy, sweet, ….)
suburbs (peaceful, wild, clean, noisy, over populated, polluted,…..)
The place that I like most is (name of the place). It is located in (the West, East, North, South....). A lot of people come to this (city,
town, village… ) to enjoy its weather, food, local people interactions and historical monuments.
Thousands of tourists go to (name of the place) because they like the weather there. It’s usually warm, but sometimes it’s cold in the
mornings. (name the place) is well-known for …………………….., which makes it unique and admirable. Concerning the residents,
they are funny, friendly and generous. For food, there are some special dishes that you can taste. The traditional one is (name of the
traditional dish). It’s very delicious and tasty. A great number of people love this food. Other dishes include (name of other dishes).
They are all mouth-watering. There are numerous historical monuments to sightsee there such as (names of the monuments). They
are ancient, but attractive. The suburbs of this place are (names of places outside the city). They are all peaceful and beautiful.
Overall, (name of the place) is worth visiting and tourists never regret going there; it’s really fabulous.

Topic Describe the place below, using the following information.

• name of the place London

• location Southeastern England
• the weather usually cold and rainy
• people modest, polite, reserved and punctual
• historical monuments “Big Ben”, “Tower Bridge”, “London Eye”, “Buckingham Palace,”
• food “Fish & chips” , “Beef Wellington’’, “Sticky Toffee Pudding”
and “Sunday Roast with Yorkshire Pudding”.
• suburbs Kings cross, Surrey, Sutton, Cambridge shire

The place that I like most is London. It is located in Southeastern of England, United King-
dom. A lot of people come to this city to enjoy its weather, food, local people interactions
and historical monuments.
Thousands of tourists go to London because they like the weather there. It’s usually warm,
but sometimes it’s cold in the mornings. London is well-known for Big Ben, which makes it
unique and admirable. Concerning the residents, they are polite, reserved and punctual. For
food, there are some special dishes that you can taste. The traditional one is “Fish & chips”.
It’s very delicious and tasty. A great number of people love this food. Other dishes include
“Beef Wellington”, “Sticky Toffee Pudding”, and “Sunday Roast with Yorkshire Pudding”.
They are all mouth-watering. There are numerous historical monuments to sightsee there
such as “Big Ben”, “Tower Bridge”, “London Eye” and, “Buckingham Palace,”. They are ancient
but highly attractive. The suburbs of this place are “Kings cross”, “Surrey”, “Sutton”, and
“Cambridge shire”. They are all peaceful and beautiful.
Overall, London is worth visiting and tourists never regret going there; it’s really fabulous.

Ali EL AZOUZI 80 BRIDGE

 Practice
PRACTICE 1 Describe the place below, using the following information.

• name of the place Marrakesh

• location in the North of the Atlas Mountains
• the weather usually hot
• people funny, modest, generous and friendly…..
• historical monuments ”Jamaa Lafna”, ”the Saadian tombs”, and “Bahia Castle”,
• food “Tanjiya”, “Tajine”, “Cousous,” …..
• suburbs “Ourika,” Imlile”, “ Oukaimden”….

PRACTICE 2 Write a paragraph about the place that you like most. (city, town, village,…..etc.)

Ali EL AZOUZI 81 BRIDGE

 A report 03
A report is made of a number of elements:
time of the event (last year, last week, two days ago, in 2017…….)
place of the event (Marrakesh, Ait Ourire, at CLC, at the Congress Palace…) A sample to
objective of the event (to sensitize/ to celebrate/ to reward/ to find some solutions…) follow
organizers of the event (teachers, students, club members, foreign NGOs, jury….)
attendants (100 people, 20 students, local people, doctors, film stars,…..)
what happened (rewarding, sensitizing, informing, dealing with issues, finding ways to..)
your opinion (it was excellent, it was informative, it was fruitful, it was very interesting,….)
(the date of the event), I attended (name of the activity) in (place of the event). The objective of the event
was to (the objective of the event). Several people attended it; approximately (number of the attendants)
were present there. The activity was organized by (organizers) and continued for (4hours, one day, one
week,..). There were a variety of activities during the event. (presentations, shows, short films, discussions,
debate, poster exhibition, workshops, competitions, prize distribution ceremony..). For me, (I am happy to
attend this event because……../ As far as I am concerned, I liked all the activities because………/ In my
view, the event was very informative and …)

Topic Write a report, using the information in the chart below.

• organizers festival’s jury and Moroccan authorities.

• event the international film festival
• date and place from 2nd to 10th December 2016 at the Congress Palace, Marrakesh.
• participants 500 people: actors, actresses, book writers, cinema stars, local people..
• activities • screening films, music, dances, visiting international cinema galleries,
having interviews, socializing with stars….
• special Moroccan music, and dancing moves,…….
• Russian actors, actresses, directors and producers were rewarded
• Abdel Raouf was honoured too…………….

• conclusion your opinion and reaction

Last December, I attended the international film festival in Marrakesh. It took place at the Congress Palace. The objective
of this event was to reward a number of Arab and foreign stars.
Several spectators attended this festival; approximately a five hundred people were there including actors, actresses,
book writers, cinema stars, and local people. The activities were organized by the festival’s jury and Moroccan authorities
and continued from the 2nd December to the 10th 2016. There were different activities during the event such as welcom-
ing and socializing with international cinema stars; and it’s a golden opportunity for us to greet and take pictures with
these celebrities. Also, they screened nineteen films inside the palace and in “Jamaa Lafna square”, too. Other shows
include some special Moroccan music, dancing moves, and international cinema galleries. During this celebration, the jury
presented the film, “The Age of Shadows” by Korean director Kim Jae Won and Oscar nominee for the best foreign film
this year.
A number of Russian actors, actresses, directors and producers were rewarded and honoured. The festival also honours
some local and foreign cinema stars including the Moroccan actor Abdel Raouf, the director Abdellah Mesbahi and the
Iranian director Abbas Kiarostami. By the end of the ceremony, they jury handed out the golden prizes to the Russian stars
whose films were excellent and highly interesting.
For me, I liked this event much because it made me know more about foreign film industry, also enjoying the direct meet-
ing with TV stars as well as the music and dances.

Ali EL AZOUZI 82 BRIDGE

 Practice
PRACTICE 1 Write a report using the information in the chart below.

• organizers the English supervisor and some senior professors

• event the benefits of using technology in teaching
• date and place 13th March, at the conference room at Zarktouni High School
• participants about 70 teacher trainees, novice teachers, Private School teachers
• activities morning: 2 presentations, short film and discussion.........
afternoon: workshops, semi lectures, competition, prize distribution......
• conclusion opinions and reactions.......

PRACTICE 2 Write a report using the information in the chart below.

• organizers club members, and some teachers

• event the danger of taking drugs
• date and place 10th April, conference room at Hassan II High School
• participants about 100 people: teachers, students, school club, parents, local citizens, doctors.......
• activities morning: 2 presentations, film and discussion.........
afternoon: debate, presentation, poster exhibitions, competition, prize distribution.....
• conclusion opinions and reactions.......

Ali EL AZOUZI 83 BRIDGE

 A film review 04
When we write a film review, we should talk about:
title of the film (Titanic, Taken, Spider-man, Avatar…..)
type of the film (action, romance, drama, comedy, horror…)
when and where you saw it (last week, last year,….. on TV, in the cinema)
setting: time & place (e.g., in 2003 in Uk, in 1999 in Afghanistan……)
the director (the name of the director…) A sample to
the hero’s name (name of the main actor..) follow
the heroine’s name (name of the main actress…)
the story of the film and how it ended (….. it was a tragic ending, happy ending..)
your opinion (I like this film because…………..)
The film that I liked most is “title of the film”. It’s ( action, romance, drama, comedy, horror). I watched it
(on TV/ in the cinema last week/ last night). It was filmed in (setting). The hero’s name is (name of the main
actor..) and the heroine’s is (name of the main actress…) . The story of the film was about……………… .
The movie has a (happy ending/ tragic ending). This film lasts (2 hours and 15 minutes/ 1 hour and 30
minutes..). For me, it’s the best film I have ever watched because…..; so, for this reason and many others, I
recommend it to everyone to watch it. It’s so exciting!

Topic Write a film review, using the following information.

• title of the film Titanic

• type of the film romance
• when and where you saw it on TV last week
• setting (time and place) in July 1997 in Rosarito, California
• the director James Cameron
• the hero’s name Jack
• the heroine’s name Rose
• the story of the film and • Jack met Rose onboard/ Their love grew up regardless of a lot of constraints
how it ended • The ship hit a huge iceberg /The ship sank /It was a tragic ending.
• duration 1 hour and 30 minutes...../ 2 hours ......
• Opinion Why do you like it?

The film that I liked most is “Titanic." It’s a romance disaster story. I watched it on TV last week. It was filmed in July 1997 in Rosar-
ito, California. The hero’s name is Jack and the heroine’s is Rose. It’s directed by James Cameron. The story is amazing. It’s about
two lovers who belonged to different social classes and who fell in love aboard the ship. Rose was supposed to marry Cal Hockley
who was her fiancé. Fed up with their protocol and hierarchy, Rose tried to commit suicide but Jack, a penniless artist, rescued her.
At that time, her fiancée showed up and she told Cal how brave Jack was to save her life when her feet slipped off the ship. As a
reward, Jack was invited for a special dinner with them in first class. Sometime later, Jack and Rose developed their friendship and
soon Rose joined him secretly at a party in third class. Day in, day out, their love grew despite the disapproval of Rose’s mother, who
wanted her to marry Cal to help her overcome some financial issues. All of a sudden, the big ship hit an iceberg and the captain
declared that it was huge and they were all scared that the ship might sink. Indeed, the ship began to sink. At that time, the security
discovered Jack’s affair with Rose and they arrested him and handcuffed him to a pipe. As the ship was sinking, both Cal and Jack
encouraged Rose to jump in a lifeboat but she couldn’t. She couldn’t leave Jack behind. The ship broke in half and both Jack and
Rose survived. However, by the end of the film Jack died because of cold and hunger while Rose was saved. Thousands of people died
in the film and the end was really tragic; it made me cry, but still it’s my favourite movie.
This movie lasts 1h and 40 minutes and it’s the most interesting film I have ever watched. I like this movie because I learned that
love is not necessarily connected to wealth and high class, rather to modesty, simplicity and honesty; so for this and many other
reasons, I recommend it to everyone to watch it. It’s so exciting!

Ali EL AZOUZI 84 BRIDGE

 Practice
PRACTICE 1 Write a film review, using the following information.
• title of the film Chasing liberty
• type of the film romantic comedy
• when and where you saw it last month in the cinema
• setting (time and place) in 2004 in Prague, Venice, London and Washington DC.
• the director Andy Cadiff
• the hero’s name Ben
• the heroine’s name Anna
• the story of the film and how • Anna, the president’s daughter, was fed up with her father’s over protection/Anna asked Ben, the secret
it ended agent for a ride on his motorbike / She did a lot of outdoor activities with Ben, romantic ones.
• Anna tried to spend a night with Ben, but he refused in the beginning.
• Anna and Ben broke up for a while, but during an exchange program to Oxford University Anna
visited Ben at the opera, where they kiss, reconcile and start a new life.
• duration 1 hour and 51 minutes
• opinion & evaluation Why do you like it?

PRACTICE 2 Write a paragraph about the film that you liked most.

Ali EL AZOUZI 85 BRIDGE

 A book review 05
When we write a book review, we should mention:
title of the book (the title of the book)
author (the writer of the book)
date and place of publishing (e.g., in 2003 in Spain, …..)
setting (time and place of the event (s) (in 2001 in United States, etc.)
language (written in English, French, or other languages…..)
genre (fiction, romance, action and adventure, drama, horror….)
pages (156 pages…..)
the main character (s) (name of the main character (s)) A sample to
the secondary character (s) (name of the minor character (s)…) follow
the story of the book and how it ended (tragic ending, happy ending..)
your opinion (I like this book a lot because…………..)
The book that I liked most is “title of the book”. The author is (name of the writer). It was published in (the date and place
of publishing). The book was written in (language). It’s (fiction, action, romance, drama, comedy, horror…). I finished
reading it (last year, last week, in 2017…). The events took place in (setting: time and place). The main character is (the
hero’s name) and the other characters are………………………………………………. . The story of the book was
about…………………………………… . The book has a (happy /tragic ending). This book is made of (128 pages/ 199
pages). For me, it’s the best book I have ever read because it……………; so, for this reason and many others, I recommend
it to everyone to read it ; it’s so interesting.

Topic Write a book review, using the following information.

• title of the book The old man and the sea

• author Ernest Hemingway
• time and publishing place in 1952 in the United States
• language and setting English in 1952 in Cuba
• genre literary fiction
• pages 125 pages
• the main character Santiago
• the minor characters Mandolin, the boy.
• The story of the book and • A battle between a fisherman, Santiago, and a giant fish, Marlin. /Santiago didn’t catch any fish for 84 days.
how it ended • His assistant, the boy, was forbidden to go fishing with him because Santiago was an unlucky man,
• Finally, he caught a huge fish, but he was attacked by sharks which won the battle….. /The end was tragic….
• opinion why do you like it?

The book (short novel) that I liked most is “The old man and the sea”. The author is Ernest Hemingway. It’s published in 1952 in
Untied States. It’s a literary fiction. I finished reading it last week. The events took place in Cuba in 1951. The main character is
Santiago, the old man, and the other characters are the other fishermen and Mandolin, the little boy who helped him for some time.
The story of the book was about an aging Cuban fisherman who struggled with a giant fish, Marlin. The boy was forbidden to go with
the old man fishing because Santiago was the joke of the other fishermen as he didn’t catch any fish for 84 days. On the eight-fifth
day, the desperate fisherman decided to sail along deep in the ocean so that he would have more chance to catch even a fish. With
patience, he finally got one, a giant fish. He couldn’t even pull it and so he stayed three more nights in the ocean holding to the
harpoon which stabbed Marlin, the fish. Exhausted and worn-out, he could pull the fish away but as it was bleeding, he was attacked
by sharks which won the battle in the end, and all what Santiago got left was the big skeleton. A group of fishermen, who used to
make fun of him, was astonished to see the giant skeleton on the shore. The book has a tragic ending. This novel was written in 125
pages.
For me, it’s the best book I have ever read because I learned that a man can be destroyed but not defeated. So, for this reason and
many others, I recommend it to everyone to read it; it’s so interesting.

Ali EL AZOUZI 86 BRIDGE

 Practice
PRACTICE 1 Write a report about this book, using the following information.

