PIP VESV1002 Design and Fabrication Specification For Vessels ASME Code Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2

COMPLETE REVISION
January 2019
Vessels
PIP VESV1002
Design and Fabrication Specification for Vessels
ASME Code Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has been
prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major industrial users,
contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical requirements into a
single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering costs to both the
purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice is expected to
incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual applications may involve
requirements that will be appended to and take precedence over this Practice. Determinations
concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters or application of the Practice to
particular project or engineering situations should not be made solely on information
contained in these materials. The use of trade names from time to time should not be viewed
as an expression of preference but rather recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other
brands having the same specifications are equally correct and may be substituted for those
named. All Practices or guidelines are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and
regulations including OSHA requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should
conflict with OSHA or other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be
followed. Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
This Practice is subject to revision at any time.
© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The University of Texas at
Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin, Texas 78759. PIP Member Companies and
Subscribers may copy this Practice for their internal use. Changes or modifications of any kind
are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written authorization of PIP.
Authorized Users may attach addenda or overlays to clearly indicate modifications or
exceptions to specific sections of PIP Practices. Authorized Users may provide their clients,
suppliers and contractors with copies of the Practice solely for Authorized Users’ purposes.
These purposes include but are not limited to the procurement process (e.g., as attachments to
requests for quotation/ purchase orders or requests for proposals/contracts) and preparation and
issue of design engineering deliverables for use on a specific project by Authorized User’s
client. PIP’s copyright notices must be clearly indicated and unequivocally incorporated in
documents where an Authorized User desires to provide any third party with copies of the
Practice.
PUBLISHING HISTORY
September 1997 Issued May 2009 Editorial Revision
December 1998 Technical Revision March 2012 Complete Revision
February 2007 Complete Revision January 2019 Complete Revision
Not printed with State funds

COMPLETE REVISION
January 2019
Vessels
PIP VESV1002
Design and Fabrication Specification for Vessels
Table of Contents
1. Scope ............................................. 2
2. References .................................... 2
2.1 Process Industry Practices ................... 2
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ............. 2
2.3 Government Regulations ...................... 3
2.4 Other References .................................. 4
3. Definitions ..................................... 4
4. Requirements ................................ 5
4.1 General ................................................. 5
4.2 Design ................................................... 6
4.3 Materials .............................................. 23
4.4 Fabrication .......................................... 24
4.5 Examination, Inspection and Pressure
Testing ................................................ 33
4.6 Preparation for Shipment .................... 38
Appendix A: Equivalent Pressure Formulas for

Bending Moment and Axial Tensile Load ......... 41
Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 42

PIP VESV1002 COMPLETE REVISION
Design and Fabrication Specification for Vessels January 2019
1. Scope
This Practice provides design criteria, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, and
documentation requirements for pressure vessels constructed in accordance with ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 or Division 2, henceforth referred to as the
Code. Requirements that are specific to Code, Section VIII, Division 2 are shown in braces { }.
Supplementary requirements for shell and tube heat exchangers are in PIP VESST002.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall be
considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract award
shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)
– PIP VEDV1003 - Documentation Requirements for Vessels, ASME Code Section

VIII, Divisions 1 and 2
– PIP VEFV1100 - Vessel/S&T Heat Exchanger Standard Details
PIP VEFV1101 - Vessel Nameplate Bracket
PIP VEFV1102 - Vessel Tolerances
PIP VEFV1103 - Vessel Grounding Lug
PIP VEFV1105 - Horizontal Vessel Saddles Supported on Concrete
PIP VEFV1106 - Horizontal Vessel Saddles Supported on Steel
PIP VEFV1116 - Vessel Manway Hinges
PIP VEFV1117 - Vessel Vertical Manway Davit
PIP VEFV1118 - Vessel Horizontal Manway Davit
PIP VEFV1125 - Vessel Internal Ladders
PIP VEFV1128 - Skirt Attachments
PIP VEFV1129 - Vessel Studded Joints
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards
For each of the following reference documents, if Code Table U-3 {1.1} lists an edition
or addenda different than the edition listed in the reference, the edition listed in Code,
Table U-3 {1.1} shall be used.
• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

– ASCE 7 – Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
– ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Section II, Part D - Properties
Section V - Nondestructive Examination

