Discipline and Ideas in

Social Science
Second Quarter- Module 1
Indigenizing the Social
Sciences
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
Supplementary Learning Material
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Indigenizing the Social Sciences

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DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

Writer: Ms. Mary Janzel R. Paragas
Content Editor: Mr. Ceasar A. Nachor
Language Editor: Ms. Christia Olympia B. Lumpas
Layout and Design Editor: Ms. Mary Janzel R. Paragas
Illustrator: Ms. Mary Janzel R. Paragas
Cover Layout Artist: Mr. Nemesio S. Cancan Jr.
MANAGEMENT TEAM
OIC-SDS: Romela M. Cruz, CESE
CID Chief: Alyn G. Mendoza, PhDTE
SGOD Chief: Emma G. Arrubio
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EPS-LRMS: Ruby E. Baniqued, EDD

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Office Address: Calbayog St. Highway Hills, Mandaluyong City
Telephone number: CID- 79552557
E-mail Address:[email protected] ● www.depedmandaluyong.org
The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Handle this module with care. Use a separate sheet in answering the
exercises.
2. Read the directions carefully before doing each task.
3. Activities in this module can be done individually or with the help of
your teacher, home learning partner or knowledge source partner.
4. Finish this module for the intended week.
5. Return this module to the authorize person in charge of retrieval.

_________________________________________________________________________________
MELC Week No.11
Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences: a. 19th
Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others ) b. 20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)
 1

DISS

Objectives: A. Define the characteristics and nature of social thinker;

B. Explain why Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini, Isabelo de los Reyes,
and Claro M. Recto are considered as famous Filipino social
thinker;
C. Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the
Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences;
and
D. Apply understanding of Filipino indigenous concepts,
approaches, and methodology introduced by Sikolohiyang
Pilipino, Pilipinolohiya, and Pantayong Pananaw by writing a
paper about a particular topic in Philippine history, society, and
culture.

Who is a social thinker? Through time, there are people who

stood out and became sources of new social ideas and inspiration. In
the Philippines, there are a number of Filipinos who can be considered
as social thinkers. This lesson will explain the concept of social thinking
and how different Filipinos through time became important social
thinkers. (Dela Cruz, et. Al. 2016)

1. REVIEW

_________________________________________________________________________________
MELC Week No.11
Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences: a. 19th
Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others ) b. 20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)
 Direction: Fill in the blanks. Write the missing concepts/words to complete sentences
below.
1. The ultimate goal of the was to expose the whole
gender-based system of sexism and patriarchal power expressed social, political,
and economic structures.
2. is a process that involves suspending or bracketing the
phenomena so that the things themselves can be returned to.
3. is a “person’s reflection upon or examination of a situation or
experience.” It can help in interpreting the meanings discovered or add value to those types of
interpretations.
4. The HES approach presented below separates human and environmental systems and studies
their .
5. The emergence of feminist theory in the social sciences was stimulated by and has evolved
simultaneously with the contemporary
2. INTRODUCTION .

Social thinkers are individuals in society who can be regarded as forefronts and visionaries
toward the improvement of society in particular time. They can also be regarded as great individuals
who have contributed significantly to development of political and social thoughts and philosophy.
They also provided significant contributions to the advancement of the disciplines of the social
sciences. In the Philippines, there are a number of Filipino
social thinkers who contributed toward the advancement and
3. LESSON enrichment of social and political thoughts (Dela Cruz,2et.
Al. 2016)