• title of the book La Boite a Merveilles

• author Ahmed Sefrioui
• time and publishing place in 1954
• language French
• setting (date and palce) in 1954, Rabat
• genre novel
• pages 249 pages
• the main character (s) a 6 year old boy, Lala Zoubida, Si Abdessalam, ……
• the minor character (s) fqih of the mosque, Fettouma, Moulay Laarebi, Si Outhmane……
• the story of the book and how it ended happy life with his family/ superstition/ bad beliefs/ joblessness/ happy ending
• opinion I like this novel because………

PRACTICE 2 Write a paragraph about the book that you like most.

Ali EL AZOUZI 87 BRIDGE

 An informal
E-mail/ Letter 06
When we write an informal E-mail or letter, we should:
begin with a greeting (Dear friend,/ Dear Jack,/ Dear Ahmed,…… )
thank the recipient (Thank you for your last E-mail…./ Thank you for the gift that you sent to me……….)
state your purpose (I am writing to talk about……/ I am writing to inform you that….)
end with a closing (Much love/ Best regards/ Love you/ kisses/ Take care/ Yours forever..)
A sample to
follow
Dear friend,
Hi! I am happy to write to you this E-mail/ letter. I hope you’re doing great. Well,…./ Hello! It’s nice to
receive your last E-mail. I hope you are fine. Well, …../ Hi! Thank you very much for the birthday cards and
gifts that you sent to me. They are really lovely. Well, ……/ Sorry, I didn’t write to you earlier because I was
very busy. I had some family issues. Well,………………………………………………….. .
That’s all for now. Take care/ keep in touch/ warm greetings/ write back soon/ yours forever/ best wishes/
best regards/ see you soon.
NB. In exams, we don’t write names or sign the E-mails/ letters even the address.

Topic Write an E-mail to your American friend talking about Ramadan in your city or village.

Dear friend,
I am glad to write to you this E-mail. I hope you are fine. Thank you very much for the gift that you sent to me last time.
I really like it. Well, you asked me last E-mail to give you more information about “Ramadan.”
Ramadan is one month fasting for all Muslim people all over the Arab world. Adult Muslims don’t eat, drink, smoke or
even have sex from sunrise to sunset. Ramadan is one of the pillars of our religion Islam. A variety of traditional, religious and
even spiritual rituals and activities take place during this special occasion. For example, after a long day of fasting, we enjoy
the family gathering for “Elfteur”; it’s a large meal by which we break our fasting. It’s made of delicious food, and drinks.
After that, we go to the mosque to pray “Tarawih”. Later on, we exchange visits and gifts; also, we help poor people,
homeless and refugees. It’s really a religious occasion that happens every year and we do all love it. In brief, Ramadan is not
merely physical but also it’s a commitment of the person’s body and soul to the spirit of the fast. To better understand this,
I’d like to invite you to come to my country, Morocco, and discover this by yourself.

That’s all for now. Keep in touch,

Warm greetings.

PRACTICE Your American friend, Luther, wants to know where you will continue your higher education
studies. Write an E-mail telling him about your future plans and choices and why.

Ali EL AZOUZI 88 BRIDGE

 07 A formal
E-mail/ Letter
When we write a formal E-mail or letter, we should:
begin with a greeting (Dear Taylor, Dear Mrs. Smith, Dear Sir,/ Madam…. )
thank the recipient (Thank you for contacting me/ Thank you for your prompt reply/…………….)
state your purpose (I am writing to enquire about…/ I am writing to inform you that….)
add your closing remarks (Thank you for your consideration/ If you have any questions,
please don’t hesitate to let me know. I am looking forward to hearing from you….) A sample to
end with a closing (Best regards/ Sincerely/ Faithfully…..)
follow
Dear Sir/ Madam,
Thank you for your prompt reply. Well, I am writing this E-mail/ letter to talk about…/ to inform you
about…/ to complain about…./ to apologize for………………………………………………………….
I am looking forward to hearing from you,
Yours faithfully,

Topic Emigration of skilled people to other countries is a problem in Morocco. Write an E-mail to
the editor of this website www.hotissues.ma in which you talk about the reasons, effects
and suggest some ways to eradicate this problem.

Dear Sir,
I am writing this E-mail to talk about Brain drain. It’s really a phenomenon that many under-developed countries suffer from.
Hundreds of genius people leave their homelands towards other countries, usually more developed and technologically advanced
for many reasons. There are some factors that make these people leave their origin countries; for example, they want to search for better
jobs, make more money, finish their higher education, have new experiences and further knowledge, and most importantly to boost
their working and living conditions.
Other highly skilled people quit their origins because they run away from wars, conflicts, diseases, poverty, natural disasters and
political instability. These factors push these geniuses to wave goodbye to their homelands. Of course, the grass is not always greener on
the other side of the river. Most of them would suffer from racial discrimination, nostalgia, homesickness, family instability and what is
worse is that their children may forget about their own culture and language.
To me, to put an end to this issue, the government should offer good jobs to these people, give them tempting salaries, create good
working conditions, and reward those who come back to their origin countries. I hope that I shed some light on the topic and I will further
send you another article about the consequences of this issue on their homelands next week.
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon,
Yours faithfully,

PRACTICE Write an E-mail to the manager of a restaurant, complaining about the terrible service you
had last night.

Ali EL AZOUZI 89 BRIDGE

Causes, consequences
& solutions 08
The article is usually made of three main parts:
Introduction: …..x……..is a dangerous problem in Morocco and elsewhere/ A lot of people suffer from a lot of
problems and one of these is…..x…../ Nowadays,…..x…. became a serious issue in our city/ No one can deny the fact
that…..x…..is widely-spread in our society / /……x…….is a phenomenon that threatens our society.
Body:
The causes could be: poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, taking drugs, long distance, ignorance, family problems,
crimes, diseases, civil wars, means of transportation, industrial factories, rubbish, dropping out of school, no diplomas,
lack of experience, mis understanding, divorce… psychological problems, financial issues and difficulties, lack of
communication, inequity, conflicts,.....
The effects could be : bad for health (eyes/brain…), early marriage for girls, addiction, diseases, death, global
warming, extinction of animals, immigration, exploitation, injuries, malnutrition, exhaustion, delinquency…
no freedom, slavery, joblessness, low standard of living, decreasing salaries, under development, economic crisis,
mental diseases, time-money & energy consuming, juvenile delinquency….
The solutions could be: The government should…/ We all should ….
NGOs and associations should… A sample to
Conclusion: As I said before, I think that…../ For me, …../ In my view,….
To my mind,……..
follow

(Recently/ Lately/ It goes without saying that…./ It’s clear that…./ It’s obvious that…x…..became a (serious/
dangerous/ alarming) problem not only in my (city, town, village) but all over (Morocco, the world.)
There are (many/ a lot of/ a set of) reasons to this issue. The first one is………………….. . The second reason
is…… . Another reason, which is more important, is that…..... . This problem has some consequences
like……,….and…….. . There are some solutions to put an end to this issue, for example,……….,……..and last
but not least,…… .
(In conclusion/ In brief/ In short/ All-in-all/On the whole…) I think that………………………….

Topic Air pollution became a serious environmental issue. Write a short article about the causes,
consequences and suggest some ways to stop this problem.

Recently, air pollution became a serious environmental problem not only in Morocco but
all over the world.
There are many causes to this issue. The first cause is means of transportation like cars,
buses, and tracks that produce too much smoke in the air. The second one is industrial fac-
tories. A lot of businessmen set up their projects in big cities and as a result they pollute
the air. Another cause, which is more important, is rubbish. A great number of people throw
garbage in public places. This environmental issue has some consequences like health
diseases. Many people suffer from asthma, breathing difficulties, global warming and
extinction of some animals. To put an end to this problem, people should use bikes or public
vehicles at least at the weekends, factories ought to be built outside the cities and rubbish
should be thrown in specific places, and last but not least, associations should sensitize
people to the negative consequences of this phenomenon.
In conclusion, I think that all citizens suffer from this problem especially those who live
in the cities. So, let’s all work hard hand-in-hand to eradicate this problem or at least
reduce from its danger.
Ali EL AZOUZI 90 BRIDGE
 Practice
PRACTICE 1 Use the information below, and write a short article about dropping out of school.

• Topic Dropping out of school

• Causes 1. poverty. A lot of people can’t pay the school fees and tuitions.
2. long distance. Many schools are located very far from where students live.
3. ignorance and illiteracy. Some parents don’t realize the importance of schooling.
• Consequences unemployment, crimes, taking drugs, theft, delinquency, and early marriage for girls.
• Your opinion For me, to eradicate this problem, …………………………….

PRACTICE 2 Write a short article about why a lot of people leave their countryside and move to cities.

Ali EL AZOUZI 91 BRIDGE

 Advantages
& disadvanatges 09
The article is usually made of three main parts:
Introduction: …..x……..is a discussable issue these days/ Recently, a lot of people discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of …x…../ Like everything in life,…..x…….has both advantages and disadvantages/
Obviously,……x………became a controversial issue nowadays.
Body:
The advantages could be: source of education/information/ entertainment/saves time/ saves energy/ helps
students/ facilitates communication/ find medication/ develop scientific research…./
gain useful knowledge, meet new people, make profits, enjoy sightseeing,
unforgettable memories, taking pictures, life becomes simpler, employment,....
The disadvantages could be: addiction/ bad for health/ source of disturbance/ bad websites/ bad movies/
waste of time, energy and money/ suffering……. / a major distraction,
inappropriate content for teens, easy cheating, no face to face interaction, false needs,
costs a lot of money….
Conclusion: As I said before, I think that…../ For me, …../ In my view,…
/ To my mind,……..
A sample to
follow

(Recently/ Lately/ It goes without saying that…./ It’s clear that…./ It’s obvious that…x…..is a (discussable/ controversial/
questionable/debatable) issue these days. This is so because it has advantages as well as disadvantages.
(To start with/ To begin with/ First of all/ First and foremost), some people strongly believe that ……x……is very impor-
tant in their life. There are (many/ a lot/ a set of) good points. The first one is…… . The second advantage is………. .
Another good point is …… .(However,/ yet,/ nevertheless,/ nonetheless,/ on the other hand,) some other people say that
….x….is not that useful because……….. . Besides……………….. . Another negative point of …..x…..is……………
(In conclusion/ In brief/ In short/ All-in-all/On the whole…) I can say that the advantages of …x….outnumber its draw-
backs/ I can notice that the majority of people can’t live without……x…… . / As I said before, ……x…….is very important
in our life although it has some bad points. All we need is to use it in a positive way.

Topic Write a short article about the advantages and disadvantages of using the cell phone.

These days, using the cell phone becomes a discussable issue all over the world. This is so
because it has advantages as well as disadvantages
To start with, some people think that the cell phone is very good because we can call our
friends, and family members anytime and anywhere. Besides, it’s important in case of
emergency. Another advantage is that we can have access to the internet besides taking
pictures, listening to music and playing games. However, some other people think that the
mobile phone is bad because it’s a source of disturbance, especially in class, mosque or at
work. Moreover, it’s bad while driving because that may cause road accidents. Another
disadvantage is that it’s bad for health, particularly brain and ears in addition to addiction.
In conclusion, I strongly think that using the cell phone, like any other technological
invention, is very important in our daily life although it has many drawbacks.

Ali EL AZOUZI 92 BRIDGE

 Practice
PRACTICE 1 Use the information below, and write a short article about the internet.

• Topic The internet

• Advantages 1. it’s a source of education. It helps students with their studies.
2. it’s a source of information. People can watch news on line.
3. it’s a source of entertainment. Internet users can enjoy watching films, clips and games.
• Disadvantages 1. addiction. Teenagers may get addicted to such technology.
2. bad websites. Adolescents may have access to bad websites.
3. health issues. The excessive use of the internet may harm our body, especially eyes and brain.
• Your opinion For me, I can say that …………………………….

PRACTICE 2 Write a short article about the advantages and disadvantages of building a
factory in your region.

Ali EL AZOUZI 93 BRIDGE

A Funny Story
10
When we write a story, we should talk about:
When was the incident? (last week, last year, last Monday,…….)
Where did it happen? (at school, in a café, in a festival, at home……)
What was the occasion? (a party, a wedding, a festival, a special dinner,………)
Who was involved? (friends, teachers, neighbours, classmates, players…….) A sample to
What happened?............... follow
What was funny about it?...............
Topic Write a story using the information in the chart below.
• When was the incident? Last summer
• Where did it happen? Venice
• What was the occasion? visiting
• Who was involved? The waiter and I
• What happened? Misunderstanding and mis interpretation
• What was funny? The wifi code

Last summer holiday in Venice, I was walking around the city, enjoying the weather, doing
some shopping and taking pictures. At noon, I felt a bit tired and hungry. There was a nice
restaurant just across the road. So, I headed there straight away. First of all, I wanted to
share my pictures with friends. So, I first asked the waiter for the WIFI code and he told me
“eat first.” I thought maybe in this restaurant clients should eat before having the code.
Well, I ordered my food; it was “Fish-and-chips”. Once done, I asked again the waiter for the
code. He said again, with a smile, “eat first”. At that time, I really was upset and I shouted
at him. I immediately went to the restaurant manager to complain. On my way in, I saw a
notice in which they wrote “WIFI Code: Eat First”. I was ashamed of myself and I asked the
waiter for an apology. I then couldn’t stop laughing and got out off the restaurant. It was
really hilarious!!!!

PRACTICE Think about a funny story that happened to you or one of your friends and write about it.

Ali EL AZOUZI 94 BRIDGE

 Connectors
&
Transition words
Functions Connectors and transition words

Addition Besides, and, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally,

also, as well, not only…but also, further, equally important,
likewise, in the first place….

Sequence First, second, third, next, lastly, later, later on, after that- afterwards,
formerly, previously, recently, lately, suddenly, temporarily, then,
after, before, soon, subsequently, when, in apparel, earlier, finally,
ultimately, eventually,

Contrast/ concession Although, though, even though, even if, however, still, nevertheless,
nonetheless, whereas, in contrast, instead, otherwise, regardless of,
compared to….
Emphasis In fact, in actual fact, in reality, indeed, significantly, of course,
certainly, definitely, most importantly, primarily, actually, really,
obviously, plainly, distinctly, surely, truly, undoubtedly, without
doubt, especially, particularly, namely, above all,

Examples For example, for instance, such as, as, like, as an illustration, to
illustrate…
Explanation That is to say, in other words, which means that, that is,

Summary/conclusion As has been said before, in brief, in short, finally, in conclusion, in

simple terms, in summary, on the whole, all in all, to summarize…

Cause & reason Because, as, since, because of, due to , owing to,
because of the fact that…, due to the fact that….., owing to the fact
that……,

Result As a result, as a consequence, therefore, consequently, thus, hence,

accordingly

place Here, there, nearby, next to, opposite to, on the other side, in the
front, in the back…….

Time At the same time, meanwhile, meantime, presently, before that,

immediately, at that time, finally, currently, in the past, at the present,
ever since……

Opening Many people claim that……, it is often said that……, nowadays,….

these days,…. it goes without saying, ..Needless to say that………..,
it’s crystal clear that…., it’s obvious that……., this essay focuses
on….., currently, at the moment, in our era,…, in today’s world, ….
now more than ever before,…..