Section VIII - Pressure Vessels, Divisions 1 and 2

Section IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications
Code Case 2260 - Alternative Rules for Design of Ellipsoidal and
Torispherical Formed Heads, Section VIII, Division 1
– ASME B1.1 - Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)
– ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings, Sizes NPS 1/2 through
NPS 24
– ASME B16.9 - Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
– ASME B16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges, NPS 26 through
NPS 60
– ASME PCC-1 - Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly
– ASME PCC-2 - Repair of Pressure Equipment and Piping
– ASME SA-263 - Corrosion-Resisting Chromium, Steel-Clad Plate
– ASME SA-264 - Stainless Chromium-Nickel, Steel-Clad Plate
– ASME SA-265 - Nickel and Nickel-Based Alloy-Clad Steel Plate
– ASME SA-578 - Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Rolled Steel Plates for
Special Applications
– ASME SA-745 - Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International
– ASTM A-380 - Standard Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of
Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment and Systems
• American Welding Society (AWS)
– AWS A2.4 - Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive
Examination
• International Standards Organization
– ISO 8573-1 - Compressed Air - Part 1 Contaminants and Purity Classes
• Welding Research Council (WRC)
– WRC Bulletin 107 - Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to
External Loadings
– WRC Bulletin 297 - Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings
on Nozzles
– WRC Bulletin 537 - Precision Equations and Enhanced Diagrams for Local Stresses in
Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings for Implementation of WRC
Bulletin 107
2.3 Government Regulations
The following references are applicable to US installations or as specified by Purchaser.
• U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA)
– OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146(k)(3)(ii) - Permit-Required Confined Spaces for General
Industry

2.4 Other References
– “Dynamic Response of Tall Flexible Structures to Wind Loading.” Joseph Vellozzi,

Ph.D., P.E. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Building
Science Series Number 32, 1966.
– “Process Equipment Design.” Brownell and Young. Wiley & Sons Publishers, 1959.
– “Stresses in Large Cylindrical Pressure Vessels on Two Saddle Supports.” L.P. Zick.
Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis, A Decade of Progress. Vol. 2, 1972.
3. Definitions
approved equal: A substitution to a specified product that has been approved in writing by the
Purchaser
Code: The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 {or 2} and its
referenced Sections (e.g., Section II, Section V, and Section IX) and any Code Cases permitted by
the User. References to Division 2 are identified in braces { }
construction: An all-inclusive term comprising materials, design, fabrication, examination,

inspection, testing, certification (i.e., Code stamp and Manufacturer’s Data Report),
{Manufacturer’s Design Report}, and pressure relief
cyclic service: A service that requires fatigue analysis in accordance with Code, Section VIII,
Division 2, Section 5.5.2. This applies to Division 1 and Division 2 vessels.
manufacturer: The party entering into a contract with the Purchaser to design and construct a
vessel in accordance with the requirements in this Practice and the contract documents. In
accordance with the Code definition, the Manufacturer is the party that possesses a valid
Certificate of Authorization to manufacturer pressure vessels with the ASME Mark.
National Board: The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, an organization
comprised of chief inspectors of various governmental jurisdictions in the United States and
Canada
owner: The party who owns the facility wherein the vessel will be used. The owner is typically
also the User.
purchaser: The party who selects and specifies the mechanical design requirements (e.g., Vessel
Drawing/Data Sheet {User’s Design Specification}), consistent with User criteria, for use by the
Manufacturer. The Purchaser is also responsible for placing the purchase order for the vessel or
vessel components. The Purchaser may also be the Owner, User, or the Owner’s or User’s
Designated Agent (e.g., engineering contractor).
user: The party who establishes construction criteria in accordance with the Code philosophy and
service hazards. The User is the operator of the facility wherein the vessel will be installed.
purchaser’s inspector: The person or company authorized by the Purchaser, Owner, and/or User
to inspect pressure vessels to the requirements of this Practice and other Purchaser contract
requirements

