TAMAYO, Noria Krishadel P.

October 2, 2021
BSEE 3D
EEAC 110
Summative Test 2

1. Describe the operation of timing and control block.

The basic elements of any computer system are the control and timing units. The main
function of the control unit is to provide control signals to the components of the system.
Computer programs consist of a series of sequential instructions. These instructions are delivered
to the CPU. Instructions have two components: opcode and address. The operation to be
performed is defined by the operation code and the operands are stored in memory by the
address. The CPU requires a certain amount of time, known as a cycle, for each command. The
memory operands must be retrieved and sent to the CPU over the bus. Similarly, the processor
must keep track of the next instruction to be executed. All of this is managed by a regulated
entity. The control unit also controls the logic operations performed on gates such as AND gates
and OR gates. All calculations are carried out by the ALU unit, while management is carried out
by the control unit.
A master clock generator controls the time of all registers on the base computer. Clock
pulses are applied to all system flip-flops and registers, including the control unit. The clock
pulse does not change the register state unless the register is triggered by a control signal.
Control signals are generated in the control unit and used as control inputs for multiplexers on
the common bus, control inputs for processor registers, and micro-operations for accumulators.
A wired organization's control logic is implemented using gates, flip-flops, decoders, and
other digital circuits. It has the advantage that it can be adjusted to create a fast operating mode.
The control information is stored in a control memory in a micro programmed structure. The
control store is arranged to initiate the corresponding series of micro-operations. When it is
necessary to add or change the design, a wired controller, as the name suggests, requires changes
to the wiring between the various components. On the other hand, any necessary adjustments or
updates to the micro programmed controller can be done by changing the micro program in the
controller's memory.
In 8085 we use the timing and control unit to generate timing and control signals. This
unit controls all the activities and functions of a microprocessor, both inside and outside. Output
pins X2 and CLK: We have a clock generator in the 8085 CU to execute timing operations in the
microcomputer system. Apart from the quartz crystal, the entire oscillator circuit is contained in
the chip. The two pins X1 and X2 are removed from the chip to establish an external connection
to the crystal. To see if the crystal starts, we connect a 20pF capacitor between terminal X2 and
ground. The crystal frequency is divided by two, which divides the unit of the control counter by
two. Internally, the 8085A operates at a frequency of 3 MHz with one clock frequency. This
switches a crystal with a 6MHz frequency between X1 and X2. Every operation throughout the
8085 system is performed using the provided clock synchronization mechanism. There are
peripheral chips, like the 8251 USART, that only kick in when a small clock signal is required.
TAMAYO, Noria Krishadel P. October 2, 2021
BSEE 3D
EEAC 110
Summative Test 2
2. Name at least 5 I/O peripherals and describe their operations.
Input-output (I/O) structures transmit information among the primary reminiscence of a pc
and the outdoor world. An I/O machine is made of I/O gadgets (peripherals), I/O manipulate
units, and software program that permits the I/O transaction(s) to be accomplished via a chain of
I/O operations. I/O gadgets may be serial, i.e. able to shifting bit streams one bit at a time, or
parallel. Because parallel gadgets have a bigger information bus, they will ship information in
phrases of 1 or extra bytes. I/O, like each different interest in a pc machine, is the end result of a
collaborative attempt among hardware and software program. A tool driving force is the software
program this is done to perform an I/O transaction for a particular I/O tool. Reading a block of
data from disk to memory is an example of an I/O transaction. The software for this is simply a
sequence of I/O operations (instructions) that transfer data between peripheral devices and main
memory (qv) and allow the central processing unit (CPU) to control the peripheral devices linked
to it. As a result, I / O activities are classified into two types: control operations and data transfer
operations.

SD Card
The SD card, which stands for Secure Digital Card, is one of the most common forms of
memory cards used with devices. Approximately 400 electronic device manufacturers use SD
technology and more than 8,000 different models, including digital cameras and mobile phones.
Due to its widespread use, it is considered the industry standard.
Any SD card can be read on a desktop or laptop as long as it has a card reader that can
read the required SD card size. If your computer doesn't have an SD card reader or one with the
wrong slot size, you can purchase an external USB card reader.