Opinion As far as I am concerned, …………, from my point of view,…., to me,

….. , in my opinion, …., personally speaking, ……, in my view,…….

Ali EL AZOUZI 95 BRIDGE

 01 Dropping out of school Writing 04 Rural-urban immigration

These days, dropping out of school becomes Today, rural urban immigration becomes
a problematic issue. an alarming issue.

Causes :
Causes :
1- employment. Unemployed villagers look for a job in cities.
1. poverty. Some parents can’t pay the school fees
2- availability of schools and high institutions, hospitals,
2. distance. Many schools are located very far
transport, running water, electricity ……..
3. ignorance of illiterate parents
Consequences : over population, slums, diseases, crimes….
Consequences : illiteracy, crimes, taking drugs, unemployment,
Solutions:
family problems, early marriage for girls,………
the government should fight poverty in villages, offer more job
Solutions: opportunities to farmers and build roads and bridges……
1- the government should help poor parents financially, besides helping them in their agricultural activities.
build more new schools, boarding schools besides
means of transportation.
2- Associations should sensitize these parents of the 05 Foreign languages
importance of schooling.
Learning foreign languages is of
paramount importance recently.
02 Poverty
Advantages:
Many countries suffer from poverty namely 1- to find a good job with high salary
2- to communicate easily with foreigners
the African ones.
3- to work in tourism as a tourist guide
4- to know more about other cultures
Causes :
5- to travel around the world easily
1- diseases caused by drinking unsafe water and bad food
2- civil wars, political affiliations and social conflicts
3- unemployment, overpopulation and natural disasters
06 Experimenting on animals
Consequences : illiteracy, crimes, taking drugs, unemployment,
family problems, divorce, suicide, mass emigration…. Doing scientific tests on animals is a
Solutions: controversial issue lately.
1- the government should offer more job opportunities
Some people are for:
2- they should encourage the local natural resources
1- to find medication and cure to human diseases
besides independent small businesses.
2- to develop the scientific medical research
3- to help doctors make breakthrough in the treatment of
Air pollution some deadly diseases
03
Some other people are against:
Nowadays, air pollution becomes a serious
1- some animals will be extinct.
ecological problem in Morocco. 2- animals suffer much from these tests
3- humans are cruel towards animals
Causes :
1- means of transportation like cars, buses, trucks, etc.
2- industrial factories. 07 Advertizing
3- throwing rubbish in public places.
Every day, we watch advertizing on TV,
Consequences : health diseases, breathing difficulties, global
warming, and extinction of some animals…… road boards or even books.

Solutions:
1- people should use bikes or public vehicles especially at Advantages:
the weekend. 1- it makes consumers aware of new products
2- factories should be built outside the cities 2- due to commercial competition, clients benefit from
3- Associations should sensitize all citizens of the danger discount
of air pollution in the future. 3- it offers more job opportunities for jobless people

Ali EL AZOUZI 96 BRIDGE

 Disadvantages : Consequences : exploitation, low pay, physical injuries,
1- it creates false needs exhaustion, malnutrition, ………..
2- it makes clients fall in debts and credits Solutions :
3- companies spend much money on advertising 1- the government should punish those bosses who hire
4- it deceives consumers using false information children for a few coins and ban the employment of
5- kids may be easily seduced by unneeded products. children until they become adults
2- Associations should raise parents’ awareness that kids
should be sent to school to study and have fun because
08 Aid Al fiter & Aid Al Adha
they still have the right to enjoy their childhood.
Countries around the world celebrate
different events national, international,
11 Education of girls
or religious. The Arab world celebrates
two principal religious feasts : Aid Alfiter Many girls in countryside are not

and Aid Al adha. allowed to go to school .

- Muslims wear their new clothes for this occasion. Advantages of girls’ education :
- they exchange visits and gifts. - they help their kids do homework assignments
- they prepare delicious cakes, cookies, crepes, etc. - they can easily get a job and therefore help their family
- they go to the mosque to pray. financially
- they give money to the poor and the children. - they reduce the risk of child mortality thanks to their
- and for Aid Al adha, they slaughter sheep. regular doctor visits
- they won’t be victims of domestic or sexual abuse
- they finally contribute to the development of their
09 House maids community.

House maids are those young girls whose

job is to do housework for a little money. 12 A surprise birthday party

Causes : It’s a always fun to surprise a friend or a

1- poverty. Some parents can’t pay all the house expenses dear person with a surprise birthday party.
2- dropping out of school. - keeping it secret is what matters most
3- lack of money : the family needs another income. - decorating the place with balloons
Consequences : illiteracy, rape, low payment, physically - inviting his best friends
beaten by host families, prostitution…….. - buying gifts that he much likes
- buying delicious food and drinks
Solutions :
- choosing his favourite music to listen to
1- The government should punish the host families that
- lighting up candles and fireworks
don’t respect these young girls.
And of course, taking pictures is the best part in any party
2- Parents should send their daughters to school and not to
because photos make that unforgettable and life lasting.
work as maids in rich people’s houses
3- Associations should sensitize poor parents of the reality
of being a house maid and rich families of the maids’ rights
like good payment, fair treatment and good education. 13 Home tutoring (home extra hours)

Advantages :
1- parents closely control their children’s
10 Child labour/ working children performance in schooling
2- studying alone or in a small group is more exciting and effective
Working children are those children
3- students become excellent in grading
who are forced to work at an 4- students feel comfortable when studying at home
early age for a variety of reasons.
Disadvantages:
Reasons: 1- besides usual school fees, parents should pay more.
1- poverty. Some parents are poor and therefore they can’t 2- students may miss their official classes at school
pay all the house expenditure. 3- tutoring may make students uninterested in concen-
2- dropping out of school trating in their official classes.

Ali EL AZOUZI 97 BRIDGE

 14 War 17 Cheating in the Exams

Causes : Cheating in the exams becomes

1- poverty, starvation and harsh living increasingly spread recently.
conditions
Causes :
2- greediness to have other people’s properties like petrol
1- lack of regular revision of lessons
and other natural resources
2- lack of enough time to prepare before exams
3- political affiliations and fortune
3- carelessness to take some courses
4- no other alternative to solve conflicts
4- absence of some teachers
Consequences : dead people, injured, handicapped, widow,
Consequences : poor knowledge, failing the exam, jailed or
widower, homeless, orphan, food shortage, violence,
expelled, dropping out of school
phobia, diseases,...........
Solutions :
Solutions :
1- students should revise their lessons regularly
Countries should settle their problems peacefully.
2- they shouldn’t miss any class
3- she should be hardworking, honest and unreliable
15 Role of Associations & NGOs 4- the school staff should punish severely cheaters
5- Associations should sensitize students of the
Associations and non-governmental importance of education in their future job
organizations play an important role
socially, economically, ideologically and
educationally.
18 Obesity
- they help people who are in need or danger regardless Causes :
of their nationalities. 1- eating junk food all the time :
- they maintain peace all over the world. fast food/ snacks
- they Promote global understanding and humanitarian 2- lack of sleep
principles. 3- lack of physical activities : sport
- they run small projects to help unemployed people. 4- drinking alcohol
- they help poor students continue their studies.
- they fight against wars, terrorism, civil wars,… Consequences : psychological effects: depression, low self
- they help when natural disasters happen like volcano, esteem. Physical : diseases, blood pressure and social : few
earthquake, and drought. friends, more bullying, lower employment….
- they sensitize people of the importance of schooling, of Solutions :
keeping the environment clean, and last but not least of - obese people should visit doctors now and then
sustainable development - they should go on a strict diet
- they sensitize people of the danger of taking drugs, - they should play sport very often
health diseases like AIDs, etc. - they have to eat home-made food.

16 Divorce 19 Unemployment

Divorce is a common issue these days not Unemployment becomes a

only among poor couples but also the rich ones. problematic issue in Morocco.
Causes : Causes :
1- unemployment and domestic violence 1- the economic crisis and lack of experience
2- lack of experience polygamy or big difference in age 2- new technology like robots and computers
3- infidelity and misunderstanding or taking drugs 3- over population : there are so many diplomates.
Consequences : children are the victims, rejection by step Consequences : poverty, financial troubles, credits, stress,
mother or father, family problems, psychological family problems, suicide, theft, crimes, delinquency, divorce….
problems, marital instability....
Solutions :
Solutions:
The government should offer more job opportunities,
1- couples should be mature enough to get married
encourage foreign investments and lastly encourage the
2- they should communicate before marriage
recruitment of the private sector.
3- they should be both financially stable

Ali EL AZOUZI 98 BRIDGE

 20 Committing crimes
23 Violence in stadiums (Hooliganism)

Crimes happen everywhere these days. Violence is stadium becomes a phobia

for each parent.
Causes :
Causes :
1- taking drugs and poverty
1- unawareness of the fans besides
2- family problems and TV violence
the final score of the match
3- depression and other social mental disorders…
2- unavailability of tickets
Consequences : prison, death, injuries, handicap, fear, insecu- 3- drugs and lack of money
rity, rape, psychological problems, family problems…..
Consequences : destruction of properties, injuries, death,
Solutions : road accidents, traffic jam, chairs damage, chaos, fear…
1- the authorities should put criminals in jail
Solutions :
2- citizens should stay in safe places
1. The FIFA should punish severely hooligans and forbid
3- Associations should sensitize young people of the
minor children from accessing the stadium
danger and negative effects of this social phenomenon.
2. real fans are peaceful, supporting their team when they
4- the government should improve education and offer
win and when they lose.
more job opportunities.

21 Terrorism
24 2. Facebook

These days, the world has the phobia Millions of people use facebook
of terrorism world wide

Causes : Advantages :
1- educational and socio cultural thoughts: extreme wrong - Facebook is the best medium of communication
beliefs and values, social networks, ignorance………. - it helps you chat with other people world-wide
2- family problems, rebel, unemployment, self dissatisfac- - it helps you know more about other cultures and languages
tion, false ideas about religion…. - it helps you find old friends
3- low self esteem, starvation, psychological problems - it helps you share your good and bad news
- it helps you post advertizing if you have any
Consequences : death of innocent citizens, injured, orphans,
widow, widower, destruction of properties, phobia, insecurity,….

Solutions : 25 Ramadan
1- the authorities should intensify their military forces to
Ramadan is one month fasting for all
provide more security to citizens besides selling weapons
Muslim people all over the Arab
must be banned.
world. Adult Muslims don’t eat nor
2- people should be more open minded towards other
drink from sunrise to sunset. Little kids don’t fast. Ramadan is
cultures and religions.
one of the pillars of our religion Islam. A variety of activities
take place during this special occasion :
22 The bribery /corruption
- Muslims don’t drink any liquids (water, juice, tea…no
Causes : food, no marital relations, no gossip, no offense...)
1- incompetency: incompetent - they give money to the poor and children
candidates pay bribe to get a job. - they exchange visits and gifts
2- personal greed - they wear their new clothes namely “Djallaba” and pray by
3- fortune and ignorance besides lack of ethics night “Tarawih”
Consequences : no democracy, no justice, jail,......

Solutions :
26 Inter-racial marriage
1- authorities should punish severely the one who gets
bribery Some Moroccan men prefer to marry
2- Associations should sensitize people about the risk of foreign women for many reasons.
paying bribe .

Ali EL AZOUZI 99 BRIDGE

 Reasons :
1- strong love for each other
29 Cars
2- for having a double nationality Cars are of paramount importance
3- for escaping from harsh poverty, wars, and from many in our modern life.
other social problems
Advantages :
Consequences : difficulties in adapting to new culture, 1- you can travel with your family anytime and anywhere
language, values, religion, standard of living, lifestyle, 2- you can travel to distant places in a short time
children identity loss… 3- you can take both people and goods in your car

Solutions : Disadvantages :
The couples should discuss and think twice before getting 1- cars produce too much dangerous gases in the air
married to a foreign woman and discuss certain problematic 2- cars cause disastrous road accidents
points like those of religion and culture. 3- driving for a long time is uncomfortable for the driver

27 Child early marriage 30 Sport

Child early marriage becomes Playing sport is very important

widely spread recently. for both mind and body.
Reasons :
Advantages :
1- poverty. Parents’ income is
- it helps us improve our team work skills.
not sufficient to pay all the house and school expenses
- making more new friends
2- security. Parents are afraid of any sexual or physical
- having higher self-esteem and self confidence
abuse
- being excellent at school
3- old traditions and culture
- fighting obesity and other health diseases
Consequences : divorce, suicide, family separation, psycho- - combating stress, routine and daily tension
logical problems, family problems, rejection by society, kids
are the victims, mother mortality, domestic violence......

Solutions :
31 Taking drugs/smoking

1. authorities should punish parents who force their daugh- These days, taking drugs becomes a
ter to marry at an early age prevailing phenomenon among teenagers.
2. girls should be first qualified for marriage physically, and Causes :
cognitively 1- bad company : bad friends
3. associations should raise parents awareness that girls 2- imitation : teenagers imitate drug-takers or smokers
should be sent to school and not to marry early 3- wrong thinking : adolescents think that taking drugs is a
badge of courage and manhood

28 Violence among students in school Consequences : addiction, health diseases, pennilessness,

crimes, fights, death, injuries, theft, family and psychological
Violence in schools is a prevalent problems....
phenomenon these days.
Reasons : Solutions :
1- carelessness , poverty and lack of counseling 1- teenagers should avoid the company of bad friends
2- taking drugs and effect of peer and classmates 2- they mustn’t imitate those who take drugs even if they
3- bullying , family background, anxiety and depression are their parents , teachers, film stars, or friends
3- Associations should sensitize adolescents of the danger
Consequences : poor grade : no good education, no good of this bad habit on their education and health.
job, death, injuries, handicap, insecurity, chaos, fear....

Solutions :
1- the school staff should punish trouble makers severely
32 Homelessness (homeless/street children)

2- listening and counseling clubs should be set up to listen Homeless children are those children
to their social problems who don’t have a house to live in.
3- Associations should sensitize both parents and students
of the importance of schooling in their future life....