4. Requirements
4.1 General
4.1.1 Overall Responsibilities
4.1.1.1 Vessels shall be provided in accordance with this Practice and the
following:
a. PIP VEDV1003 including the following Purchaser’s forms:
(1) PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet
(2) PIP VEDV1003-T Inspection and Testing Documentation
Requirements Sheet or equivalent
(3) PIP VEDV1003-R Documentation Requirements Sheet
(4) PIP VEDV1003-F Welded Pressure Joint Requirements
b. The Code
c. Design criteria that may supersede the requirements of this Practice
but not take exception to the requirements of the Code
d. PIP VEFV1100 details: VEFV1101, VEFV1102, VEFV1103,
VEFV1105, VEFV1106, VEFV1116, VEFV1117, VEFV1118,
VEFV1125
e. Other codes and standards referenced in this Practice
f. Local requirements
g. Other contract requirements furnished by the Purchaser
4.1.1.2 Vessels shall be in total compliance with the Code, including stamping.
4.1.1.3 Unless otherwise specified by the Purchaser, Code-stamped vessels shall
also be National Board (NB) registered.
4.1.1.4 Deviations from this Practice shall be submitted in writing for approval
by the Purchaser.
4.1.1.5 If a conflict is identified between this Practice, the design drawings, data
sheets, referenced codes and standards, or any supplementary
specification, written clarification shall be obtained from the Purchaser
before proceeding with any work.
4.1.1.6 All aspects of the work shall be in accordance with applicable local, county,
state, and federal rules, regulations and standards at installation site
including but not limited to the rules and standards established by the EPA
and OSHA, or equivalent national standards, if applicable, as designated by
the Purchaser. See Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet.
4.1.1.7 The Manufacturer shall be responsible for assuring that subcontracted
fabrication work is in accordance with this Practice and the contract
documents.
4.1.1.8 Purchaser’s review of Manufacturer’s documentation (e.g., fabrication
drawings, design calculations or weld procedures) shall not relieve the

Manufacturer of his responsibility to comply with the requirements of

this Practice and the contract documents.
4.1.1.9 If a vessel or vessel component design is furnished by the Purchaser, the
Manufacturer shall not be relieved of his responsibility to comply with
the requirements of this Practice and the contract documents.
4.1.1.10 Release for shipment by Purchaser Inspector shall not relieve the
Manufacturer of his responsibility to comply with the requirements of
this Practice and the contract documents.
4.1.2 Alternative Design Proposals
4.1.2.1 A base proposal for construction of the vessel shall be provided in full
compliance with the Purchaser’s request for quotation.
4.1.2.2 An alternative design proposal may be submitted; however, the change
shall be realized without losing capability.
4.1.2.3 Alternate design proposals shall be in accordance with the following:
a. Shall be accompanied by the base proposal and be clearly identified
as an alternate proposal
b. Shall clearly state the intended use of Code Cases
c. Shall be fully and clearly described and substantiated by sketches or
drawings
d. Shall include a list of specific exceptions to Purchaser’s request for
quotation, this Practice, and the contract documents
e. Shall clearly identify the anticipated benefits(s)
4.1.2.4 Unless approved in writing by the Purchaser, an alternative design
including the use of Code Cases shall not be used.
4.1.3 Documentation Responsibilities
4.1.3.1 Vessel documentation shall be provided in accordance with Purchaser’s
PIP VEDV1003-R Documentation Requirements Sheet.
4.1.3.2 The data required for Part B of the PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet shall be
provided with the approval drawings.
4.2 Design
4.2.1 General
4.2.1.1 Vessel design shall be in accordance with the applicable requirements of
the Code, {User’s Design Specification} this Practice, the Purchaser’s
PIP VESV1003-D Data Sheet, and all other requirements in the contract
documents.
4.2.1.2 Minimum corroded shell and head thickness shall be 3/16 inch (5 mm).
4.2.1.3 If two allowable stress values are given in Code Section II Part D for a
material, the greater value shall not be used in the design of flanges for
gasketed joints or other applications if minimal amounts of distortion can
cause leakage or malfunction.

4.2.1.4 Unless approved by the Purchaser, Code Case 2260 shall not be
permitted for use in the design.
4.2.1.5 Half-pipe or pipe section jackets shall be designed in accordance with
Code Appendix EE {4.11.6}.
4.2.2 Pressure and Temperature
4.2.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, vessels shall be assumed to operate
completely filled with operating fluid.
4.2.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, Minimum Design Temperature shall not be
warmer than 30ºF (-1ºC).
4.2.2.3 The maximum design temperature rating shall be increased to the highest
temperature possible without affecting the minimum required thickness
of the shell or heads and without changing the pressure class of nozzle
flanges.
4.2.2.4 If appropriate, a vessel may be designed and Code stamped for more than
one condition of pressure and coincident maximum metal temperature.
4.2.2.5 Unless otherwise specified, maximum design metal temperature shall not
be colder than 150°F (65ºC).
4.2.2.6 Provisions for Future Field Hydrostatic Test
1. Unless provision for future field hydrostatic test is exempted, the
vessel shall be designed to satisfy the load combination as specified
in Section 4.2.3.2.d.
2. The design shall verify that any component in the corroded condition
can withstand the following loads, without exceeding 95% of the
Specified Minimum Yield Strength at the coincident test
temperature, in both circumferential and longitudinal directions:
a. Hydrostatic test pressure at the top of the vessel in accordance
with Code Paragraph UG-99 {8.2.1}
b. Hydrostatic head of the vessel full of water when the vessel is in
its operating position
3. The stress level in Section 4.2.3.2.d shall not be permitted in those
portions of the cylindrical shell within a meridional distance of
2.5 R t , where R is the mean radius of the shell and t is the
thickness of the shell at the junction, from a gross structural
discontinuity such as, but not limited to, the following:
a. Cone-to-cylinder junctions
b. Shell flange-to-cylinder junctions
c. Torispherical head (inside crown radius/head thickness L t ratio
greater than 500) -to-cylinder junctions
d. Openings in the shell that are larger than the dimensional limits
given in Code Paragraph UG-36(b)(1) {4.5.2.1}