Jose Rizal
According to Dela Cruz, et. Al. (2016), José Rizal, the Filipino national hero, can be
considered as one of the greatest Filipino social thinkers during the nineteenth century. Syed Farid
Alatas (2010) considers Rizal as the first systematic social thinker in Southeast Asia because his
writings can be used as basis of sociological theories and concepts.
As cited by Dela Cruz, et. Al. (2016, he was born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861, Jose
Mercado Rizal finished Bachelor of Arts at Ateneo Municipal de Manila. He enrolled in Medicine at
University of Santo Tomas and left for Spain in May 1882 to finish his medicine studies at the
Universidad Central de Madrid. Rizal wrote articles to the propaganda publication, the La Solidaridad.
His most outstanding writings in the La Solidaridad included "Filipinas dentro de cien anos" or "The
Philippines. A Century Hence" which was published from September 30, 1889-February 1, 1890 and
"Sobre la indolencia de los Filipinos" or The Indolence of the Filipinos" which came out in the La
Solidaridad in 1890. Rizal's social ideas focused on the necessity to promote a genuine propaganda
campaign that will provide information about the Philippines and their people, their capabilities and
achievements, aspirations and moral rights. These social ideas were consistently discussed by Rizal in
two novels, namely, the Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891), and in his Annotation of
Antonio de Morga Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1890). Rizal's works explained the nature and
conditions of Filipino colonial society during the Spanish period. He also provided alternative ways
and requirements so that Filipinos can seek liberation from the yoke of colonial rule. According to
Alatas (2010). Rizal's works introduced three broad sociological aspects that included the following:
1. A critique of colonial knowledge of the Philippines
2. A theory of colonial society that explains the nature and conditions of Filipino colonial
society
3. Rizal's discourse on the meaning of and requirements for emancipation Rizal criticized
the corrupt system of the Spanish colonial government including its abusive officials. He blamed the
backwardness of the Philippines and its lack of development as the main cause of the indolence of its
people.
In his essay, "The Indolence of the Filipinos, Rizal discussed how, during the Spanish period,
the Filipinos had become a backward country from being an advanced society before the sixteenth
century. He attributed the Philippines' lack of development and backwardness to Spanish colonialism.

_________________________________________________________________________________
MELC Week No.11
Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences: a. 19th
Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others ) b. 20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)
Rizal also attacked the Filipinos' colonial experience by looking at the country's past to counter the
Filipino indolence 's Spanish allegations. (Dela Cruz, et. Al., 2016)
Rizal was also an advocate of human rights, particularly on women's rights in Philippine
colonial society. In his "Letter to the Young Women of Malolos" (1889), Rizal provided a number of
important ideas on the rights of women and gender issues in the Philippines during the nineteenth
century.
1. Filipinos must be educated.
2. Filipino women must be courageous, strong-willed, and educated.
3. Tyranny happens if people remain coward and negligent.
4. Ignorance is tantamount to servitude.
5. A person who loves his independence must first aid his fellowmen.
6. If the Filipino women will remain ignorant, complacent, weak, and passive, they should not bear
children.
7. All men are born equal, naked, and without bonds because not create man to be a slave nor did He
provide him with intelligence
just to deceive him. God did not give man reason to have him deceived by others.
8. Rizal also examined the nature of Catholicism in the Philippines during the Spanish period. Rizal
said that Filipinos should examine the kind of religion the friars are teaching them. They should,
according to Rizal, "see whether it is the will of God or according to the teachings of Christ that the
poor be succored and those who suffer alleviated Rizal advised them to consider what the friars were
preaching them They must examine the "object of the sermon, what is behind the masses, novenas,
rosaries, scapulars, images, miracles, candles, belts..." (Dela Cruz, et. Al., 2016) 3
Apolinario Mabini
As cited by Dela Cruz, et. Al. (2016), Apolinario Mabini was born on July 23, 1864 in Talaga,
Tanauan, Batangas His parents are Inocencio Leon Mabini and Dionisia Magpantay Maranan. He
studied at the Dominican School of San Juan de Letran and finished law at the University of Santo
Tomas in 1894. He served as the first prime minister and Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the First
Philippine Republic from January 2, 1899 to May 8, 1899. He also was appointed as the President of
the Supreme Court. Mabini acted as the chief adviser of President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1898. His
influence was evident in the proclamation changing the form of government of the Philippines from
being a Dictatorial Government to a Revolutionary Government. He also provided a simple structure of
government for the Philippines during the Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution.
He was the most reliable supporter of the Revolt and the independence of the Philippines. He
was also considered to be conscious of the brain revolution and Mabini introduced various social
philosophies in his political writings .His major works included "El Verdadero Decalogo, "Ordenanzas
de la Revolucion" and the "Programa constitutional de la republica Filipina As defender of the
Philippine independence, Mabini can be considered as one of the brilliant Filipino social thinkers. His
social philosophy included the following:
1. Definition and Role of Citizenship
Like the national hero Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini understood the Filipinos' problems under
the Spanish colonial government In his article entitled "Mabini: Philosophy of Citizenship," he believes
that Mabini wanted Filipinos to assert their rights as free citizens of a republic. In achieving their
goal, Mabini saw the need for political independence that was geared towards developing institutions
of self-government (Dela Cruz, et. Al., 2016).
2. The Need for Radical Changes
According to Mabini, only radical institutional and personal changes can achieve genuine
social renewal. Personal change signified a change in Filipinos way of thinking and living. Mabini
believes that an internal and external revolution was required to "create a stronger foundation for
moral education and forestall the vices we inherited from the Spaniards. (David 2015).
3. Concept of Man and Society
In his prize-winning biography of Apolinario Mabini, Cesar Adib Majul wrote about Mabini
concept of man and society. Mabini, according to Majul, calls man as a creation of God who possesses
certain inalienable rights called natural rights. Man, Mabini asserts, "had the right to seek those
means necessary to maintain and perpetuate his life." Men are by nature good and just and have the
capacity to unfold his goodness and sense of justice to others. In this context, freedom can only be
understood as doing what is good, just and reasonable. He said that true liberty is only for what is
good and never for what is evil; it is always in accordance with reason and the upright and honest
conscience of the individual" According to Majul, Mabini defined society as "an organization instituted
for mutual help, so that each could enjoy the highest possible well-being: a situation that can never
be arrived at by the sole efforts of an individual without the aid of others" (Majul 2004).
4. Role of Government Authority in society constitutes the government.
_________________________________________________________________________________
MELC Week No.11
Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences: a. 19th
Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others ) b. 20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)
 According to Majul, Mabini believes that society should have a soul: authority This authority
need an intellect to guide and direct it the legislative power. It also needs a will that is active and
which shall make it work the executive. It needs a will that is active and which punishes those who
are bad the judicial power. These powers should be independent of one another, in the sense that one
should not encroach upon the functions of the other, but the last should be subordinate to the first in
the same manner that both will and conscience are subordinate to the intellect" (Majul 2004)
5. The True Decalogue
Mabini has developed a decalogue composed of truths communicated to men by God through
the use of reason. Mabini's Decalogue focused on Christ, country, liberty, and neighborly love. He
claimed that once the Decalogue laws have been commented on and recognized, people would learn
facts that the Spaniards have concealed from them. Below are the main points in Mabini's Decalogue:
1. Love of God and one's honor
2. Nation was to be loved as the patrimony of the race. 3. Happiness of the nation was to take
precedence over that of the individual
4. Independence was to be a major aspiration.
5. People must not recognize any person as an authority unless he had been properly elected by them.
but as a fellow
6. Love your neighbor not merely as a neighbor member of a community (Dela Cruz, et. Al., 2016).