Ali EL AZOUZI 100 BRIDGE

Causes :
1- poverty. Some children run away from home because
35 Suicide

their parents are poor Causes : 1- Family problems like divorce, infidelity,
2- parents’ divorce and endless domestic problems. family separation, domestic violence, crazy love…
3- illegitimate children. Those who are born in the street. 2- Financial problems like unemployment, unpaid credits,
4- drugs addiction high cost of living…
Consequences : these children might grow up criminals, 3- Psychological problems as depression, self dissatisfaction…..
thieves, violent, murders, rebellious, physically sick, and Consequences : phobia, insecurity, instability in society,
prostitutes for girls.... death shock for the family…

Solutions : Solutions : The government should offer more job opportu-

nities to these depressed people, and associations should
1- parents should be tolerant and send their children to
sensitize these people that suicide is never the solution.
schools, and not to streets
2- street children should be sheltered and adopted by families
3- Associations should raise people’s awareness to respect 36 Beggary
and take care of these innocent kids
4- NGOs, associations and authorities should reintegrate Beggars are those people who beg for money.
these children back to their families if they have one, or to Causes : 1- poverty and difficult social circumstances
charitable centers. 2- unemployment and bankruptcy of their projects
3- health problems like handicap and physical disability…
Consequences : negative image of the city or country, fear,
33 Brain drain spread of frauds, criminals, robbers, diseases….
Solutions : beggary should be banned everywhere and
Brain drain is the immigration government should help these poor people
of genius people to other countries.
Reasons : 37 Women
1- to search for better work
2- to make more money The situation of women has been
3- to finish their studies for students improved thanks to the new family code.
4- to have new experiences and further knowledge The situation of women in the past :
5- to improve their standard of living - women were exploited in factories and farms
6- to boost their working and living conditions - women’s principal role was looking after children and
7- to run away from wars, conflicts, diseases, poverty… doing housework
- they were deprived of their rights like going to school,
Consequences : lack of human resources, origin countries work, express their views, voting in elections…..
lose scientists and scholars, no progress for their homelands,… The situation of women at the present :
Solutions: - they can go to school
1- These brainy people should come back to their origin - they can work outside home just like men
countries - they can vote in elections
2- The government should offer them good jobs with
tempting salaries and they should reward those who come back. 38 The internet

The internet is the best means

34 Humour of communication worldwide.
A lot of people ignore the magic of Advantages :
humour. It is very important at work - it is a source of information: students and researchers
and school, too. can surf for information.
- students can’t concentrate all the - it’s a source of education: students, teachers and even
time, so, they need humour now and then. illiterate people can watch educative programs.
- Workers, employees, and even students can’t be all the - it’s a source of entertainment: internet users can watch
time serious funny shows, clips, sport or just play games.
- to reduce the routine and boredom, humour and anima- - thanks to this innovation, we can chat and audio-chat
tion are badly needed, but not too much. with friends and family members around the world.
- being ‘workaholic’ makes you feel stressed, nervous and Disadvantages : - addiction
easily angry. - bad for health, especially eyes and brain
- people who have a sense of humour at work and school, - adolescents may have access to bad websites
too, are witty, more energetic and highly creative. - it makes students passive and lazy

Ali EL AZOUZI 101 BRIDGE

BAC NATIONAL
EXAM PAPERS

Letters stream
Science stream
Humanities stream
 Normal
BAC EXAM PAPER 2018- LETTERS STREAM
session

[1] Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer technology used to produce an

environment that looks like reality. With VR, students, for example, can imagine
themselves flying through space, diving deep under the sea, or traveling the
world withou stepping foot outside their classroom. In VR, a user wears a headset
connected to a computer or mobile device to explore a three dimension (3D)
setting. The user can move around in the space. Sights and sounds seem real.
Some say the VR experience feels like jumping into a video game.
[2] Google is one of the companies creating VR experiences for students. It
launched Google Expeditions in 2015. Now it offers more than 600 virtual field
trips. Ben Schrom who works at Google Expeditions told Time For Kids magazine
(TFK) “Teachers’ faces light up because we’ve given them a superpower; they can
transport their classes somewhere else.”
[3] Katelyn Flanagan, 12 years old, used VR to jump to the surface of the moon. She also visited Jupiter and Mars.
“It was so cool and so lifelike,” she says. Monica, a teacher at Morris Plains School, says her students loved the experi-
ence. “I think they enjoyed it so much because it’s different from watching a video. It broadens what I teach them,”
she says. Chris Chin, who works for a VR company, says VR can also be used to teach real-world tasks. “People can
learn how to fight fires or to become a doctor. A VR experience is a safer way to learn to treat patients,” Chin told TFK
magazine.
[4] Research suggests that virtual reality could reach 15 million students by 2025. In a research conducted by TFK
magazine, nearly 70% of school administrators have a positive view of VR in the classroom. Of those who do not
have VR in their school or region, almost half say they are very interested in using it in different subjects in the
future. However, not everyone is excited about VR. Some people are concerned about its effects on kids’ eyesight.
Dr. Martin Banks, a professor of vision science at the University of California, says “we’re looking for evidence, but so
far, we haven’t found any.” However, Dr. Banks has found proof of discomfort. “It can lead to headaches and nausea
in a small number of people,” he adds.
[5] VR can also be costly. The best headsets cost more than $500. Google Cardboard viewers are more affordable.
They cost less than $15 each but must be used with a smartphone. Classrooms would need a smartphone for every
student, or kids would need to share one. Students like Katelyn hope that schools can overcome these obstacles
and bring VR to the classroom. “I would like to go to places I’ve never been to,” she says. “You don’t have to tell
students about things anymore; you can show them.”

Adapted from www.timeforkids.com

COMPREHENSION 15 Pts Base all your answers on the text

A- TICK (√) THE QUESTIONS THAT ARE ANSWERED IN THE TEXT AND PUT A CROSS (X) NEXT TO THE
ONES THAT ARE NOT ANSWERED. (3 pts)

Example: What is VR? √

Example: Is Katelyn Flanagan a student in Monica’s class? X
1. How much do Google Cardboard viewers cost? ....
2. What places did Katelyn visit in her VR experience? ....
3. When did TFK conduct research about VR? ....

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B- ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (3 pts)
1. Google made it possible for students to have access to Virtual Reality.

2. Ben Schrom is a teacher.

3. School administrators disagree with the use of VR at school.

C- CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER. (2 pts)

1. “without stepping foot outside their classroom” (paragraph 1) means :
a. without leaving their classroom.
b. without getting into the classroom.
c. without making noise in their classroom.
The right answer is:
2. “teachers’ faces light up” (paragraph 2) means:
a. teachers get confused
b. teachers get worried.
c. teachers feel excited.
The right answer is:
D- COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. (2 pts)
1. Doctors haven’t yet found any evidence of .
2. are some of the health problems of using VR.

E- FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS THAT MEAN F-WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN
ALMOST THE SAME AS (2 pts) THE TEXT REFER TO? (1 pt)
1. started (paragraph 2): 1. they (paragraph 2):
2. expensive (paragraph 5): 2. one (paragraph 5):

G- FILL IN THE GAPS WITH WORDS FROM THE TEXT.THE FIRST LETTER IS GIVEN. (2 pts)
Through Virtual Reality students can visit many p around the world. All they need is just a
cardboard connected to a c or a smart phone and h Students who have
tried VR say they enjoy the experience because the sights and s seem real.

LANGUAGE 15 Pts

A- FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE APPROPRIATE PHRASAL VERBS. (2 pts)

look up – log out – apply for – fill in – log on

1. Why don’t you that job? I think you have the required qualifications.
2. You need your username and password to to your Facebook page.

B- GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS IN BRACKETS. (2 pts)

Morocco’s (invest) in (renew) energies has proved to be (benefit)
for the economy and the environment. This is a good example of (sustain)
development.

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C- FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE APPROPRIATE WORDS FROM THE LIST. (2 pts)

ought to – shouldn’t – needn’t – would – can't

1. It be my little brother who wrote that; he doesn't know a word in English.

2. Leila see her doctor; otherwise, her headaches will get worse.
D- PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT FORM. (2 pts)
Dear mum,
I hope you’re fine. I (read) your e-mail yesterday. You seem to be worried. Well, now
I (stay) with one of my friends because I (not/ get) any answer from the
university yet. I hope that by the end of this month, I (move) to my own room on the
campus.
Take care mum.
E- CORRECT THE UNDERLINED MISTAKES. (3 pts)
1. To avoid obesity, doctors advise people not sitting in front of TV for long hours.
2. Plastic bags are no longer using for shopping in Morocco.
3. Your computer wouldn’t have been infected if you install a powerful antivirus.
F- MATCH EACH EXPRESSION TO ITS APPROPRIATE FUNCTION. (2 pts)

Expressions Functions

1. “Why don’t we check this website for more information?” a. expressing opinion
2. “If only I had told my teacher about my absence before.” b. agreeing
3. “For me, introducing English in primary school is a good idea.” c. suggesting
4. “I'm afraid this is not the tablet we ordered online.” d. complaining
e. expressing regret
1- 2- 3- 4-
G- WRITE AN APPROPRIATE RESPONSE TO EACH SITUATION? (2 pts)
1. You were invited to a party, but you didn’t attend.
You: (apologize)
2. Teacher: Bullying is a serious problem in schools.
You: (express lack of understanding)

WRITING 10 Pts

TASK 1: Complete the following paragraph. (4 pts)

There are many reasons why people don’t read books these days. First,

TASK 2: Save Our Planet magazine is inviting students to suggest ways to preserve the environment.
Write an article suggesting how to protect the environment. (6 pts)

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 Normal
BAC EXAM PAPER 2018- SCIENCE STREAM
session

[1] AeroMobil 3.0 is a combination of a plane and a car designed to drive on the
road and fly through the air. It can transform in seconds from a car to a plane. This
invention of the Slovakian company AeroMobil started to be on sale in 2017.
[2] The concept of a flying car is not new. The idea was popularized in the 1960s
through animated cartoons. This concept was originally brought to life in 1989 by
Slovak designer Stefan Klein. After years of testing different models, Klein’s
twenty-year dream came true when he set a partnership with entrepreneur, Juraj
Vaculik. They co-founded the company AeroMobil in 2010.
[3] Developing the flying car has not been without difficulties. AeroMobil
company faced problems in 2015 when one of its prototypes crashed during a
test in Nitra, west Slovakia, sending the pilot to hospital with minor injuries.
[4] The year 2016 was a great success for AeroMobil. It marked the introduction of the latest prototype AeroMobil
3.0 at an international forum in Brussels. The vehicle uses a diesel engine and has wings that fold, which allows it to
be parked like a car, though it is nearly 6 meters long. It seats two people: the pilot and a passenger. The company
said the car's top speed on the road is 160 km/h and 200 km/h while flying. It can fly for 700 kilometers before
running out of fuel. Drivers who can buy this luxurious flying car, priced between 1.2 and 1.6 million dollars, will
need a pilot’s license to fly it.
[5] AeroMobil aims to make personal transportation more efficient and environmentally friendly. It helps to
overcome traffic jams in large areas and allows faster travel for medium distances or in areas with limited road
infrastructure.
[6] Stefan Klein is very positive about the project. “I’m very happy with what we have been able to achieve in such
a short time with a team of only 12 engineers. AeroMobil 3.0 is not the end of this challenging project; it’s the
beginning of a whole new adventure which may change the way we look at the personal transport in the future,” he
said. Adapted from www.cnn.com/autos/aeromobil-flying-car

COMPREHENSION 15 Pts Base all your answers on the text

A- ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (3 pts)

1. AeroMobil 3.0 can quickly change to a plane.

2. Both Juraj Vaculik and Stefan Klein set up the AeroMobil company.

3. During the test of AeroMobil 3.0 in 2015, the pilot was hurt in an accident.

B- COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART WITH INFORMATION FROM THE TEXT. (2 pts)

Technical Name Price Top speed Top speed Maximum nonstop

of vehicle as a car as a plane flight distance

AeroMobil 3.0

C- ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (3 pts)

1. Where was the latest AeroMobil 3.0 prototype introduced?

2. What do drivers need to fly AeroMobil 3.0?

3. How does Stefan Klein feel about the future of AeroMobil project?

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D- COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. (2 pts)
1. Twelve engineers participated in
2. It is easy for AeroMobil 3.0 to be parked because

E- WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN F- FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS OR PHRASES THAT
THE TEXT REFER TO? (2 pts) MEAN ALMOST THE SAME AS (3 pts)
1. This invention (paragraph 1): 1. mixture (paragraph 1):
2. It (paragraph 4): 2. born (paragraph 2):
3. accomplish (paragraph 6):

LANGUAGE 15 Pts

A- FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE APPROPRIATE WORDS. (2 pts)

total - foreign - visual - moral - corporal

1. My grandmother used to tell us stories that teach lessons.

2. The government encourages investments to create job opportunities.
B- PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT TENSE. (2 pts)
1. By this time next year, Morocco (launch) its second surveillance satellite.
2. “(you/visit) the Louvre Museum when you were in Paris last summer?”

C- REWRITE THE SENTENCES BEGINNING WITH THE WORDS GIVEN. (3 pts)

1. Students will complete the first module in three weeks’ time.
The first module
2. “Don’t worry about the medical tests.”
The nurse told the patient
3. Samuel came late to the party; he took the wrong road.
If Samuel hadn’t taken the wrong road, he
D- FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE RIGHT WORDS FROM THE LISTS. (2 pts)
1. Do you know the boy won the reading contest in your school?
a. who b. whose c. which

2. “I often forget I put my keys,” Sam told his neighbour.

a. how b. when c. where

E- GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS IN BRACKETS. (2 pts)

The manager agreed to employ Emmy (immediate) after the interview.
He later gave her the employment contract for (sign) .
F- MATCH EACH STATEMENT WITH THE APPROPRIATE FUNCTION. (4 pts)

Expressions Functions

1. “Can I go on an excursion with my friends, dad?” Rosa asked. a. expressing a wish

2. “If only I could go to Russia to support the Moroccan football team!” b. asking for permission
3. “You ought to think twice before changing your job.” c. apologizing
4. “I’m sorry I stepped on your school bag.” d. expressing opinion
e. giving advice
1- 2- 3- 4-

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 WRITING 10 Pts

TASK 1: Complete the following paragraph. (4 pts)

For my next birthday, I would like to have as a gift for the following reasons. First,

TASK 2: Write a reply to the following email. (6 pts)

… You know, people do different things when they feel bored. Well, for me, I usually watch a movie or go for
a walk. What about you?

DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME OR SIGN THE EMAIL

Ali EL AZOUZI 108 BRIDGE

 Normal
BAC EXAM PAPER 2018- HUMANITIES
session

Laura is an Australian university student. On her 18th birthday, her father

decided to do something special for her. She is telling her story.
[1] When my father asked me about what I wanted for my 18th birthday, my
answer was “I want to do voluntary work in Nepal”. I heard about travel
volunteering from some of my classmates who already served global
communities while having the pleasure to see different places. They all agreed
that volunteering abroad allows people to have an authentic trip while serving
another community.
[2] For my 18th birthday, I decided to do something for the people in Nepal.
After consulting different volunteering websites, I opted to work at the children’s
Daycare Center in Chitwan, not far from Kathmandu. Flying from my hometown,
Sydney, to Kathmandu was both scary and exciting as I had never been to Nepal before.
[3] At the airport, I was greeted by my guide Phil. He accompanied me for a quick visit of the streets of Kathmandu.
The first night in the hotel was a real shocker and an eye-opener for me, having seen kids no more than 10 years old
living on the street. In the morning, I took a bus to Chitwan where I was welcomed by Dilu and Binu, my generous
homestay Dad and Mom. They immediately made me feel at home.
[4] During the first week, I worked at the children’s Daycare Center. Working with the kids was an absolute delight:
from playing with them to teaching them the alphabet and some English words; it was all just an amazing
experience. My homestay family organized my best 18th birthday party following local rituals; several natives of
Chitwan danced and sang memorable traditional chants. For my second week, I decided to travel and see some of
the rest of the country. Dilu took me to visit some of the most amazing places I have ever seen. We also went on
elephant safaris and had long walks through the jungle.
[5] Although it was a short stay, my volunteering experience has offered me some of the most memorable
moments of my travelling life and has helped me to grow as a person. Being outside my normal routine and
working with people from other cultures challenged me to open my mind.
[6] Choosing a travel volunteering experience can be challenging. Yet, I recommend it to anyone who wants to
see the world while doing some good for another community. International volunteering serves to strengthen
communities and support them to face challenges.
Adapted from different sources.

COMPREHENSION 15 Pts Base all your answers on the text

A- ARE THESE STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE? JUSTIFY. (3 pts)

1. Laura knew about travel volunteering from a website.

2. Laura stayed in a hotel in Chitwan.

3. Laura spent two weeks in Nepal.

B- ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. (4 pts)

1. How did Laura know about Children’s Daycare Center?

2. Why was Laura shocked when she arrived in Kathmandu?

3. How did Laura help the local children?

4. How did Dilu and Binu celebrate Laura’s birthday?

Ali EL AZOUZI 109 BRIDGE

C- COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES WITH INFORMATION FROM THE TEXT. (3 pts)
1. For Laura’s 18th birthday, her father
2. Laura was afraid of her trip to Nepal because
3. In addition to her work in the Daycare Center, Laura spent some of her time

D- FIND IN THE TEXT WORDS OR PHRASES THAT E- WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS IN THE
MEAN ALMOST THE SAME AS (3 pts) TEXT REFER TO? (2 pts)
1. chose (paragraph 2): 1. They (paragraph 1):
2. songs (paragraph 4): 2. the country (paragraph 4):
3. unforgettable (paragraph 5):

LANGUAGE 15 Pts

A- FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE APPROPRIATE PHRASES FROM THE LIST. (2 pts)
take place - give up - take after - look after - make up

1. Mouna’s wedding party will in a five-star hotel.

2. I know Yassine; he will a story to justify his absence again.
B- GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORDS IN BRACKETS. (2 pts)
1. The aim of this project is to (integration) disabled people in the local economy.
2. Renewable energy contributes to the (improve) of social services.

C- FILL IN EACH GAP WITH AN APPROPRIATE WORD OR PHRASE FROM THE LIST. (2 pts)
1. Feel free me if you need more details about the job.

to call - call - calling

2. Ouarzazate, Gladiator was filmed, is attracting more and more film directors.
which - whose - where

D- PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT FORM. (2 pts)

Teacher: Is your project ready?
Student: Not yet sir. We (start) only last Tuesday. We (still/collect)
information.
Teacher: When do you think the project (be) ready?
Student: We (complete) the first part by the end of this week.
Teacher: Ok. Remember that you have to present your project to the class next week!

E- REWRITE THE SENTENCES BEGINNING WITH THE WORDS GIVEN. (3 pts)

1. Beth was too late. She didn’t take the exam.
If Beth hadn’t been too late, she
2. With this software, you can transform pictures into animations.
With this software, pictures
3. “The investment plans did not reduce unemployment,” the minister said.
The minister admitted that

Ali EL AZOUZI 110 BRIDGE

F- MATCH EACH STATEMENT WITH THE APPROPRIATE FUNCTION. (4 pts)

Expressions Functions

1. “I’m afraid but we gave you the best room in our hotel.” a. asking for opinion
2. “It’s a pity she doesn’t speak Spanish.” b. responding to a complaint
3. “What do you think should be done to reduce the crime rate?” c. expressing certainty
4. “I can hear noise; there must be someone at home.” d. giving advice
e. expressing regret
1- 2- 3- 4-
G- WRITE APPROPRIATE RESPONSES TO THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS. (2 pts)
1. Your friend: I’m really sorry. I didn’t know you were sleeping.
You: (Accept the apology)
2. Your teacher: The government should invest more in renewable energies.
You: (Ask for clarification)

WRITING 10 Pts TASK 1: Write a short biography of Angelina Jolie using the details below: (4 pts)

Name: Angelina Jolie. Profession: actress / film maker/activist.

Date of birth: June 4, 1975. First movie: Lookin’ to get out (1982); as a child actress.
Birth place: Los Angeles, California, US. Famous movies: Mr and Mrs Smith, 2005. Wanted, 2008. Salt, 2010.
Nationality: American. Hobbies: reading/volunteering/music
Education: Theater Institute, California. Favorite singers: Madonna, Elvis Presley.

TASK 2: Write a reply to the following email. (6 pts)

… You know people do different things when they feel bored. Well, for me, I usually watch a movie or go for a
walk. What about you? What do you do when you feel bored and you want to relax? Jane

DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME OR SIGN THE EMAIL

Ali EL AZOUZI 111 BRIDGE

 ANSWERS
Page Key to all exercises
Ex. 1 irregular verbs : send - take - speak - feel- buy regular verbs : move- launch - need - revise
- imagine
6 Ex. 2 1. was/were- been 2. sold - sold 3.flew- flown 4. gave - given 5. wrote - written
Ex. 3 1. watched - watched 2. drive - driven 3. drink - drank 4. taught - taught 5.jump - jumped
Simple present Ex. 1 on Mondays 2. in 2005 Ex. 2 1. he goes 2. they play 3. Mary washes
4. My children are 5. she doesn’t study Ex.3 1. reads 2. washes 3. wears 4. are 5. Does Jackie go
7 Simple past Ex. 1 1. the other day 2. next week Ex. 2 1. went 2. saw 3. played 4. didn’t come
5. they were Ex.3 1. arrived 2. saw 3. were 4. didn’t like 5. Did Nancy go
Present continuous Ex. 1 1. now 2.already Ex. 2. they are playing 2. Sam and Leila are dancing
3. I am not speaking 4. He is singing 5. David is not writing Ex. 3 1. is raining 2. is not speaking
3. are still fighting 4. are playing 5. Is Sandra doing... ?
Past continuous Ex. 1 1. while 2. next week Ex. 2 1. she was watching 2. they were playing 3. it was
8 raining 4. Many students were working 5. he was not driving Ex.3 1. was doing 2. was writing -
was watching 3. was waiting 4. arrived - was not cooking 5. Was your brother playing... ?
Present perfect Ex. 1 1. since 2. before Ex. 2 1. they have done 2. Jack has published 3. He has not
had 4. she has studied 5. Mike and Lina have had Ex. 3 has just phoned 2. have recently bought
3. has not cooked 4. has driven/has been driving 5. has been 6. have you ever read?
Past perfect Ex. 1 1. after 2. at the moment Ex. 2 1. had come 2. had not had 3. had seen 4. had
played 5. had cut Ex.3 1. took – had memorized 2. had done – went 3. arrived – had already started
4. felt – had never taken 5. got – had graduated
9 Simple future Ex.1 1. next week 2. by tomorrow Ex.2 1. will work 2. will play 3. will speak 4. will not
come 5. will enjoy Ex.3 1. will travel 2. will not meet 3. will marry 4. will not be 5. Will James attend?
Future perfect: Ex.1 in two days’ time 2. already Ex.2 1. will have gone 2. will have played 3. will
have done 4. will have visited 5. will have enjoyed Ex. 3 1. will have finished 2. will have gone
3. will have returned 4. will have bought 5. will have studied
Past perfect simple 1. had eaten - joined 2. had had - went out 3. arrived - had already started
4. had known - got 5. had phoned - went 6. had finished – returned
Past perfect continuous 1. had been looking for – caught 2. was – had been working 3. had been
10 driving – had 4. had been working – came in 5. had been playing – began 6. felt – had been driving
Future perfect 1. will have done 2. will have visited 3. will have finished 4. will have fallen 5. will
have received 6. will have cleaned 7. will have begun 8. will have done 9. will have received 10. will
have left
Ex. 1 1. didn’t come 2. will send 3. woke up - had already prepared 4. started 5. has not built 6. will
have taken 7. will start 8. have not seen 9. are playing
Ex. 2 1. has just finished 2. arrived – had already died 3. is still typing 4. took – had revised 5. has
11 not attended – was – to relax – will have resumed 6. won 7. was driving- crossed – will have
introduced 8. take 9. met 10. are playing 11. was doing 12. had already worked 13. will probably
come
Ex. 3 1. came 2. will have completed 3. had already left 4. will send 5. organized
Ex1. 1. who 2. that/which 3. whose 4. where 5. that/which 6. why 7. when 8. whom
Ex. 2 1. This is the shop where I bought my new glasses. 2. The man whom we met yesterday is nice.
12
3. I don’t like the car which he sold last week. 4. The woman whose husband is dead is called a
widow. 5. Illiteracy is a serious problem that threatens our society.

Ali EL AZOUZI 112 BRIDGE

 Ex. 1 1.d 2.a 3.b 4.c Ex. 2 1. who 2. that 3. where 4. whose 5. why 6. when 7. which 8. whom Ex. 3 1. Would you like the
T-shirt which I bought yesterday? 2. Can you call the man who is wearing blue jeans? 3. The teacher talked to the student
13 whose phone rang during the exam. 4. Van Diesel, who was born in 1967, is an American actor and director/ Van Diesel is
an American actor and director, who was born in 1967 in California. Ex. 4 1.a 2.a 3.b 4.b 5.a 6.a 7.a 8.b
Ex. 1 1. meeting 2. building 3. coming 4. working 5. eating Ex. 2 1. study 2. accept 3. leave 4. buy 5. call Ex. 3 1. to eat 2. to
14 save 3. to write 4. to pay 5. to go Ex. 4 1. respect 2. listening 3. touching 4. to buy 5. lending 6. to solve Ex. 5 1.a 2.a 3.a

Ex .1 1. meet 2. preparing 3. to set up 4. to go 5. cheating 6. visit 7. listening 8. to go 9. live

15 10. playing Ex. 2 1. showing 2. to leave 3. use 4. meeting 5. making 6. wearing 7. buying 8. to
answer 9. sending 10. planting Ex. 3 1.a 2.a 3.b 4.a 5.a 6.b 7.a 8.b 9.a 10.b

Ex 1. 1.TV is a …. . Besides, it’s a source of entertainment. He speaks .. In addition, he understands Spanish. 3. She
not only sings in the parties, but also she sings. Ex2 1. Although Martha is blind, she can…./ Martha can write…
….although she is blind. 2. Despite the coldness in New York, our …/ Despite New York being cold, our…/ Despite
the fact that New York was cold, our … / Our vacation… despite the coldness…/ Our vacation…despite New York
being cold/ Our vacation….despite the fact that it was cold in New York. 3. Even if Helen ran fast, she lost../ Helen

16 lost the ….even if she ran fast . Ex3 1.He was tired. However, he played the match. 2. It was raining. Nevertheless,
we walked to schoool. He exercised regularly. Yet, he didn’t lose any weight. Ex4 1. Messi has millions of fans because he…/
Because Messi is famous, he has…. 2. The traffic was heavy owning to Christmas../ Owing to Christmas.. , the traffic… 3. We
had to stay home because of the storm/ Because of the storm, we had… 4. She took…thanks to an English course/ thanks to
taking…/thanks to the fact that she took…/ Thanks to an English course, she../ Thanks to taking …, she could../ Thanks to the
fact that she took…, she could…

Ex. 1 1. He can not only play the piano, but also he can sing/ Not only can he play the piano, but he can also sing. 2.
Although she drives well, she can’t pass her driving license/ She can’t pass her driving license although she drives well. 3.
The boxer trained hard last time. Therefore, he managed to win the final round. 4. I had to drive slowly last night because
it was raining heavily/ Because it was raining heavily, I had to …… . 5. Tom loves to spend…., whereas his wife….. 6.
Because of asthma/ Because of suffering from asthma/ Because of the fact that Mr. Carter suffered from asthma, he… 7.
Since the boy was……./ The boy was easily convinced since he was… . 8. Despite his wealth/ Despite being wealthy/
17 Despite the fact that he is wealthy, he… / He lives in a small apartment in town despite his wealth/ despite being wealthy/
despite the fact that he is wealthy. 9. It was sunny and shining. However, the snow didn’t….. 10. In spite of the danger/ In
spite of being in danger/ In spite of the fact that Mark and Sam were in danger, ……./ Mark and Sam didn’t call for help in
spite of the danger/ in spite of being in danger/ in spite of the fact that they were in danger.
Ex. 2 1. Despite 2. However 3. Although 4. whereas 5. because of 6. but Ex. 3 1.a 2.c 3.b 4.e 5.d 6.f 7.h 8.g

Ex. 1 1. so as to 2. so that 3. in order not to 4. for Ex. 2 1. He projected a video about illiteracy to
sensitize parents to the importance of education/ To sensitize people of... , he projected.. . 2. Brainy
people leave their homelands for improving their living and working conditions/ For improving….,
brainy people leave … . 3. He went to the hospital so as to participate in the blood donation
18 campaign/ So as to participate …, he went.. . 4. We need to use the solar energy in order to sustain
our development/ In order to sustain…, we need….. 5. The association received a lot of homeless
children so that they could re-integrate them into families and school/ So that the association
could re-integrate…, they received a lot of….. . 6. This cultural festival is organized to promote
tolerance within the community/ To promote …., this cultural festival ……. .
Ex. 1 Parents give advice to their children so as to help…./ So as to help their children, parents give..
2. The teacher projected a film in order to help…/ In order to help students…, the teacher… . 3. He
attended a cookery school in order to become…/ In order to become a chef, he attended….. 4. This
19 campaign is often organized in order to fight…/ In order to fight …, this campaign… 5. Thousands
of Moroccan immigrants immigrate to Europe so that they can make…/ So that thousands of
Moroccan immigrants can make….., they immigrate to Europe. 6. They invest a lot of money in
tourism for attracting…/ For attracting…., they invest.. 7. The candidate took a taxi in order not to