4. See Section 4.2.3 for additional requirements.

4.2.2.7 Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) shall not be limited by
the nozzle reinforcement.
4.2.2.8 Code Paragraph UG-20(b) {4.1.5.2€} shall be used for determining the
Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) of carbon and low alloy
steels.
4.2.2.9 Carbon and low-alloy steel material for separate nozzle reinforcing pads,
and stiffening rings and other attachments which are welded to pressure-
retaining components, shall not limit the MDMT.
4.2.2.10 Jacketed or compartmented vessels shall have common components
designed for the maximum potential differential pressure on each of the
concave and convex sides.
4.2.3 Design Loads and Load Combinations
4.2.3.1 Design Load Classifications and Definitions
1. Dead Load (L1)
Dead Load is the installed weight of the vessel, including internals,
catalyst or packing, refractory lining, platforms, insulation
fireproofing, piping, and other permanent attachments.
2. Operating Live Load (L2)
Operating Live Load is the weight of the liquid at the maximum
operating level, including that on trays.
3. Pressure Load (L3)
Pressure Load is the MAWP (internal or external at the coincident
temperature) considering the pressure variations through the vessel,
if any. MAWP shall be calculated (not set equal to the design
pressure) unless otherwise specified by the Purchaser. For vessels
with more than one independent chamber, see Code Paragraph
UG-19(a) {4.1.8}.
4. Thermal Load (L4)
Thermal Loads are caused by the restraint of thermal
expansion/interaction of the vessel and/or its supports.
5. Test Load (L5)
Test Load is the weight of the test medium, usually water. Unless
otherwise specified, design basis shall consider that the vessel shall
be field tested in its normal operating position. See Section 4.2.2.6.
6. Wind Load (L6)
Wind Load shall be determined in accordance with Section 4.2.4.
7. Seismic Load (L7)
Seismic Load shall be determined in accordance with Section 4.2.5.

8. Piping and Superimposed Equipment Loads (L8)

Loads caused by piping (other than the Dead Load), and loads
caused by superimposed equipment
9. Hydrotest Factor (L9)
Hydrotest factor that, if multiplied by the lowest ratio (for the
materials of which the vessel is constructed) of the stress value S for
the test temperature of the vessel to the stress value for the design
temperature, establishes the minimum required test pressure at every
point in the vessel
10. Erected Load (L0)
Erected Load is the weight of the vessel as initially placed in
operating position. Normally this is the shell without contents (e.g.,
internals, catalyst, packing). Loads included in the erected load may
include, but are not limited to, insulation, fireproofing, refractory
lining, attachments (e.g., ladders, platforms, piping).
4.2.3.2 Load Conditions
Unless other conditions are specified by the Purchaser, vessels and their
supports shall be designed to satisfy the most severe (i.e., controlling) of
the following load conditions, and the controlling load condition shall be
identified in the design calculations:
a. L1+L6
Operating Dead Load with full Wind Load
b. L1+L2+L3+L4+L6+L8
Design Condition with full Wind Load. Both full and zero pressure
loads (L3) shall be included for check of maximum longitudinal
tensile and compressive stress.
c. L1+L2+L3+L4+L7+L8
Design Condition with Seismic Load. Both full and zero pressure
loads (L3) shall be included for check of maximum longitudinal
tensile and compressive stress.
d. L1+ L9+L5+(0.25)L6
If specified by Purchaser, initial (i.e., new uncorroded) hydrostatic
test condition and future (i.e., corroded) hydrostatic test condition
with vessel in normal operating position and with 50% of design
wind velocity (i.e., 25% of wind load)
The general primary membrane tensile stress under this load
condition, in the corroded shall not be greater than the following:
(1) For hydrostatic testing, 95% of the Specified Minimum
Yield Strength at 100°F (38°C) {that specified in 4.1.6.2(a)}
(2) For pneumatic testing, 80% of the Specified Minimum Yield
Strength at 100°F (38°C) {4.1.6.2 b)}

