Thermometry

U75-5 An electric kettle has a heating coil of 48ohms resistance. What is the rise in temperature of 1.2 kg of
water in the kettle after the latter has been plugged to a 240 V power supply for 42 seconds?
[Assume that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 Jg–1C–1 and the loss of heat to the surroundings is
negligible]
A. 2 B. 10 C. 20 D. 30

U77-10 A bath contains 150 kg of water at 50 C. Hot water at 60 C flows into the bath at the rate of 20kg
per minute and at the same time cold water at 10 C flows into the bath at a rate of 35 kg per minute.
Assuming no heat loss or gain from the surrounding, find the time taken for the water in the bath to
become 30 C. Assume the water in the bath is uniform in temperature.
A. 30 minutes B. 20 minutes C. 10 minutes D. 5 minutes

U83-8 A thermally insulated crystal of mass 0.028 kg is heated electrically at a constant rate of 3.0 W. The
following readings of the temperature T of the crystal were taken at various time t:
t/s 0 200 400 560 640 740 800 1000 1200 1400 1520
T/K 179 196 207 210 210 210 215 230 243 256 264
Draw a graph of T against t.
(a) Use the graph to find the specific heat capacity of the crystal at a temperature of 250 K, showing
clearly how you arrive at your answer.

U85-16 A solid of mass 2 kg whose heat capacity is 0.8 JK–1 is heated from 30 C to 80 C. What is the
amount of heat required?
A. 144 J B. 80 J C. 72 J D. 40 J E. 20 J

U88-13 A resistor of resistance 2 k has a thermal capacity of 10.0 J K–1. When a voltage of 12 V is applied
across it for 100 s, what is the rise in temperature of the resistor if it is thermally insulated?
A. 0.3 K B. 0.72 K C. 12.6 K D. 200 K E. 1000 K

U92-13 Which of the following statements concerning the definitions or concepts of specific heat capacity is
incorrect?
A. The value of the specific heat capacity of a body depends on the mass of the body.
B. The value of the specific heat capacity of a body is independent of the weight of the body.
C. The amount of heat absorbed by unit mass of a substance, when its temperature is raised by 1C, is
equivalent to the specific heat capacity of the substance.
D. The amount of heat liberated by unit mass of a substance, when its temperature is lowered by 1C, is
equivalent to the specific heat capacity of the substance.

U93-14 The temperature of a substance of 5 kg increased by 0.4 C after absorbing 2000 J of heat. What is
the specific heat capacity of this substance?
A. 103 J kg–1 K–1 B. 104 J kg–1 K–1 C. 105 J kg–1 K–1 D. 106 J kg–1 K–1

U93-P7c Two identical copper calorimeters are 60 g in mass each. One contains 40 g of water and the other
50 g of alcohol. Both calorimeters and their contents are heated and then allowed to cool off from 60
C to 50 C. The time taken for water to cool from 60 C to 50 C is 240 s and the corresponding
time for alcohol is 79 s. If the specific heat capacity of copper is 400 J kg–1 K–1 and that of water is
4200 Jkg–1K–1, find the specific heat capacity of alcohol.

U99-12 After two objects A and B of equal masses and initial temperature absorb an equal amount of heat, it
is found that object A has higher temperature than object B. We can conclude that ________.
A. object A has a greater volume that object B
B. object B has a greater volume that object A
C. object A has a higher specific heat capacity that object B
D. object B has a higher specific heat capacity that object A

U2k-14 If the ratio of mass of two substances X and Y is 2: 1 and the ratio of their temperature increase is 3:
1, then the ratio of their specific heat will be ______ and the ratio of their heat absorption will be _.
A. 3: 4 ……1: 8 B. 2: 5……3: 5 C. 2: 3……4: 1 D. 2: 1 …… 4: 3

U2k03-10 A solar furnace has a concave mirror of collecting area 0.8 m2. The average thermal radiation rate
from the sun reaching the earth is 750 Wm–2. A small sphere of mass 0.05 kg having a specific heat
capacity 2000 J kg –1 K–1 is heated by the furnace from 20 C to 50 C. Calculate the time needed for the
heating.
A. 50 s B. 20 s C. 10 s D. 5 s
Heat Expansion
U78-10 When a piece of ice at 0 C is heated to become 8 C of water, its volume _________.
A. increases, then decreases and finally increases
B. increases, and then decreases
C. decreases, and then increases
D. decreases, then increases and finally decreases

U85-15 A piece of glass which has been heated to a high temperature is left to cool. If the glass
cracks, it is most probably due to the ___________ of the glass.
A. low melting point B. high melting point C. low thermal conductivity
D. high thermal conductivity E. unique specific heat capacity

U77-P6 Define the coefficient of linear expansion.