Ali EL AZOUZI 113 BRIDGE

 be…./ In order not to be late…, the candidate took… 8. Maria and her sister left home early so as
not to be late for the appointment/ In order not to be late…., Maria and…..
Ex. 2 1.The criminal ran away in order not to be caught by the police/ In order not to be caught.
2. She went on a diet last year so that she could lose weight/ So that she could lose weight, she
went… . 3. He went to Senegal to study medicine so as to become a doctor/ So as to become a
doctor, he went.. . 4. The councilor organized a meeting so that he could discuss the community
problems/ So that the councilor could discuss the community service, he organized.. . 5. Gandhi
organized non-violent protests to fight for Indian’s independence/ To fight for Indian’s.., Gandhi
organized…. . 6. Abbey is saving money so that she can buy…/ So that Abbey can buy…, she is
saving money. 7. He eats less fast food so as not to be fat/ So as not to bed fat, he eats less… .
Ex. 3 1.b 2.b 3.b 4.a 5.a

Ex. 1 1. ..he lived near school. 2. …they spoke Spanish. 3. ..it rained much here. 4. ..he had enough
money. 5. ..they didn’t take the train…. Ex. 2 1. ..he had had the ticket. 2. ..I had not stolen his cell
phone yesterday. 3. ..he had applied for the job on time. 4. ...she had not driven fast. 5. ..I had been
a member of that association.
Ex. 3 1. .. my best friend would come to the party. 2. ..I could see you more often. 3. ..they would
20
arrive on Friday. 4. ..Adam could lend you the car. 5. ..she would call Jack tonight. Ex. 4 1. ….she had
taken the taxi to work yesterday. 2. He had had enough time to finish the whole exam last time.
3. I could help you. 4. I had been with my wife during my vacation in Europe last summer. 5. she had
passed her driving test. 6. he had a good salary.
Ex. 1 1. had a membership card (to join the club.) 2. he had been able to attend the meeting last
week. 3. lived with us in this beautiful town. 4. it had rained last year. 5. he had woken up early.
6. I knew how to solve this puzzle. 7. he would not arrive late to the interview. 8. she had gone to
21 the doctor earlier. 9. had not seen that terrible film. 10. I could answer you. Ex. 2 1. he had stayed
longer in Spain. 2. I could speak foreign languages. 3. he had not sold his old computer yesterday.
4. I had time (to help you). 5. he had respected the red light. Ex. 3 1.b 2.a 3.b 4.a 5.b

Ex. 1 1. boil - evaporates 2. heat - melts 3. don’t water - die 4. rains - gets 5. mingle - goes Ex. 2
1. have - will buy 2. don’t hurry - will miss 3. invite - will come 4. works - will succeed 5. don’t leave
- will call
Ex. 3 1. If I had a passport, I would travel. 2. If I had his phone number, I would call him. 3. If I were
rich, I would buy a Ferrari.4. If he had time, he would help you. 5. If Peter were not sick, he would
22 come. Ex. 4 If she had found Steve’s phone number, she would have called him. 2. If the children
had not been sick, we would have gone on a picnic. 3. If it had not started to rain, we would have
walked to the forest. 4. If the professor had not spoken fast, I would have understood his lecture.
5. If Sara’s father had not lost the job, she would not have dropped out of school. 6. If I had your
address, I would send you the invitation.

Ex. 1 1. If he had worn his jacket yesterday, he would not have caught a bad cold. 2. If I had worked
hard last year, I would have got a lot of money. 3. If the weather had not been terrible, the referee
would not have stopped the match. 4. If you had watched last TV news, you would have heard
about the president’s death. 5. If she had been good at the piano, she would have joined the music
band. 6. If I had had enough money, I would have taken my family to the restaurant. 7. If she had
corrected her mistakes, she would not have got a bad mark in the exam. 8. If Maria had had a yacht,
23 she would have sailed along the river.
Ex. 2 1. If we had not lost our tickets, we would have gone to the stadium. 2. If Melisa had had eggs,
she would have made you your favourite cake. 3. If I had understood the lesson, I would have
explained it to you. 4. If my father had not needed money, he would not have sold his car last
month. 5. If he had not been lazy, he would have passed his final exams. 6. If we had not thrown
garbage everywhere, we would not have suffered from pollution. 7. If she had learned English at
school, she would have communicated with Americans. 8. If my sister had not forgotten to close the

Ali EL AZOUZI 114 BRIDGE

 cage, the bird would not have flown away last night.
Ex. 3 1. had told 2. had known 3. would have had 4. would have joined 5. had not eaten 6. had
filled in 7. had taken - would not have had
Ex. 2 1. brings about 2. eat out 3. fill in 4. found out 5. give up 6. hand in 7. broke down
Ex. 3 1. applied for 2. broke down 3. broke up 4. called off 5. come back 6. eat out 7. fill in 8. broke
24 in Ex. 5 1. let down 2. takes after 3. look up 4. made up 5. passed away 6. show up 7. look after
Ex. 6 1.turned down 2. take off 3. put off 4. stands for 5. take up 6. set up 7. show up 8. put on
Ex. 1 1.b 2.a 3.c 4.e 5.d 6.f Ex. 2 1. fill in 2. found out 3. passed away 4. hand in 5. go on/ carry on
25 / keep on 6. stands for 7. takes after 8. take up 9. turned down 10. put off Ex. 3 1.breaks down
2. apply for 3. put off 4. looking forward to 5. look ..up 6. bring about Ex. 4 1.b 2.a 3.b 4.a 5.a 6.b
Ex. 1 1…he lived in Marrakesh. 2. ..that she was very happy to see Mr. Taylor. 3. that he had called the secretary
the previous day. 4. that she had not been sick the previous week. 5. that she was waiting for her brother. 6.
that they were planting olive trees. 7. that she had been doing her homework. 8. they had been cleaning the
classroom. 9. that he had repaired his car. 10. that Steve had sent a message. 11. that they would make more
efforts to win the match. 12. that he would take me on a picnic the following weekend. 13. that they could
26 solve that equation… 14. that she could speak …. 15. it might rain that night. 16. that the president might
visit that region. 17. she had to go. 18. they had to hand in the homework the following day.
Ex. 2 1. to shut up. 2. not to use… 3. ...the patient to drink …. 1. if she knew his home address. 2. if my father
had bought a new car.3. the residents wanted to know if the mayor would visit their city 4. the man asked me
where he could find a bank 5. she asked her sister why the baby was shouting 1. going to the restaurant/ Jamal
suggested that they should go…
Ex. 1 1. that she would attend the training session the following week. 2. that they had played well
in the match. 3. not to leave ……. 4. if the boss would come the following day. 5.. where he could
find the dollar change. 6. to go on a diet. Ex. 2 1.a 2.a 3.b 4.b 5.a 6.b Ex 3. 1. that the association
had established some new rules. 2. that they had visited each other in Pairs. 3. to do the homework.
27 4. if the teacher would come to the party. 5. if she needed some help. 6. when he had visited
Istanbul. 7. that he had studied Biology the previous year in that college. 8. going/ that they should
go on a picnic to Ourika.

Ex. 1 1.c 2.b 3.a 4.e 5.d Ex. 2 1. involvement - difference - discrimination - imagination - attendance
- ignorance - management - unemployment - residence - pollution - violence - government
- development - explanation - addition Ex. 3 re-write 2. re-play 3. independent 4. out number
5. illegal 6. unsafe 7. irresponsible 8. misunderstood 9. unsatisfied 10. uncomfortable Ex. 4 1.harmful
28 2. financial 3. gifted 4. homeless 5. jobless 6. responsibility 7. prevention 8. information 9. assistance
10. historical Ex. 5 1. beneficial - benefit 2. creative - creativity 3. different - difference 4. reliable
- reliability 5. successful - success 6. strong - strength 7. acceptable - acceptance

Ex. 1 1. independent 2. inexperienced 3. re-write 4. illiterate 5. disagree 6. international

7. ex-president 8. illegal 9. immature 10. incorrect Ex. 2 1. beautiful 2.emigration 3. friendship
4. economical 5. industrial 6. childhood 7. liar 8. golden 9. successful 10. description
29 Ex. 3 1. careless 2.artistic 3. sunny, windy, rainy 4. darkness 5. unsuccessful 6. agreement 7. jobless,
homeless 8. personal 9. careful 10. illiteracy, ignorance 11. harmless 12. childless 13. useless
14. necessary 15. selfish, childish
Ex. 1 ability: can, could /obligation: have to, must / no obligation: don’t have to, needn’t/ advice:
30 ought to, should, had better / prohibition: can’t, mustn’t/ possibility: may, might, can, could
Ex. 2 1. might 2. must 3. may 4. should 5. mustn’t 6. needn’t 7. could 8. can 9. had to 10. couldn’t
11. mustn’t 12.should have 13. must 14. can - can’t 15. might have
Ex. 1 1. can 2. may 3. could 4. mustn’t 5. might 6. must 7. couldn’t 8. had to 9. mustn’t 10. don’t have
to 11. must have had 12. shouldn’t have brought 13. can’t be 14. could Ex. 2 1. must 2. needn’t
31 3. may 4. must 5. don’t have to 6. shouldn’t 7. must 8. must
Ex. 3 1.c 2.b 3.a 4.d 5.e 6.g 7.f 8.h 9.j 10.i

Ali EL AZOUZI 115 BRIDGE

 Ex. 1 1. Rule A: object + modal + be (no change) +Past Participle 1. should be selected for the next
African cup of nations by the coach. 2. must be avoided. 3. will be sent tomorrow. Rule B: object
+ am/is/are+ Past Participle 1. is made every morning for the kids by the maid. 2. are sent to the
32 university department every year by the headmaster. Rule C: object + was/ were + Past Participle
1. were sent yesterday by the groom. 2. was discovered by doctors. Rule D: object + am/is/are+
being + Past Participle 1. is being prepared now by Mona. 2. are being taken at the moment.
Rule E : object + was/ were + being + Past Participle 1. were being made to help children speak
English by the club members. 2. was being built for elderly people by the local authorities. 3. was
being repaired yesterday by the mechanic. Rule F : object + have/ has +been+ Past Participle
1. has been founded in this region. 2. have been written recently. 3. have been grown in this place
by the farmers. Rule G: object + had+ been + Past Participle 1. had been prepared for children by
33
Julia. 2. had been given to brilliant students. 3. had been printed by the writer.
Ex. 2 1. may be recycled by the members of the association. 2. was arrested last weekend by the
police. 3. will be built in our city by a foreign NGO. 4. have been made by Mark. 5. was cancelled
because of the bad weather. 6. are being typed at the moment. 7. was kept in the refrigerator. 8. has
been done by Mary. 9. are written to the boss. 10. was posted on Facebook yesterday by Sandra.
Ex. 1 1. handed 2.be 3. published 4. was 5. been 6. (by him)/ nothing Ex. 2 1.a 2.a 3.b 4.b 5.b 6.a
Ex. 3 1. were helped by some international NGOs. 2. are being painted. 3. had been made last
34 writing. 4. are built every five years in this city. 5. has been taken into consideration by the patient.
6. has been considered as the leader of the school before his accident. 7. were not allowed in the
Smith’s house. 8. will be invited for a TV interview by the committee.

Cause. 1. The smoke of cars leads to pollution. 2. High speed causes road accidents. 3. The heavy rain
results in the flood in the region. Effect. 1. Pollution is due to the smoke of cars. 2. Road accidents
are caused by high speed. 3. The flood in the region results from the heavy rain. Ex. 1. Mark came
late to school because his car broke down/ Because Mark’s car broke down, he came late to school.
2. He studied hard. Therefore, he got a good mark. 3. He left school because of his poverty/ because
of being poor/ because of the fact that he was poor./ Because of his poverty,/ Because of being poor,
35 / Because of the fact that he was poor, he left school. 4. The death of animals and trees is due to the
destruction of the forest. 5. He could read and write thanks to his efforts/ thanks to making efforts/
thanks to the fact that he made efforts./ Thanks to her efforts,/ Thanks to making efforts,/ Thanks to
the fact that she made efforts, she could read and write.
Ex. 1 1.in 2.of 3.for 4.at 5.to Ex. 2 1.with 2.in 3.about 4.on 5.to Ex. 3 1. from 2. on 3. at 4. at
36 5. from..to 6. on 7. in 8. on 9. at 10. on 11. of 12. on
NB. There are many different ways to express functions. Function. 1 1. In my opinion, some
37 Egyptian channels are terrible. 2. In my view, our Moroccan football team’s last performance was
excellent. 3. What do you think of this colour? For me, it’s good.
Function. 2 1. I agree. Exercising regularly keeps us fit and healthy. 2. I disagree. Tutors should not
do the homework to their students/ I disagree. Students should do their homework by themselves.
38 3. I agree because they can help each other/ I disagree because new married couples should live on
their own to avoid family problems. Function. 3 1. Teacher, can you clarify more the meaning of that
word? 2. Yes, sure. 3. I am sorry I can’t. I have class now. Function. 4 1. I am sorry, doctor. I don’t
understand. 2. Sorry, officer, but I didn’t get it. Could you say that again, please?
Function. 5 1. You’d better bring him a new cell phone. 2. Can you advise me what to do? You
should revise your lessons and ask the teacher for more help. Function. 6 1. Excuse me, Sir, but you
39 didn’t respect the queue. /I am sorry. I didn’t realize that. 2. I am sorry to have to say this, but
someone put rubbish in front of my door. 3. I am sorry I have a complaint to make. The service is
terrible here.