e. Lift Condition
See Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet and Section 4.2.8.3
f. L0 + (0.5)L6
Erected Condition with 70% wind velocity (i.e. 50% Wind
Load). If the equipment is in the erected condition for an
extended period full wind shall be applied.
4.2.4 Wind
4.2.4.1 Unless specified otherwise, wind loads shall be determined in accordance
with ASCE 7 design criteria using input data specified by the Purchaser.
4.2.4.2 The maximum allowable deflection at the top tangent line of a vessel in
the corroded condition shall not be greater than 6 inches per 100 feet
(150 mm per 30 m) of vessel height.
4.2.4.3 Projected Area
1. The projected area of vessel accessories such as platforms, ladders,
piping and other equipment attached to the vessel shall be considered
in the wind load calculation.
2. If spoilers are to be added to a vessel, the column projected area
normal to wind, and the corresponding force coefficient, for the
column height where spoilers have been added, shall be used in the
design of the vessel and supporting structure to calculate the
overturning load.
4.2.4.4 Wind-Induced Vibration of Vertical Vessels
1. Vessels with an h/D ratio of 15 or greater shall be evaluated for
dynamic behavior from wind excitation as described in Dynamic
Response of Tall Flexible Structures to Wind Loading or by other
similar proven evaluation methodology.
2. Vessels shall be evaluated for wind-induced vibration considering
vortex shedding ranges described as follows:
a. Lower Periodic Vortex Shedding Range
If the Reynolds number is less than 300,000 and the Strouhal
number is approximately 0.2, vibration because of periodic
vortex shedding can occur with tall slender vessels that have
very low fundamental frequencies.
b. Random Vortex Shedding Range
If the Reynolds number is between 300,000 and 3,500,000,
random vortex shedding can occur. If the Strouhal number is
approximately 0.2, the random vortex oscillations can lock-in
and become periodic, causing the vessel to vibrate.
c. Upper Periodic Vortex Shedding Range
If the Reynolds number is above 3,500,000 and the Strouhal
number is approximately 0.2, self-excited vibration can occur if

the natural frequency of the vessel corresponds with the

frequency of vortex shedding.
3. If it is determined that a vessel can vibrate and the attributes of the
vessel (e.g., normal attachments) cannot be changed to put the vessel
in a range where vibration cannot occur, wind spoilers shall be added
to the vessel in accordance with one of the following methods. The
method used to deter wind-induced vibration shall be provided to the
Purchaser.
a. Helical Spoilers
(1) A circumferentially equally spaced three-start system of
spoilers in a helical pattern shall be provided on the top third
of the vessel.
(2) The exposed width of the spoilers beyond insulation shall be
0.1D and a pitch (i.e., the height of one helical wrap) of 5D,
where D is the diameter of the top third of the vessel.
(3) The spoiler system may be interrupted to provide clearance
at vessel appendages.
b. Short Vertical Spoilers
(1) A three-start system of short vertical spoilers arranged in a
helical pattern shall be provided on the top-third of the
vessel.
(2) The exposed width beyond insulation of the spoilers shall be
0.09D and the pitch (i.e., height of one helical wrap)
between 5D and 11D.
(3) A minimum of eight equal length spoilers shall be provided
over the pitch distance (i.e., each complete helical wrap) and
a minimum of 1.5 helical wraps over the top-third of the
vessel.
(4) The spoiler system may be interrupted to provide clearance
at vessel appendages.
4.2.5 Seismic Loading
Seismic loads shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7 using design
parameters provided or otherwise defined by the Purchaser.
4.2.6 Cyclic Loading
4.2.6.1 Fatigue Analysis
1. If Purchaser specifies that the vessel is in cyclic service, the rules in
Code Section VIII, Division 2, Paragraph 4.1.1.4, shall be used as a
basis for establishing further action.
2. A fatigue analysis shall always be performed for agitator mounting
nozzles and their attachment to the vessel.