A wire has a coefficient of linear expansion . The length of the wire is l1 at a temperature
T1 and l2 at a temperature T2. Using the definition of the coefficient of linear expansion find
an expression for l2 in terms of l1, , T1 and T2.
The lengths of an aluminium rod and an iron rod at 0 C are 50 cm and l respectively. If the
difference between the lengths of these two rods remains constant while the temperature
varies, find the value of l. (Take the coefficient of the linear expansion of aluminium to be
2.6×10–5K–1 and that of iron, 1.2×10–1K–1 ).

U98-12 Which of the graphs in Fig.U98-12 represents the density charges of water when it is heated
from 0C to room temperature?
A. ρ B. ρ C. ρ D. ρ

θ θ θ θ
4°C 4°C 4°C 4°C

U2k03-P3 (a) Briefly describe an experiment to show the linear expansion of an iron rod when
temperature increases.
(b) A S.G. bottle at 0 C can just be filled with 0.11 kg of a certain liquid. If the coefficient of
apparent volume expansion of liquid is 0.001 K–1, find the mass of the liquid overflow at
100 C.
(c) A gas of fixed mass is sealed in a container. If the pressure increment of the gas is 1001
of
the initial pressure after the temperature increases by 5 C, find the initial temperature of
the gas.

U2k07-8 The ratio of the coefficient of volume expansion  to the coefficient of area expansion 

of a solid body, is given by:

A. 0.5 B. 1.0 C. 1.5 D. 2.0
Latent Heat
U77-19. Which of he following statements about the boiling point of a liquid is true?
A. The boiling point of a liquid is a fixed temperature and independent of atmospheric pressure.
B. The boiling point of a liquid decreases with the increase of atmospheric pressure.
C. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the saturated vapour pressure is
equal to the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the liquid.
D. The boiling point of a liquid varies directly as the product of the volume of the liquid and the
atmospheric pressure.

U86-1 A properly lagged cylindrical metal bar of length l1 and diameter d1 has one end kept at
100C, while the other end is in contact with ice at 0C. The ice is found to melt at a rate of m g
per minute as a result of this contact. If the bar is replaced by another of the same material, but
with length 2l1 and diameter 12 d 1 , the amount of ice melted in 1 minute would be _______ g.
A. 18 m B. m C. 2m D. 4m E. 8m

U87-P7a If a litre of water initially at 20C is heated with 2kW of power, how long would it take to
boil?
(b) If a ‘2kW’ electric kettle (originally at room temperature) had been used for the above
experiment, would the time taken be longer or shorter than that calculated for part (a)?
Why?
(c) If the boiling water was left boiling for another 1.5min., what is the mass of water which
would be boiled away (as steam)?
(d) Why is dangerous to switch on the kettle when there is no water (or any other liquid) in it?
Explain.

U88-7 A heating coil is placed within a filter funnel filled with ice cubes. The potential difference
V across the heater, and the current I passing through the heater are adjustable every
10minutes. The following table shows the data obtained (t = time taken, i.e. 10minutes and
m is the mass of water melted from the ice every 10 minutes):
V(V) 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
I(A) 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.8 4.0
m(g) 17.9 26.0 35.8 51.0 60.7
t(s) 600 600 600 600 600
(a) Draw a graph of m against P where P = IV.
(b) Use your graph to determine the rate at which the ice would melt if no power were
supplied to the heater.
(c) Determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

U90-P6a What do you understand by latent heat of fusion?

(b) List two methods by which a given amount of liquid (which is being exposed to air and is
thereby undergoing the natural process of evaporation) may be evaporated more easily. For
each method listed, give the corresponding theory/theories or principle(s) of operation.
(c) A calorimeter, made of material of specific heat capacity 390 Jkg–1K–1, and of mass 0.18 kg,
contains 0.15 kg of water at 22 C. If 0.10 kg f ice at 0 C is poured into the calorimeter and
then thoroughly stirred, what would be the temperature of the resulting mixture? Is there
any ice left unmelted? If so, find its mass. [Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36×105 Jkg–1K–1]

U92-14 Other conditions being equal, the effects of scalding on the human body caused by boiling
water at 100 C and steam at 100 C ___________.
A. would be same
B. would not be the same. The effect caused by the boiling water would be more serious as
water is more adhesive
C. would not be the same. The effect caused by the steam would be more serious because steam
is a vapour, capable of flowing faster than boiling water
D. would not be the same. The effect caused by the steam would be more serious because steam
possesses the extra latent heat of condensation, which would be given off, when it is in contact with
the body and becomes liquefied
U93-P7a What do you understand by latent heat?
(b) Heat is applied at a constant rate to a certain body initially in the solid state so that it first
changes to a liquid and finally to a vapour. Neglecting heat loss, draw a temperature – time
graph to show how the temperature of the body varies with time and explain briefly and
precisely the meaning of your graph.