Isabelo De Los Reyes

Based from (Dela Cruz, et. Al., 2016), Isabelo de los Reyes was born on July 7, 1864 in Vigan,
Ilocos Sur. In June 1880, he went to Manila to study at the San Juan de Letran College where he
finished his Bachelor of Arts degree. He studied law at the University of Santo Tomas. De los Reyes
founded the first vernacular newspaper in the Philippines, El Ilocano where he acted as both the
editor and publisher of the newspaper. He also wrote a number of researches on Philippine history
and culture. It included Las Islas Visayas en la Epoca de la Conquista (1887 and 1889); La
Expedicion de Li-Mahong contra Filipinas en 15741888 ; Prehistoria de Filipinas (1889); El Folklore
4
Filipino (1889); and Historia de locos (1890). Like Rizal, de los Reyes also criticized the friars'
ownership of large tracts of haciendas and demanded for agrarian reform for the Filipino farmers.
Throughout the American invasion of the Philippines, de los Reyes publicly opposed the
Americans, and supported the First Philippine Republic founded in January 1899 by Emilio
Aguinaldo. In Madrid, Spain, he was the founder and editor of two newspapers namely El Defensor de
Filipinas and Filipinas Ante Europa. He wrote two books in Spain as well. These are Independencia y
Revolucion and La Religion de Katipunan. The former called on Filipinos to continue the war against
the United States while the latter explained the KKK's organization and teachings. De los Reyes was
known in Philippine history for organizing the first labor union in the Philippines, the Union Obrera
Democratica on February 2 1902. De los Reyes was named president while Hermenegildo Cruz served
as secretary of the Union. He also founded the La Redencion del Obrero (The Redemption of the
laborer), the first labor newspaper in the Philippines which rallied for the rights of the ordinary
laborers. As the first president of the Union, de los Reyes also initiated the celebration of the first
Labor Day on May 1, 1902. Their works inspired delos Reyes to introduce the concept of socialism
into the Philippines (Dela Cruz, et. Al., 2016).