4.2.6.2 Agitator Installations on Formed Heads

If an agitator is to be mounted on a nozzle or studding outlet in a formed
head, the head design shall be sufficient to provide the rigidity and stress
levels appropriate for the associated dynamic loadings. The head design
shall be agreed with the agitator supplier and Purchaser before the head
is ordered.
4.2.6.3 Nozzle Reinforcement
1. Nozzles supporting agitators, pumps, or other mechanical equipment
shall be suitably reinforced to withstand the mechanical loadings
specified by the equipment manufacturer and approved by Purchaser.
2. Dynamic loading shall be evaluated for an infinite number of stress
reversals using the applicable stress concentration factor as follows:
a. 5 for as welded attachment welds
b. 3.5 for contoured and blend ground nozzle attachment welds
3. Nozzle reinforcement for pressure relief devices shall be designed

and reinforced for thrust reaction.
4. Gussets shall not be used to strengthen, stiffen, or reinforce nozzles,
unless demonstrated by calculations to be suitable for the specified
cyclic life or thermal condition, and the dimensional requirements
(e.g., tolerances) of the device as furnished by the device
manufacturer are considered.
4.2.7 Local Loading
4.2.7.1 If external loads are furnished by the Purchaser, the local membrane and
surface stresses caused by local loads (e.g., piping loads, platform loads,
etc.) shall be determined using the WRC Bulletin 107, 297, 537
procedures, or other local stress analysis procedures approved by the
Purchaser.
4.2.7.2 For local loads and pressure, the allowable stresses {5.2.2.4} are 1.5S for
local primary membrane stress and 3S for primary membrane plus
secondary bending stress at nozzles, platform lugs, etc., where S is the
Code-allowable stress at the design temperature.
4.2.8 Shipping and Rigging Loadings
4.2.8.1 Transportation Loads
1. Vessels subject to transportation loadings shall be analyzed for the
following conditions:
a. Bending between supports
b. General primary membrane tensile stress
c. Compressive stress at supports and fixture attachment points
2. Calculated general primary membrane tensile stress shall not exceed
that listed in Section 4.2.8.3.

3. Vessels shall be analyzed for actual vertical, lateral and longitudinal

loadings as applicable.
4. Minimum acceleration loadings are shown in Table 1 for the various
modes of transportation.
5. If erection loadings are greater than the transportation loadings, the
vessel shall be designed for the most severe vertical, lateral and
longitudinal loading condition.
Table 1 - Minimum Transportation Acceleration Loadings
Vertical Acceleration
Lateral Longitudinal
Transportation Mode
Acceleration Acceleration
Downward Upward
Truck (Highway Speeds) 1.7g 0.5g 0.3g 1.8g
Truck (< 25 MPH or

1.3g 0.2g 0.2g 0.2g
Multi-wheel Transporter)
Rail 2g 2g 2g 3g
Inland Barge 1g 0.2g 0.75g 0.4g
Oceangoing Ship or Barge 2g 2g 0.75g 0.4g
Notes:
1. If multiple modes of transportation are used, the most severe condition shall be used for evaluation.
2. 1.0g is a load equal to the weight of the vessel.
4.2.8.2 Impact Factor

1. A minimum impact factor of 2 shall be applied to the lift weight for
the design of lifting devices.
2. The basis for the lift weight shall include all components to be
included in the lift (e.g., trays, ladders/platforms, insulation,
additional piping with insulation, etc.).
4.2.8.3 Lifting Stresses
For vertical vessels the following lifting stress calculations shall be
performed:
a. Bending stresses in the vessel shell and skirt from the loadings
imposed during the lift from the horizontal to vertical position shall
be checked.
b. Calculated general primary membrane tensile stress shall not be
greater than 80% of the material’s specified minimum yield strength
at 100ºF (38ºC).
c. Calculated compressive stress shall not be greater than 1.2 times the
allowable compressive stress specified by the Code UG-23(b)
{4.4.12}.

d. In some cases deflection is a concern and shall be evaluated.