U97-11 A constant power supply is used to melt 2 kg of ice, to heat the water produced and finally
to turn all the water into steam. Given that
Specific heat capacity of water = 4×103 Jkg–1K–1
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3×105 Jkg–1
Specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2×106 Jkg–1
Which of the following graphs in Fig.U97-11 best shows how the temperature varies with
time for this sequence?
T T T T

373 373 373 373

273 273 273 273
A. t B. t C. t D. t
Fig.U97-11
U97-P6a Define
(i) latent heat of fusion, and
(ii) specific heat capacity
of a substance.
(b) A substance of mass 2 kg melts and then solidifies as illustrated in Fig.U97-P6a. Given that
the heat supplied by the heater is 800 J per minute, answer the following questions:
(i) The temperature of solidification of the substance is _________ C, while the room
temperature is ______C.
(ii) The latent heat of fusion of the substance is __________.
(iii)The specific heat capacity of the substance when it is in solid state is ____________.
(iv)What is the temperature of the substance at the 70th minute? What is its state at that time?
θ/°C
300

200

100

0 50 60 70 80 90 100 Fig.U97-P6a
10 20 30 40 t/min

(c) 50 g of ice at 0 C is added to 70 g of water at 10 C. 2 g of water vapour at 100 C is then

passed into the mixture. If the ice does not melt totally, how much will remain?
[Given that
Specific heat capacity of ice = 2.1×103 Jkg–1K–1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2×103 Jkg–1K–1
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36×105 Jkg–1K–1
Specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.26×106 Jkg–1K–1]

U2k05-11 Fig.U2k05-11 shows a graph that the temperature T of T/ºC

a 0.4 kg solid crystal varies with time t when it is heated by a 30
100 W heater. Which of the following expressions regarding 25
the heating graph of the solid crystal are true? 20
I. the melting point of the crystal is 10 ºC 15
10
II. the latent heat of fusion of the crystal is 5.4×104 J
5
III. the solid crystal starts to melt after heating for 6 minutes 0 t/min
A. I, II -5 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
B. I, III -10
C. II, III -15
D. I, II, III Fig.U2k05-11
98-15 Which of the following statements about evaporation and boiling are correct?
I. The rate of evaporation depends on the surface area but that of boiling does not.
II. Evaporation takes place at any temperature while boiling occurs only at the boiling point.
III. From the viewpoint of molecular kinetics, the contributing factor of evaporation and that of
boiling are the same.
IV. Evaporation causes cooling, whereas in boiling the average kinetic energy if the molecules
increases.
A. I, II, III, IV B. I, II, IV C. III, IV D. I, II

U2k07-6 Xiao Ming invited Xiao Hua to his house to watch a live telecast of football match
between Manchester United and Real Madrid. Xiao Ming served his guest a cup of hot water.
If the hot water was at 90 C and weighed 240g, how much ice (at 0 °C) should Xiao Hua add
in order for the hot water to cool down to 40°C? (The heat loss is negligible, the specific latent
heat of fusion of ice is 334 Jg –1)
A 50 g B 100 g C 150 g D 200 g

U2k07-7 The scald on the skin caused by steam with temperature 100 °C is more serious than that
caused by equal mass of boiling water at temperature of 100  C. Which of the following
statements can best explain the situation?
A. The heat conductivity of steam is much better than that of boiling water.
B. The density of steam is much smaller than that of boiling water.
C. A lot of heat will be released during steam’s liquefaction.
D. The specific heat capacity of steam is greater than that of the boiling water.
Heat Conduction
U81-11 Three rods A, B and C are of the same shape and size but having different thermal
conductivities. The conductivity of A is half of that of B, and the conductivity of C is double
that of B. Which of the arrangements shown in Fig.U81-11 would conduct heat from S1 (heat
source of higher temperature) to S2 (heat source of lower temperature) most effectively?
A
A
C
S1 S2 S1 B S1 S2
A B C S2
B
A. B. C C.

A B
A B
S1 S2 S1 S2
B
C C Fig.U81-11
D. E.