Claro M. Recto
Claro Mayo Recto was a famous Filipino nationalist. He was born in Taong Tayabas (Quezon)
on February 8, 1890. He finished his Bachelor of Arts degree at the Ateneo de Manila and his master
of laws at the University of Santo Tomas He served as legal adviser the Philippine Senate from 1916 to
1919. He was elected as representative of the third district of Batangas in 1919 and served as the
House minority leader. He was elected as congressman of Batangas in 1922 and 1925. Recto was also
a member of the Philippine Independence mission. In 1934, he was elected as president of the
Constitutional convention that drafted the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution. In 1931, he became a
Senator of the Republic of the Philippines where he served as majority floor leader and president pro-
tempore of the Senate, Jesus G. Barrera (1965) calls Recto as a "living legend in his lifetime because
of his brilliance and patriotism. His greatness was not only recognized and appreciated by a great
number of people. Recto's views on nationalism, economic independence, on foreign affairs, on
democracy and Civil liberties, on the Constitution and on politics in the Philippines are rooted on the
realities of the postwar Philippines when the country was indirectly controlled and influenced by the
United States as a neo colony (Dela Cruz, et. Al., 2016).
1. On Nationalism
As cited by Dela Cruz, et. Al. (2016), Recto describes nationalism as a commitment of the
Philippines and aid to rights, peace and democracy in the Philippines. In his speech on the eve of the
Presidential elections of 1957, Recto stated that the salvation of the nationalism of the country can
only be achieved, so that Filipinos will learn to assert the nationalistic virtues practiced by our heroes

_________________________________________________________________________________
MELC Week No.11
Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences: a. 19th
Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others ) b. 20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)
and implement policies on nationalist industrialization. He argued that people's interests should not
be sacrificed to any sort of negotiations with foreign countries.
2. On Political Economy
According to Claro M. Recto, a country's success depends on industry in the country,
Industries, Recto believes must be put under the full control of the Filipinos and not in the hands of
foreign firms. For Recto, Filipinos will remain poor and subservient as long as foreigners control the
production, manufacturing, and distribution of the country's main products. Recto believes the
economy of the country is determined by the ones that control the purse of the country. If the
economy stays in foreigners' hands so the economy of the country does not benefit the Filipinos but
only the foreigners. In such a situation, the Filipinos must depend solely on foreign forces to survive.
Therefore, we must take full responsibility for the backward state of our economy, our political
immaturity, our predilection to dramatize trivial problems to ignore long-rage fundamental issues,
and our confusions and indecisions that have stalled the nation's development for decades. (Dela
Cruz, et. Al., 2016).

3. Economic Independence
Recto believed that for a country to develop, it must pursue industrialization and instill
nationalism among its people. For Recto, industrialization and nationalism are twin goals. Recto said
that "nationalism cannot be realized and brought to full flowering without a thorough-going
industrialization of our economy by the Filipinos themselves. And you cannot have an industrialized
Philippine economy controlled and managed by Filipinos without the propulsive force of a deep and
abiding spirit of nationalism (Dela Cruz, et. Al., 2016). 5
Filipino Indigenous Concepts
The indigenization of the social sciences focus on the study of ethnicity, society, culture, and
its application to historical, anthropological, and psychological research and practice using
indigenous knowledge. It was introduced to overhaul the western-introduced academic disciplines in
the Philippine academic settings. Three important programmatic narratives and movements emerged
from the discipline of psychology, anthropology and history, namely, the Sikolohiyang Pilipino,
Pilipinolohiya, and the Pantayong Pananaw. These three narratives, Mendoza (2007) writes, "are part
of a single discursive formation that focus on common principles that emphasize self-determination or
pagsasarili and the charting of an autonomous path toward nation or peoplehood or pagtahak ng
sariling landas tungo sa kabansaan. These three narratives serve as the "first organized,
comprehensive and programmatic challenge to the long-standing hegemony of colonial theorizing in
the social science disciplines that began in the late 1970s. (Mendoza 2007)

Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini, Isabelo De Los Reyes, and Claro M. Recto as a Social Thinker
Direction. Group the class into four and assign one Filipino thinkers for each group. Complete the
graphic organizer that summarizes their ideologies and their social ideas. Use the graphic organizer
below in analyzing each Filipino social thinker. Put it on short coupon bond, send it to our google
drive and present your work in class discussion.