Sound Card
Also known as an audio output device, soundboard, or audio card. A sound card is a
computer expansion card or integrated circuit (IC) that produces sound that may be heard
through speakers or headphones. Although the computer does not require a sound card, it is
provided in all machines in the form of an expansion slot (see below) or integrated into the
motherboard (onboard).
In terms of computer sound card applications, the locations on a computer where a sound
card can be used are: games, listen to music and listen to audio CDs, watch movies, conferences
with audio and video, MIDI creation and playback, software for education, commercial
presentations, dictations must be recorded, and voice recognition.
TAMAYO, Noria Krishadel P. October 2, 2021
BSEE 3D
EEAC 110
Summative Test 2

Modem
A modem, sometimes called a broadband modem, is hardware that connects a computer
or router to a broadband network. Cable modems and DSL modems are two examples of these
types of modems. Today, the term "modem" most often refers to a broadband modem. It also
refers to what was formerly known as a modem for connecting to the Internet. To avoid
misunderstanding, use the words "broadband modem" and "dialup modem" interchangeably. A
modem, which stands for modulator/demodulator, is a piece of hardware that allows a computer
to send and receive data over a telephone line. The gadget converts the digital data into an analog
audio signal and sends it over the phone line while transmitting the signal. Similarly, when the
modem receives an analog signal, it converts it to a digital signal.

Flash Drive
Jump drives are portable storage devices also known as USB flash drives, data sticks, pen
drives, memory drives, keychain drives, and USB sticks. It is usually about the size of a human
thumb and is connected to a computer via a USB connection. Flash drives, available in capacities
from 2GB to 1TB, are a convenient way to store and transmit data between computers.
Flash drives, unlike traditional hard drives, have no moving parts and only store data using an
integrated circuit memory chip. Memory chips are usually encased in a plastic or metal case in a
flash drive. The image shows a SanDisk Cruizer Micro 16GB flash drive.

Digital Camera
A digital camera is a piece of hardware that captures images and saves them as data on a
memory card. Unlike an analog camera, which exposes film chemicals to light, a digital camera
registers the strength and color of light and transforms it into pixel data using digital optical
components. In addition to shooting pictures, many digital cameras can capture video. A
Panasonic Lumix digital camera was used to capture the image.
TAMAYO, Noria Krishadel P. October 2, 2021
BSEE 3D
EEAC 110
Summative Test 2
3. In your own words, describe the operation of opcode fetch instruction.
The machine cycle OF and to perform decoding operations, as well as in some rare
circumstances execution, constitutes opcode recovery. The OF machine cycle has six steps to
complete some common instructions such as DCX B. Then, similar to OF, the machine cycle is
indicated and when no wait states are detected, the total number of T states required whether a
wait state is required depends entirely on the speed of the memory and peripheral chip used in
the system. On the address bus, MP inserts the 16-bit memory address of the program counter.
High-level memory addresses are placed on address lines A15 - A8 during the T1 time period.
When ALE is set to high, a lower address is assigned to buses AD7 - AD0. The memory
operation is indicated by the low status signal IO/M (bar), and the operation code fetch operation
is indicated by the low status signal S1 = 1, S0 = 1. The MP transmits the RD control line (bar)
to allow memory reading in the T2 time interval. The opcode value of the destination memory
location is sent on the data bus with low ALE when the memory is activated with an RD signal
(bar). During the T3 time period, the opcode value is reached in the processor register. The RD
signal (bar) goes high when data (opcode value) is received. As a result, the bus enters a high
impedance state. Bytes of opcode are fed into the MP instruction decoder, which decodes and
executes the opcode. This occurred during the T4 time period. The IR register gets 4EH from
memory C001H in the first three clock cycles. Decoding is done in T4 state. The control unit
(CU) receives the opcode for the 1-byte MOV C, M instruction, which has the mnemonic code
MOV C, M. These four T states, which we discussed earlier, make up the machine cycle OF.
Meanwhile, PC content is upgraded to C002H. However, we will not release C002H from this
point on because the MOV C, M commands will not be executed. During T1 the control panel
activates status signals other than address information, as shown below. When ALE equals 1, the
address bits present in AD70 are displayed. When IO/M* is equal to 0, it means the memory
address is zero. If S1 is 1 and S0 is 0, the engine cycle is the MR engine cycle. Let's take the
STC command as an example and explain its OF. STC stands for "Set the Carry flag" in the 8085
instruction set. Changes the CY flag to 1 regardless of the previous value. The result of the
operation set on the CY flag is stored back in the CY flag. The Opcode recovery cycle fetches
instructions from memory and sends them to the microprocessor's instruction register. The
opcode fetch is the initial machine cycle for each instruction cycle. We know that each engine
cycle can cover from three to six T states. There are four T states in this Opcode recovery engine
cycle.