U83-14 A lagged copper bar is supported with its ends between two metal tanks, one maintained at
100 C and the other at 0 C. However, there is found to be a layer of dirt between the bar and the
hot tank. Which graph in Fig.2 best represents the temperature distribution along the bar?
T T T T T

A. B x C. x D. x E. x
x
Fig.U83-14
U83-P5a What do you understand by temperature gradient and thermal conductivity? What are
their respective SI units?
(b) The temperature of a room is maintained at 292 K when the outdoor temperature is 274 K
(winter). The glass windows in the room have a total area of 2.0 m2 and an average
thickness of 6.0 mm. Calculate the power required to maintain this temperature difference
assuming that the only heat loss is through the glass, which has thermal conductivity 0.80
Wm–1K–1.

U85-15 A piece of glass which has been heated to a high temperature is left to cool. If the glass
cracks, it is most probably due to the ___________ of the glass.
A. low melting point B. high melting point C. low thermal conductivity
D. high thermal conductivity E. unique specific heat capacity

U86-20 If two bodies in mutual contact do not have any transfer of heat between them, that shows
they have the same ____________.
A. mass B. temperature C. amount of heat D. internal energy E. specific heat capacity

U89-14 Heat energy is flowing along a well-lagged metal bar of uniform cross-sectional area A at a
steady rate R. The temperature difference between two points at a distance l apart on the axis of
the bar is proportional to _______.
A. RAl B. RAl C. RlA D. AlR E. RAl
1

U89-P6a Define thermal conductivity and write down its dimensions.

(b) Two ends of a bar of uniform cross-section are maintained at fixed but different
temperatures. Draw appropriate graphs to show how the temperature varies along the bar is
proportional to __________.
(i) fully lagged;
(ii) unlagged.
(c) A sheet of rubber and a sheet of cardboard each of area 50 cm2 but of thickness 3 mm and 4
mm respectively are pressed together and the outer faces of the combined unit are
maintained at 0 C and 30 C respectively. The thermal conductivities of rubber and
cardboard are 0.14 Wm–1K–1 and 0.06 Wm–1K–1 respectively. Find the quantity of heat,
which will flow, across the interface of the two sheets in half an hour.
U91-14 Under suitable conditions, thermal energy always transfers from _________.
A. objects with larger specific heat capacity to objects with small specific heat capacity
B. objects with larger heat capacity to objects with smaller heat capacity
C. objects with larger internal energy to objects with smaller internal energy
D. objects with higher temperature to objects with lower temperature
E. objects with larger mass to objects with smaller mass

U91-P8a Define thermal conductivity.

(b) Explain why, in an experiment to determine the thermal conductivity of a good conductor
such as a copper bar, it is necessary that the bar should be thick, of uniform cross-section
and have its sides well lagged.
(c) The Earth has a crust of thermal conductivity 2 Wm–1K–1. On the average, the temperature of
the crust increases by 20 C for each kilometer below the surface. If the radius of the Earth is
6.4106 m, estimate the total rate at which heat leaves the Earth’s surface by conduction
through the crust.

U95-14 Heat is transmitted from body A to body B when they are in contact with each other. This is
because _________.
A. the volume of body A is larger than that of body B
B. heat contained in body A is more than that in body B
C. specific heat capacity of body A is larger than that of body B
D. average kinetic energy of molecules of body A is larger than that of body B

U94-15 The ends of a well-lagged copper bar of length L are kept at steady temperatures 1 and 2
(1 > 2). Which of the graphs in Fig.U94-15 best represents the relationship between the rate
of flow of heat ( dQ
dt
) and the distance (x) from the hot end when all temperatures in the bar are
steady?
dQ dQ dQ dQ
dt dt dt dt

Fig.U94-15
A. B. C. D.
L x L x L x L x

U96-14 The thermal conductivity of a metal decreases significantly as the temperature increases.
This is because at higher temperatures, ___________.
A. the distance between metallic atoms increases
B. ionic force between metallic atoms decreases
C. the rate of collision between free electrons and metallic atoms increases
D. the lattice structure slows down the vibrations of the metallic atoms

U97-12 Heat is conducted along a well-lagged uniform metal bar of cross-sectional area A at a
steady rate Q from one end to the other end. The temperature difference between two points
with a distance d apart on the axis of the bar is proportional to ___________.
A.QdA B. Ad
Q
C. QdA D. QA
d

U97-13 Certain cooking pots can be transferred directly from the freezer to a hot oven without
cracking up. These pots are made of materials that ________.
A. have low heat conductivity and expansivity
B. have high heat conductivity and expansivity
C. have a low heat conductivity and high expansivity
D. have a high heat conductivity and low expansivity