4.2.8.4 Local Stresses
1. Local stresses in the vessel shell/head/skirt/base rings from lifting
attachments (e.g., lugs, trunnions, etc.) shall be determined for the
imposed loadings using WRC Bulletins 107 , 297, or 537 procedures,
or other accepted local stress analysis procedures (e.g., finite element
analysis).
2. For the rigging condition, the allowable stresses specified in Section
4.2.7.2 {4.15.5} shall be used.
4.2.8.5 Welds
Shear stresses for fillet welds on the lifting attachments to the vessel
shell or head shall not be greater than 0.55 times the Code-allowable
stress at 100ºF (38ºC) for the material selected.
4.2.9 Nozzles and Manways
4.2.9.1 Nozzles and manways shall be integrally reinforced if any of the
following conditions apply:
a. If located in vessel shell greater than 2 inches (50 mm) thick
b. Cyclic service is the controlling design consideration for the vessel
c. Maximum design metal temperature is warmer than 750°F (400ºC)
d. Radial nozzles are within the scope of Code Paragraph 1-7(b)
e. Radiography is required on nozzles or manway connections to the
shell or head
4.2.9.2 Minimum nozzle neck thickness for carbon steel and low alloy steel
nozzles shall be in accordance with Code Paragraph UG-45 {4.5.4},
except that the nominal thickness selected for nozzle necks smaller than
or equal to NPS 3 (DN 80) shall not be less than Schedule 80.
4.2.9.3 Minimum nozzle neck thickness for high-alloy and non-ferrous alloy
nozzles shall be in accordance with Code Paragraph UG-45 {4.5.4},
except that the nominal thickness selected for nozzle necks smaller than
or equal to NPS 3 (DN 80) shall not be less than Schedule 40S.
4.2.9.4 Surface-attached nozzles in accordance with Code Figures UW-16.1(a),
(a-1), (a-2), (a-3), and (b) {Table 4.2.10, Detail 1 and 2}, and those with
internal reinforcing pads, shall not be permitted.
4.2.10 Custom-Designed Flanges
4.2.10.1 For recommended minimum gasket contact widths see Table 2.

Table 2 - Recommended Minimum Gasket Contact Widths
Flange ID Gasket Contact Width

inches (mm) inches (mm)
≤ 36 (900) 1 (25)
36 (900) < OD ≤ 60 (1500) 1-1/4 (32)
OD > 60 (1500) 1-1/2 (38)
Notes:
1. Gasket Contact Width is the recommended minimum width of
the gasket in contact with both flange faces.
2. For 3-ply corrugated metal gaskets, the gasket OD shall be a
minimum of 1/4 inch (6 mm) less than the raised face or lap
ring OD.
3. See Section 4.2.10.10.d.
4.2.10.2 Flanges shall be designed not only for the design pressure, but also for
other loadings specified by Purchaser in the contract documents, and
applied to the joints during the project life (e.g., externally applied
bending moment and axial thrust loadings).
4.2.10.3 Flange thickness shall be selected so that, considering all loadings that
will be applied, the Rigidity Index as defined in Code paragraph 2-14
{Table 4.16.10} is less than or equal to 1.0, based on the recommended
value of KL of 0.2 or K1 of 0.3, as applicable.
4.2.10.4 If specified by the Purchaser, flanges and their pressure-retaining covers
for manways may be custom-designed, with consideration being given
to providing a Rigidity Index in accordance with the recommendations
in Code paragraph 2-14 {Table 4.16.10}.
4.2.10.5 Flange bolt diameters shall not be less than 3/4 inch (19 mm) nominal
diameter.
4.2.10.6 Flange bolt hole diameters shall be 1/8 inch (3 mm) greater than the
diameter of the bolts.
4.2.10.7 Unless otherwise approved by Purchaser, nubbins shall not be
permitted.
4.2.10.8 The design of custom flanges shall include the effect of bolt spacing in
accordance with the following:
6t
1. Maximum bolt spacing = 2a +
m + 0.5
2. If bolt spacing is greater than (2a + t), the design moment (Mo)
BS
acting on the flange shall be multiplied by
2a + t
where: Mo, and m are as defined in Code Appendix 2,
Paragraph 2-3;
a = nominal bolt diameter, inches (mm)
Bs = actual bolt spacing, inches (mm)

t = minimum finished flange thickness, exclusive of

corrosion allowance, inches (mm)
4.2.10.9 Indicator-Type Bolting
1. If specified on Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet, Part D,
line 23 for high bolt-load control accuracy during initial assembly
and during operation at temperature, flanged joints with 2-inch
(50 mm) diameter and greater bolting shall be provided with bolts
having an indicator rod through the bolt center for measuring
installed bolt elongation using a depth gauge.
2. Indicator-type bolts shall be purchased in accordance with
ASME PCC-1, Figure 1 or Figure 2, as applicable.
3. Except as specified in Section 4.2.10.9.4, every bolt in the joint
assembly shall be an indicator-type bolt.
4. If hydraulic tensioners are used, and unless otherwise specified on
Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet, indicator-type bolts for
every fourth bolt is recommended in the joint assembly for
calibration purposes during initial assembly and for bolt-load
control during operation at temperature.
5. The indicator rod material for low-alloy steel bolting shall be nickel
alloy C-276.
6. The indicator rod for bolting materials other than low-alloy steel
shall be the same as the bolts or a material having essentially the
same coefficient of expansion and a composition suitable for
welding to the bolts.
7. All bolts in the joint assembly shall have a through-hardened flat
washer under each nut.
4.2.10.10 Custom-Designed Lap Joint Flanges
Unless otherwise specified in the contract documents, custom-designed
lap joint flanges shall be provided in accordance with the following:
a. The minimum required radial lap width shall be in accordance with
Table 3.
Table 3 - Minimum Radial Lap Width
Nozzle Vessel OD, Radial Lap Width,