Ali EL AZOUZI 116 BRIDGE

 Function. 7 1. I am sorry. I mis-pronounced your name. 2. It’s alright. 2. I am really sorry. I called you
by mistake. Function. 8 1. Teacher, let’s go to Venice? Ah..That’s a good idea. 2. Dad, how about
40 selling your old car and buying a new one? 3. Let’s make some pasta?
Function. 9 1. Wow! That’s good news! 2. Oh! That’s terrible! . Function. 10 1. It’s forbidden to fish in
41 this lake. 2. No feeding! Function. 11 1. Xenophobia can be defined as the fear…. 2. A protagonist
refers to the main ….. .
Function. 12 1. Teacher, can I go to the rest room? 2. Madam, can I take a picture of you and post it
42 on Facebook? Function. 13 1. Necessity 2. Lack of necessity 3. Necessity 4. Lack of necessity 5. Lack
of necessity 6. Necessity 7. Lack of necessity 8. Necessity 9. Lack of necessity
Function. 14 1. can’t 2. can 3. can 4. can 5. can’t Function. 15. 1. I am sure. I will continue my studies
43 in France. 2. I am not sure. I will get the first mark in English. 3. I am not sure. my best team will win
the next match. Function. 16 1. could 2. might 3. can 4. could
Ex. 1 1. request 2. complaining 3. apologizing 4. opinion 5. agreement Ex. 2 1. Sir, may I use the
multi media room next week? 2. I agree. Students should be tested on just what they have studied.
3. Teacher, can you advise me where to continue my higher education? I think you should finish
your studies in the United Kingdom. 4. How about going to Spain this summer holiday?
44 5. Can you lend me your computer to type a short article? 6. I am so sorry. I was rude to you last time.
Ex. 3 1. We are really sorry. You can change it. 2. That’s a good idea. 3. Wow! That’s the best news
ever. 4. No worries. It often happens. 5. Yes, sure. Ex. 4 1.a 2.c 3.b 4.d 5.e 6.g 7.f 8.h

Ex. 1 1.shouldn’t 2. must 3. should 4. mustn’t 5. doesn’t have 6. should Ex. 2 1.The doctor told the
nurse that the medicine prescribed had not made the patient feel better.. 2. So as to borrow some
books, I went to the library. 3. If only I had not argued with my parents last night. 4. The Cop22 was
organized in Marrakesh in November by United Nations. 5. In spite of my work as a doctor for many
45 years, …./ In spite of working as a doctor…/ In spite of the fact that I’ve worked….. Ex. 3 1. Although
2. due to 3. However 4. whereas Ex. 4 1. broke out 2. slow down 3. handed her paper in/ went out
Ex. 5 1. saying 2. whom 3. eating Ex. 6 1.I agree. Girls study better than boys these days./ I disagree.
Boys are more intelligent and hardworking than girls. 2. That’s really wonderful. Congratulations!
3. I am sorry. I have a complaint to make. Your children always make noise in the corridor.
Ex. 1 1. independent 2. humour 3. discrimination 4. resources Ex 2. 1. voluntary . 2. educational
3. diversity 4. care Ex 3. 1. who 2. whose 3. where 4. which Ex 4. 1. Peter said that he would sell his
new apartment. 2. The two contacts were signed yesterday by the president. 3. If only I had watched
46 the film last night. 4. If I had brought my son a gift, he would not have been mad at me. 5. We
organized a meeting in order to improve…../ In order to improve our working conditions in the
factory, we organized a meeting. Ex 5. 1. have finished - will have posted 2. had bought
Ex 6. 1.c 2.d 3.e 4.a
Ex 1. 1. might 2. who 3. to eat 4. whom Ex 2. 1. …that she had bought her a new puppet.
2. …has been built in Marrakesh. 3. …had the internet connection, they would buy the products
online. 4. Caudle and his friend bought two tickets so that they could watch the match at the
stadium. 5. …I had taken a taxi. Ex 3. 1. started/ will have printed 2. had worked/ had been
47 working - moved Ex 4. 1. keep on 2. bring about 3. take off - put on Ex 5. 1. memorize
2. complaint 3. aware 4. destruction Ex 6. 1. I am sorry. I called you by mistake. 2. Can you lend me
your motorbike to make a delivery?
Ex 1. 1. needn’t 2. drink 3. so as to 4. appeal to Ex 2. 1. …Brenda to see an optician before wearing
those sunglasses. 2. ….was given a diamond ring for her engagement by Clark.3. If I had bought a
ticket, I would have gone to the racing car show. 5. The little girl hid under the table so as not to be
48 seen by the guests. Ex 3. 1. couldn’t - was driving 2. had already started 3. built Ex 4. 1. tempting
2. Boarding 3. anthem 4. access Ex 5. 1. medical 2. choice 3. apply 4. illiterate Ex 6. 1. He is not
only a university professor, but also he is an active member in an NGO/ Not only is he a university
professor, but also he is an active member in an NGO. 2. In spite of eating less greasy food, he is fat
Ali EL AZOUZI 117 BRIDGE
 / In spite of the fact that he eats less greasy food,……/ In spite of the greasy food that he eats, he....
3. He killed an old lady. Therefore, the police arrested him.
Ex 1. 1. immigration 2. opportunities 3. housework 4. higher Ex 2. 1. international 2. helpful
3. careless Ex 3. 1. Smoking is a bad habit. That’s why, it should be forbidden in all public places.
2. Some workers are not satisfied with their salaries. As a consequence, they left their jobs. 3. Last
month, many flights to Istanbul were cancelled due to the bad weather./ due to the weather being
bad./ due to the fact that the weather was bad./ Last month, due to the bad weather,/ due to the
49 weather being bad,../ due to the fact that the weather was bad, many flights….. . 4.The journalist
didn’t bring the badge. Therefore, the security guard didn’t let him in. Ex 4. 1. ..when the old man
had met the king. 2. I wish I had brought my camera to take some photos. 3. ….I used to meet in
this restaurant has become my best friend. 4. ….is being built downtown. Ex 5. 1. playing 2. had
finished 3. will have left Ex 6. 1.a 2.b 3.d 4.c
Ex 1. 1. inexperienced 2. safety 3. industrial Ex 2. 1. thoughtful 2. voluntary 3. ceasing 4. rights
Ex 3. 1. takes 2. had worked/ had been working 3. will have finished Ex 4. 1. ..he had known the
answer during the exam. 2. ..where he/she could find a cheap apartment for rent. 3. Despite her
richness/ Despite being a rich woman,.. / Despite the fact that Camellia is a rich woman, she doesn’t
50 help poor people. 4. It was raining heavily. Therefore, the bus driver had to slow down. 5. The
journalist brought a notebook in order to take notes during the conference./ In order to take notes..,
the journalist brought a notebook. 6. ..I hadn’t gone to the party./ Ex 5. 1.b 2.a 3.c 4.d
Ex 6. 1. took down 2. to score 3. look it up 4. read
Ex 1. 1. will have joined 2. got - had already taken off 3. visited 4. died - are studying Ex 2. 1. where
2. which Ex 3. 1. needn’t 2. shouldn’t 3. must 4. couldn’t Ex 4. 1.b 2.b 3.a 4.a Ex 5. 1. He had a
51 lot of money. However, he didn’t buy a car. 2. Frank read the article twice so as to check his spelling
mistakes/ So as to check …., Frank read… . . 3. ..is an old man, he writes books in English.
Ex 6. 1.a 2.b 3.d 4.c
Ex 1. 1. will have finished - repairing 2. had seen - won - was 3. has recently bought 4. work
5. devoting Ex 2. 1. is brought to the dog by the building keeper. 2. taking evening classes to learn
English/ that we should take evening…. 3. had a bike, she would not walk to school every day.
4. The tourist took the map with him in order not to be lost in the desert. 5. he hadn’t had some
52 homework to do. 6. ........... not to worry about the global tests. Ex 3. 1. stands for 2. hand it in 3. put
on 4. put off Ex 4. 1. Congratulations, brother. 2. I wish I had not gone to that club. 3. Could you
please bring me a real T-shirt of FC Barcelona? Ex 5. 1. b 2. a 3. c
Ex 1. 1. couldn’t 2. may 3. should Ex 2. 1. justify 2. immediately 3. darkness 4. invention
Ex 3. 1. went through 2. run out 3. sit for Ex 4. 1. had painted – would have looked. 2. had already
started 3. would not have missed 4. helping Ex 5. 1. to take her medication before the meals.
2. are given to hard working workers. 3. I liked the film which you lent two weeks ago. 4. I had not
53 cheated on my wife. 5. Because of injury, he couldn’t run quickly./ Because of being injured, he
couldn’t run quickly./ Because of the fact that he was injured, he couldn’t run quickly. Ex 6. 1. I am
sorry. I can’t. I have a plane to catch right now. 2. Oh no! That’s terrible. 3. How about cleaning the
classroom on Sunday?
Ex 1. 1. alphabetical 2. painful 3. unreliable Ex 2. 1. will have saved – dreamed 2. had watched
Ex 3. 1. He finished his homework early so as to go to the stadium. / So as to go to the stadium, he
finished….. 2. how old Mr. Lewis is, he is still the right coach for the team. 3. like science fiction films,
but now I prefer romance stories.
54 Ex 4. 1. under estimate 2. ex- teacher 3. unforgettable 4. part time 5. pre-arranged Ex 5. 1. If he
had been aware of the danger of this disease, he would have gone to the doctor. 2. It’s forbidden to
park cars in this place. 3. He had had enough money to buy the camera. 4. The man had the key.
Nevertheless, he didn’t manage to open the door. 5. she has been considered as their president
woman before the elections. Ex 6. 1. I am sorry. I lost your notebook. 2. Excuse me, but I have a
complaint about the service here; it’s terrible.
Ali EL AZOUZI 118 BRIDGE
 Ex 1. 1. education 2. illiteracy 3. poverty 4. assistance 5. importance 6. graduation 7. activity
8. partnership 9. finance 10. ignorance 11. attendance 12. knowledge 13. success 14. failure
56 15. clarification Ex 2. 1. financial 2. illiterate 3. ignorance – illiteracy 4. attend- succeed
5. knowledge
A. True, “the little girl felt the shock of a new culture/ leaving your country can be painful/..but for us,
it was very difficult “. 2. False, “she received French citizenship shortly before joining university…”
B.…by gathering water and helping with the farm work. 2. When she was a law student at
university. 3. At the institute library/ at the Paris Institute of Political studies.” C. 1. could read and
57 speak French fluently. 2. we believe in them and invest in them/ if they work hard. D. 1. Najat
Belkacem 2. immigrants E. 1. her father set strict rules/ she was forbidden to go out… 2. the couple
has followed similar paths into government/ it’s nice to have a husband…..as I do. F. 1. a 2. b G.
b . 4 c. 1 d. 5
Ex 1. 1. energy 2. independence 3. enthusiasm 4. fame 5. ambition 6. confidence 7. creativity
58 8. vigour 9. contribution 10. participation 11. art 12. skill 13. gift 14. talent 15. imagination
Ex 2. 1. ambitious – famous 2. creative 3. imaginative 4. artistic 4. confident – independent 5. gifted
A. 1 B. 1. because Messi was offered an opportunity to play for Barcelona and have his medical bills
paid by the team. 2. an estimated 18$ million a year. 3. he scored 91 goals in club and international
matches/ broke one more record.C. 1.Newell’s Old Boys. 2. is similar to him/ is a leader/ is offering
59 lessons in beautiful football/ has something different to any other player in the world. D. 2. 2009
3. Messi was named the FIFA Ballon d’ Or winner for the fourth time. . E. 1. costly 2. rapid
3. renowned F. 1. Rosario 2. Barecelona 3. Messi
Ex 1. 1. tolerance 2. cooperation 3. culture 4. hospitality 5. generosity 6. celebration 7. tradition
8. disapproval 9. responsibility 10. honesty 11. marriage 12. collaboration 13. belief 14. interest
60 15. organization Ex 2. 1. celebrate – cultural 2. traditional 3. generosity – hospitality 4. interested
5. responsibility, honesty, tolerance
A. 1.False, “Touria returned to Morocco together with her French husband/ spouse Michel. 2. True,
“her husband agrees to raise their children in accordance with traditional Moroccan values.” 3. False,
“they are foreigners when they come to Morocco, and they are Moroccans when they go to a
foreign country. B. 1. …because of cultural differences/ she thinks mixed marriages will only cause
61 problems. 2. She met him in a friend’s house. 3. Statistics show that the number increases…/ rose
from 1.366 in 2001 to 4.320 in 2009. C. 1. …her father/ they wanted to test him. 2….. get moral and
financial support. 3. ….that mothers have the right to pass their Moroccan citizenship on to their
children of foreign husbands. D. 1.spouse 2. roots 3. believes E. 1. Touria’s mother 2. Pedro 3. children
Ex 1. 1.humour 2. fun 3. monotony 4. boredom 5. art 6. exhaustion 7. anger 8. tiredness 9. relaxation
62 10. relief 11. fame 12. sadness 13. happiness 14. tension 15. entertainment Ex 2. 1. humourist –
funny 2. tired 3. angry – sad 4. entertainment 5. bored 6. happiness
A. B.. Gad performed his first one-man show decalage. C. 2006 D.. Gad Elmaleh wrote, produced
and acted in the film Coco… B.…True, “his first cinema role was in 1996 in “Salut Cousin!”. 2. False,
“ it was a success/ following the success of “décalage”. 3. False, “ it was first performed in Montreal.
63 / At the just laughs festival..” C. 1. at Lycee Lyauty in Casablanca, Morocco. 2. to study political
science. 3. he interacted with the audience and/ he improvised his dailogues. D. 1. he performed
his numerous stories in night clubs/ he was in Canada. 2. all tickets were sold out at L’ Olympia for
seven consecutive weeks/ it made history. E. 1. raised 2. audience F. 1. Gad Elmaleh 2. the film/ Coco.
Ex 11.sicence 2. addiction 3. technology 4. invention 5. innovation 6. entertainment 7. amusement
8. evolution 9. harm 10. personality 11. connection 12. performance 13. discovery 14. threat
15. information
64 Ex 2. 1.information 2. addiction 3. entertainment – education 4. connection 5. harmful

Ali EL AZOUZI 119 BRIDGE

 A. a.3 b.1 c.4 B. ….that selfies constitute 30% of the photos taken by people aged 18 – 24. 2. a. to
give a pleasing image of themselves and display their physical portraits. b. to send intentionally
unattractive selfies to their friends for comic purposes to share a funny or spontaneous moment
65 with others. 3. from electro caution (after climbing on top of a train to take a selfie. C. 1. used the
word selfie. 2. the number of selfie related injuries and death occurring recently in different countries.
3. are attracted by pictures of others and descriptions of events/ use images as a growing means of
communication . D. 1. coach 2. electrocution 3. to launch E. 1. selfies 2. a (32 year old) woman
Ex 1. 1. deforestation 2. growth 3. starvation 4. sustainability 5. homelessness 6. food 7. investment
66 8. loyalty 9. speech 10. corruption 11. wisdom 12. reception 13. industry 14. environment 15. respect
Ex 2. 1. deforestation 2. receive – homeless 3. speech 4. pollution – environmental 5. investment
A. 1. True, “ as for hydroelectric power/ energy generated from water, Morocco has programmed a
new station of energy transfer by pumping water in the region of Agadir.” 2. False, “ Noor 1 can
provide energy to 650.000 locals from surise until three hours after sunset. B. a- 5 b . 6 c. 4
67 C. 1.. wind energy/ hydro-electric energy/ solar energy 2. to discuss the effects of climate change.
D. 1. of the Sahara sunshine. 2. finance social services such as building more schools and hospitals.
E. 1. Morocco 2. Noor 1 F. 1. growing 2. the fruit G . 2
Ex 1. 1. freedom 2. violence 3. equality 4. improvement 5. development 6. assistance 7. criticism
8. empowerment 9. politics 10. strength 11. harm 12. audacity 13. autonomy 14. promotion
68 15. membership Ex 2. 1. membership 2. freedom – equality 3. violence 4. strong – audacious
5. independent – assistance
A. 1. She graduated from university/ she got a university degree 2. 1992 3. She was named the
most influential woman in Britain. . B. 1. False, “she has recently written a book for adults named
the Casual Vacancy. “ 2. False, “she quitted as she was not happy with her job.” 3. True, “her marriage
69 ended in divorce.” 4. True, “she is also known as a strong financial supporter of many associations,
NGOs and charities.” C. 1. it was turned down by publishers. 2. The British book Awards”/ Children’s
book of the year,” / “Smarties”. 3. by selling books, films and products bearing Harry Potter images.
D. 1. take care of 2. a handful . E. 1. Portugal 2. Harry Potter seven books
Ex 1. 1. emigration 2. instability 3. denial 4. discrimination 5. qualification 6. professionalism
7. refusal 8. expectation 9. responsibility 10. encouragement 11. economy 12. graduation
70 13. loss 14. society 15. brain Ex 2. 1. emigration 2. instability 3. encourage 4. graduation
5. economic – invest
A. a B. 1. False, “ Ahmed Akartit is an engineer in a mobile phone company in Rabat.” 2. False,
“in Europe, these engineers will receive salaries ten times higher than what Moroccan private or
public firms can offer them. C. 1. He warned against the negative impacts of brain migration on
the development of Morocco. 2. about 1.000.000 dhs. 3. They have worked hard to build a successful
71 career and returning home would be risky and uncertain. D. 1. it has to reduce the high rate of
unemployment. 2. cares for its experts and grant more importance to scientific research/ takes full
advantage of existing opportunities. E. 1. El Mandjra 2. engineers 3. Morocco F. waves 2. expertise
3. grant
Ex 1. 1. employment 2. society 3. eradication 4. investment 5. improvement 6. satisfaction
7. organization 8. anticipation 9. joblessness 10. childhood 11. difficulty 12. reality 13. suggestion
72 14. ill-treatment 15. disability Ex 2. 1. eradicate 2. ill treatment - violence 3. Disabled 4. social
5. ecological 6. violation
A. 1. Youth Association for Population and Development. 2. He travelled to Cairo in 2007. 3. by
putting large notices at the village entrance and built a fence around the youth centre. 4. skin, eye,
heart and chest diseases. B. 1. True, “I saw how the poor have compassion for each other.” 2. False,
73 “I hope a weekly or a monthly TV programme will present our lectures, workshops … 3. True, “his
work has made a difference / our efforts are respected C. 1. currently 2. found out 3. outcome
D. 1. Ayman 2. youth centre 3. people E. b