U2k07-P5a A styrofoam box used to keep drinks cold at a picnic has total wall area (including the
lid) of 1.2 m2 and wall thickness of 2.0 cm. It is filled with ice, water, and cans of 100
Plus sports drink at 0C. (thermal conductivity for Styrofoam k=0.01 W/mK, the specific
latent heat of fusion for ice = 3.34105 JKg –1)
(i) What is the rate of heat flow into the box if the temperature of the outside wall is 32 C?
(ii) If under the same circumstances, how much ice melts in one day?
(iii) Name the mechanism of heat transfer for this process.
Thermometers & Temperature
U85-14 In an experiment, two different types of thermometers P and Q are used to record the
temperatures of some objects and the corresponding readings are as follows:
Thermometer Temperatures of objects measured (C)
used Object 1 Object 2 Object 3 Object 4
P 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0
Q 50.2 100.0 148.7 197.4
From this experiment, we may conclude that ___________.
A. P must be a constant-volume gas thermometer
B. Q is less reliable at lower temperature
C. thermometer P is more accurate than thermometer Q
D. thermometer Q is more accurate than thermometer P
E. N.O.T.A.

U87-8 The ice point has been chosen as a fixed point on some thermometric scales because ______.
A. its temperature is zero degree B. the heat content of ice is zero
C. all ice is at the temperature of 0 C D. it is the coldest temperature known
E. it is an easily-reproducible temperature, quite accurate for the purpose of calibrations

U89-13 Given that two different bodies are in thermal equilibrium. Which of the following
statements is always correct?
A. The two bodies have the same temperature
B. The two bodies have the same internal energy
C. The two bodies have the same specific heat capacity
D. The two bodies have different specific heat capacities
E. There is no activity of heat exchange going on between the two bodies

U89-15 The absolute zero of the thermodynamic temperature scale may be defined as the
temperature at which ________.
A. the internal energy of a body is zero B. the internal energy of a body is a minimum
C. the volumes of all bodies become zero D. all gases and liquids turn into solids
E. the volumes of all gases and liquids become zero
T
U87-P8a Define the pressure coefficient of expansion of gas. 3 – way
(b) Fig.U87-P8a shows a fixed- R
stirrer tap
volume gas thermometer. A glass bulb B is filled with
dry air, and placed in a large beaker containing hot water. N h
The temperature of the water is measured by mercury B: dry air
thermometer T.
hot water
An experiment performed by a student using this
fixed-volume gas thermometer produced the Heat shield
following results:
Atmospheric pressure Pa = (754  1) mmHg Fig.U87-P8a
Reading of mercury column at N = (160  1) mm
 14
Temperature t of water 20.0  0.1 40.0  0.1 50.0  0.1 60.0  0.1 70.0  0.1
to beaker/C
Reading of mercury 126  1 171  1 196  1 216  1 242  1
column at R/mm
(i) Using the data above, plot a graph of pressure P(P = P0 + h) versus temperature t.
(ii) Find the gradient of the graph.
(iii)Estimate from your graph the existing room temperature.
(iv)Find the pressure coefficient of expansion of air from the graph.

U98-13 The length of the mercury thread of an uncalibrated thermometer is 9.5 cm when
immersed in steam, and is 0.5 cm in melting ice. What will be the length of the mercury
thread when the thermometer is immersed in a beaker of water at 20 C?
A. 2.4 cm B. 2.3 cm C. 1.9 cm D. 1.8 cm

U99-11 Which of the following instrument is most suitably used to measure a fast changing
temperature in the range of 20 C to 40 C? (Assuming that they have all been calibrated so
as to give direct readings.)
A. A thermocouple B. A mercury thermometer
C. An alcohol thermometer D. A platinum resistance thermometer

U92-P7a
Mode of thermometric Boiling- Freezing- A particular room
evaluation point point temperature (to be
(100 C) (0 C) determined)
Pressure as recorded by a 1.05×107 Pa 8.07×106 Pa 8.80×106 Pa
constant-volume gas
thermometer
Resistance as recorded by 150.00  126.00  132.95 
a platinium resistance
thermometer
the table above shows the observations of a particle room temperature by using two types
of thermometer, together with the boiling point and freezing point values. Using these
data, calculate the room temperatures on the scales of the constant-volume gas
thermometer and the platinium resistance thermometer. [2 answers]
Explain why these values differ (at the same room temperature).

Prepared by UCSCAM
Arranged by 吴 德 安, 徐 嘉 敏, 周 思 洁 Copyright