Filipino Thinker

Jose Rizal

General Ideology:

Social Ideas:

ACTIVITY 2

_________________________________________________________________________________
MELC Week No.11
Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences: a. 19th
Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others ) b. 20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)
Direction: Analyze the works of the Filipino thinkers in the society (e.g. To the Young Women of
Malolos, The True Decalogue, V, and Nationalism and Culture) by answering the
processing questions below:

1. What is/ are the relations of their social ideas to their contributions?

2. Why was the document written?

3. What does the document tell you about the condition of Filipino society during the time that it was
produced?

4. What does document mean to you?

3. CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
Based from the discussion, answer the following questions:
1. How do we characterize a social thinker? How does an individual become a social
thinker?

2. How did Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini, Isabelo De Los Reyes, and Claro M. Recto provide ways
to introduce political, economic and social changes and development for the Philippines?
What can we learn from their respective social philosophies?
6

3. If you will become a social thinker, what literary work would you do that will contribute to the
national development? Explain your answer.

s
References:

Alatas, Syed Farid. “Religion and Reform: Two Exemplars for Autonomous Sociology In The Non- Western Context.”
The ISA Handbook Of Diverse Sociological Traditions, 2010.
Constantino, Renato. The Recto Reader: Excerpts from the Speeches of Claro M. Recto. Manila City: Recto Memorial
Foundation, 1965.
David, Randy. "Mabini: Philosopher of Citizenship." Public Lives, October 8, 2015.
http://opinion.inquirer.net/89209/mabini-philosopher-of- citizenship.
Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross D. & Fadrigib, Cecile C.Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Phoenix Publishing
House, INC. (2016).
Hunt, Chester, Socorro Espiritu, Lourdes Quisumbing, and Justin Green. Sociology in the Philippine Setting.
Quezon City: SIBS Publishing House, 1998.
Jocano, Landa F. Towards Developing a Filipino Corporate Culture (Uses of Filipino Traditional Structures and
Values in Modern Management). Metro Manila: Punlad Research House, 1999.
Lynch, Frank. Four Readings on Philippine Values. Institute of Philippine Culture Papers. Quezon City: Ateneo De
Manila University Press, 1964.
Majul, Cesar Adib. Apolinario Mabini Revolutionary. Manila City: National Historical Institute, 2004.
Mojares, Resil. Brains of the Nation: Pedro Paterno, T.H. Pardo De Tavera, Isabelo De Los Reyes and the Production
of Modern Knowledge. Quezon City: Ateneo De Manila University Press, 2006.
Navarro, Atoy M., and Flordeliza Lagbao-Bolante. Mga Babasahin Sa Agham Panlipunang Pilipino: Sikolohiyang
Pilipino, Pilipinohiya, at Pantayong Pananaw. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, 2007.
Philippine Social Science Council. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences.Vol. 1 and 2. Quezon City: Philippine Social
Science Council, 199o.
Yap, Joseph Martin, and Teresita Alcantara Antonio. The Religion of tie Katipunan or The Old Beliefs of the Filipinos

_________________________________________________________________________________
MELC Week No.11
Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences: a. 19th
Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others ) b. 20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)
 By Isabelo De Los Reyes (1901). Quezon City: Toyota Foundation-UP Press, 2002.

KEY TO CORRECTION:
Rubric for Activity No. 1, and 2

Criteria for Scoring Points

Presence of relevant, accurate, and logical details 10
Clarity and Organization of Ideas 5
Ability to follow the directions 5
TOTAL 20
Answers may vary and are subject to teacher’s validation

Prepared by:

Ms. Mary Janzel R. Paragas

SHS-Teacher I
Mandaluyong High School

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division Office-

Mandaluyong

Calbayog Street, Highway Hills, Mandaluyong City 1500

Telefax: (632) 79552557

Email Address: [email protected]

●www.depedmandaluyong.org

_________________________________________________________________________________
MELC Week No.11
Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences: a. 19th
Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others ) b. 20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)