Ali EL AZOUZI 120 BRIDGE

 Ex 1. 1. citizenship 2. involvement 3. responsibility 4. government 5. volunteer(ing) 6. membership
7. consciousness 8. recognition 9. obligation 10. participation 11. courage 12. awareness
74 13. difference 14. growth 15. contribution Ex 2. 1. growth 2. aware 3. involvement 4. membership
5. responsibility
A. 1. False, “there is no universal accepted definition of active citizenship…” 2. True, “ active citizens
are not necessary people who follow the rules and laws of society.” 3. True, “ speaking after making
her donation.” B. 1. to develop the values necessary for a person to act as a good citizen.” 2. he used
75 the internet/ Facebook. 3. on the world blood donor day C. 1. b 2.d 3.a 4.c D. 1. active citizenship
2. values 3. Nabil E. 1. willingness 2. launched/ set up
1.c 2.b 3.a 4.f 5.d 6.e 7.g 8.i 9.h 10.l 11.k 12.j 13.n 14.m 15.o 16.r 17.q 18.p
19.s 20.t 21.u 22.v 23.x 24.w 25.aa 26.z 27.y 28.cc 29.dd 30.bb 31.ee 32.gg
33.ff 34.ii 35.kk 36.hh 37.jj 38.ll 39.mm 40.oo 41.nn
76 Ex 1. Do: hair – the laundry – work – the dishes – the homework Make: a dress – a fortune – money –
a mistake – difference –
Ex 2. 1. do 2.make 3. do 4. make 5. do 6. Do 7.make

103 Comprehension: A. 1. V 2. V 3.X

B. 1. True, “Google is one of the companies creating VR for students.

” 2. False, “he works at Google expeditions” 3. False, “ nearly 70°/of school administrators have a
positive view about VR in the classroom.” C. 1. a 2. c D. the effects of VR on kid’s eyesight.
104 2. headaches and nausea E. 1. launched 2. costly F. 1.teachers 2. smartphone G. 1. places
– computer – headsets – sound
Language : A. 1. apply for 2. log on B. 1. investment – renewable – beneficial – sustainable
C. 1. can’t 2. ought to D. 1. read – am staying – have not got – will have moved D. 1. to sit 2. used
105 3. had installed F. 1. c 2. e 3.a 4.d G. 1. I am really sorry. I couldn’t come to the party. I was sick.
2. I am sorry. I didn’t get it. What do you mean by “bullying”?
Comprehension: A. 1. true, “ it can transform in seconds from a car to a plane.” 2. true, “ they
co-founded the AeroMobil company in 2018.” 3. true, “the plane crashed and the pilot was sent to
hospital with minor injuries.” B. 1. price 1.2 to 1.6 million dollars Top speed as a car 160 km/h Top
106 speed as a plane 200km/h Maximum… 700 kms C. 1. ..at the international forum in Brussels
2. they need a pilot’s license 3. he feels very happy about the project/ he is positive about the
project.
D. 1. AeroMobil project/ making AeroMobil 2. it has two wings that fold. E. 1. AeroMobil 2. the year
2019 F. 1. combination 2. brought to life 3. achieve
107 Language : A. 1. moral 2. foreign B. 1. will have launched 2. Did you visit C. 1. will be completed
in three weeks’ time by students. 2. not to worry about the medical tests. 3. would not have come
late to the party. D. 1. who 2. where E. 1. immediately 2. signature F. 1. b 2.a 3.e 4.c
Comprehension: A. 1. False, “ she heard about travel volunteering from her classmates.” 2. false,
“ she stayed with Dilu and Binu, her homestay mom and dad.” 3. True? “ for my second week.”
109 B. 1. from different volunteering websites. 2. because she saw kids less than 10 years living in the
streets. 3. she taught them the alphabet and some English words. 4. following the local rituals, they
danced and sang memorable….
C. 1. asked her what she wanted for her birthday. 2. she had never been to Nepal before. 3. visiting
some other places and go on elephant safaris. D. 1. opted 2.chants 3. memorable E. 1. classmates
2. Nepal
110 Language : A. 1. take place 2. make up B. 1. integrate 2. improvement C. 1. to call 2. where
111 D. 1. started – are still collecting – will be – will have completed E. 1.would have taken the exam.
2. can be transformed into animations. 3. that the investment hadn’t reduced unemployment.
F. 1.b 2.e 3.a 4.c G. it’s Okay, my friend/ no problem. 2. Sir, can you clarify more, please?

Ali EL AZOUZI 121 BRIDGE

 Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verb Meaning in English Translation in French Translation in Arabic

1- agree with a- share the same opinion • être d'accord avec ‫ يتفق مع‬.
2- apply for b- send a request • demander ‫ يتقدم بطلب‬.
(visa/ job, scholarship.....) (un emploi, visa....)
3- break down c- stop working (for machines/ cars...) • tomber en panne ‫ يتوقف عن التشغيل‬.
4- break in d- enter a building by force • briser (en) / entrer par force ‫ يقتحم‬.
5- break up e- finish a relation with someone • rompre ‫ يقطع عالقة‬.
6- bring about f- cause/ lead to/ result in • causer ‫ يتسبب  ىڡ‬.
7- bring up g- educate children / raise/ rear • élever (éduquer) ‫يرىى‬  .
8- call off h- cancel • annuler ‫ يلغي‬.
9- calm down i- relax, be less nervous • se calmer ‫ يهدأ‬.
10- cheer up j- be happy • être heureux ‫ يبتهج‬.
11- come back k- return • revenir ‫ يعود‬.
12- fade away l- disappear slowly • disparaitre ‫ يختفي‬/‫يتالىس‬ † .
13- eat out • aller au restaurant

‫ يأكل ىڡ مطعم‬.
m- dine out in a restaurant
14- figure out n- find a solution/ solve a problem • trouver une solution ‫ يجد حل‬.
15- fill in ‫يمال استمارة‬ ” .
o- complete (an application form...) • compléter/ remplir
16- find out p- discover/ learn about • découvrir ‫ يكتشف‬.
17- give up q- stop / surrender • arrêter de / abandonner ‫ يستسلم‬/‫ يتوقف عن‬.
18- go on r- carry on/ keep on/ continue • continuer ‫ يستمر‬.
19- go through s- experience (suffer from a bad time) • traverser (mauvaise expérience) ‫ يمر بتجربة صعبة‬.
20- hand out t- distribute (papers/ tests/ gifts..) • distribuer ‫ يوزع‬.
21 - hand in submit : give something back • rendre (une feuille….) (.......‫ يرجع )الورقة مثال‬.
22- jot down u- write down/ take notes • écrire ‫ يكتب برسعة‬.
23- keep away v- be away • s’éloigner ‫ يبتعد عن‬.
‫االمل‬” ‫ يخيب‬.
24- let down w- disappoint someone/make him upset • décevoir
25- log on x- sign in/ connect • se connecter ‫ يسجل للدخول‬.

‫يعتىى‬
26- look after y- take care of • prendre soin  .
27- look forward to z- can’t wait/ long for • avoir hâte de ‫ يتشوق إىل‬.
28- look up aa- search a word in a dictionary • chercher (un mot) ‫ يبحث  ىڡ قاموس‬.
29- make up • inventer (histoire, excuse…) § /‫ يختلق‬.
‫يخرىع‬
bb- invent (story, excuse..)
30- pass away cc- die • mourir ‫ يموت‬.
31- pick up dd- 1-collect (lift) • 1. prendre ‫يلتقط‬.1
2- learn something easily 2. apprendre (une langue) ‫يتعلم‬.2
32- put off ee- postpone/ delay • reporter ‫ يؤجل‬.
33- put on ff- wear/ dress up clothes • s’habiller ‫ يلبس‬.
34- put out gg- extinguish (the fire, cigarette....) • éteindre (le feu) ‫ يطفئ‬.
35- run away hh- escape, flee • fuir ‫ يهرب‬.
36- set up ii- establish (project/business/ club..) • fonder (entreprise, association..) ‫ يؤسس‬/ ‫ يبدأ‬.
37- show up jj- appear (in a party....) • arriver (apparaitre) ‫ يظهر‬.
‫ يعوض‬/‫يعىى‬ 
38- stand for kk- represent/ refer to... • représenter  .
39- take after ll- look like / resemble • ressembler ‫ يشبه‬.
40- take off mm- 1-remove clothes • 1. se déshabiller ‫ يزيل المالبس‬.
2- leave the ground (plane) 2. décoller ‫ تقلع الطيارة‬.
41- take up nn- start a new activity or hobby • commencer (une activité…) ‫ يبدأ نشاط‬.
42- turn down oo- 1- refuse (job/offer...) • refuser ‫يرفض‬.1 .
2- reduce (volume) • diminuer ‫ يخفض الصوت‬.2
43- turn on/off pp- switch on/ off • allumer / éteindre ‫ يوقف التلفاز‬/ ‫ يشغل‬.

Ali EL AZOUZI 128 BRIDGE

 Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Translation in French Translation in Arabic
• be was- were been être ‫يكون‬
• become became become devenir ‫يصبح‬
• begin began begun commencer ‫يبدأ‬
• blow blew blown siffler (le vent) ‫يهب الريح‬
• break broke broken casser ‫يكرس‬
• bring brought brought apporter ‫يجلب‬
‫يبىى‬
• build built built construire


• buy bought bought acheter ‫يشرىي‬
• catch caught caught attraper ‫يلتقط‬
• choose chose chosen choisir ‫يخـــتار‬
• come came come venir ‫يأتـــي‬
• cut cut cut couper ‫يقطع‬
• do did done faire ‫يفعل‬
• drink drank drunk boire ‫‚يرسب‬
• drive drove driven conduire ‫يسوق السيارة‬
• eat ate eaten manger ‫يأكل‬
• fall fell fallen tomber ‫يسقط‬
• feed fed fed nourrir ‫يطعم‬
• feel felt felt Sentir ‫يحس‬
• fight fought fought se battre ‫ يتشاجر‬/‫يقاتل‬
• find found found trouver ‫يجـــد‬
• fly flew flown voler (oiseau, avion) ‫يطيـــر‬
• forget forgot forgotten oublier ‫ينســـى‬
• forgive forgave forgiven pardonner ‫ يتسامح مع‬/‫يعفو‬
• get got got obtenir ‫يحصل عىل‬
• give gave given donner ‫يعطــــي‬
• go went gone aller ‫يــذهــــب‬
• grow grew grown croitre/ pousser ‫ينمـــــو‬
• have had had avoir ‫يملــــك‬
• hear heard heard entendre ‫يسمــع‬
• hide hid hidden cacher ‫يختبـئ‬
• hurt hurt hurt blesser ‫ يؤلـم‬/ ‫يجــرح‬
• keep kept kept garder ‫يحتفظ‬
• know knew known savoir ‫يعرف‬
• leave left left quitter ‫ يتخىل عن‬/‫
يرىك‬
• let let let laisser ‫ يسمح ل‬/‫يـــدع‬
• lose lost lost perdre ‫ يضيع‬/‫يفقــــد‬
• make made made faire/ fabriquer ‫ يجعل‬/‫يصنـــع‬
• put put put placer- mettre ‫يضــــع‬
• meet met met rencontre ‫يلتقي‬
• pay paid paid payer ‫ يسدد حساب‬/‫يدفع‬
• read read read lire ‫يقــــرا‬
• ride rode ridden monter (vélo, cheval) ‫يركـــب‬
• ring rang rung sonner ‫يــــرن‬
• run ran run courir ‫يجــري‬
• say said said dire ‫يقـــول‬
• see saw seen voir ‫يــــرى‬
• sell sold sold vendre ‫يبيـــع‬
• send sent sent envoyer ‫يرســل‬
‫يغىى‬
• sing sang sung chanter 
• sit sat sat s’asseoir ‫يجلس‬
• sleep slept slept dormir ‫ينـــام‬
• speak spoke spoken parler ‫يتكلم‬
‫يقىص‬
• spend spent spent dépenser (argent/ passer (temps) 
• stand stood stood se tenir debout ‫يقـــف‬
• steal stole stolen voler ‫يســرق‬
• swim swam swum nager ‫يسبح‬
• take took taken prendre ‫يأخد‬
• teach taught taught enseigner ‫يدرس‬
• tell told told dire ‫يقــول‬
• think thought thought penser ‫ يعتقد‬/‫يفكر‬
• throw threw thrown jeter ‫يرمي‬
• understand understood understood comprendre ‫يفهم‬
• wake woke woken (se) réveiller ‫يستيقظ‬
• wear wore worn mettre (vêtements) ‫يلبس‬
• win won won gagner ‫يربـــح‬
• write wrote written écrire ‫يكتب‬

Ali EL AZOUZI 129 BRIDGE

Good Luck in Your
National Exam