inches (mm) inches (mm)
OD ≤ 18 (450) 1 (25)
18 (450) < OD ≤ 36 (900) 1-1/2 (38)
36 (900) < OD ≤ 60 (1500) 1-3/4 (44)
OD > 60 (1500) 2 (50)
Notes:
1. Radial lap width shall be measured from the toe of the lap-to-
shell attachment weld to the outer edge of the lap ring.
2. See Section 4.2.10.10.d.

b. See Table 2 for the recommended minimum gasket contact width.

c. Finished lap ring thickness shall be a minimum of 3/16 inch
(5 mm) greater than the nominal wall thickness of the nozzle or
shell to which the ring is attached.
d. If the values in the Table 2 and Table 3 are waived by the
Purchaser, the gasket/lap/flange design shall be configured so that
the gasket load reaction on the lap (defined as “G” in Code
Appendix 2 {4.16.12}) is as close as practicable to being
coincident with the reaction of the flange against the back of the
lap, taken at the midpoint of contact between the flange and lap.
e. The difference between the lap joint flange inside diameter and the
shell outside diameter shall not be greater than the following:
(1) 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) for nominal nozzle diameters less than or
equal to NPS 12 (DN 300)
(2) 1/8 inch (3 mm) for nominal nozzle diameters greater than
NPS 12 (DN 300) through 48 inches (1200 mm) outside
diameter
(3) 3/16 inch (5 mm) for nominal nozzle diameters greater than
48 inches (1200 mm) outside diameter
f. The lap ring weld and flange bevel shall be configured as follows:
(1) The weld attaching the lap ring to the shell shall be an equal
leg fillet weld. The fillet weld leg dimension shall be equal to
the nominal shell thickness with a tolerance of +1/16 inch
(+1.5 mm) and -0.
(2) The difference between the diameter of the flange bevel where
the lap ring contacts the surface of the flange and the nominal
diameter at the toe of the lap ring attachment weld at the back
of the lap ring shall be 1/8 inch (3 mm) with a tolerance of
+1/16 inch (+1.5 mm) and -0.
g. The distance between the inside edge of the bolt hole in the lap
joint flange and the outside diameter of the lap ring shall not be
greater than 1/16 inch (1.5 mm).
h. The nominal outside diameter of shop-fabricated laps shall be in
accordance with ASME B16.9 standard diameters if used with
ASME standard flanges.
4.2.10.11 Swing Bolt Closures
Swing Bolt closures shall be in accordance with the following:
a. Swing bolts (i.e., eye bolts) shall be of one-piece construction
without welding.
b. Hinge pins shall be solid (i.e., not rolled) and of the same material
as the swing bolts.

4.2.11 Supports
4.2.11.1 General
1. Code-allowable stresses shall be used for vessels and their supports.
For combinations of earthquake or wind loadings with other
loadings listed in Code Paragraph UG-22 {4.1.5.3}, the allowable
stresses may be increased in accordance with Code Paragraph
UG-23(d) {Table 4.1.2}. See Section 4.2.3.2 for load combinations
to be considered. See also Code Appendix G {4.15}.
2. For structural-shape support members in compression, if
slenderness ratio is a controlling design consideration, an increase
in the allowable compressive stress shall not be applied.
3. For supports outside the scope of the Code, either Code-allowable
stresses or, for structural shapes, those in the AISC Manual of Steel
Construction may be used.
4. Localized shell and support stresses at all support-to-shell locations
shall be considered, as applicable, for wind load, earthquake, and all
other loadings in accordance with Code Paragraph UG-22 {4.1.5.3}.
See Sections 4.2.4 and 4.2.5.
5. If reinforcing pads are used under supports, consideration shall be
given to stresses caused by possible temperature differentials among
the vessel, pads, and supports.
6. Unless otherwise specified, vertical vessels shall be designed as
self-supporting units and shall resist overturning from wind or
earthquake loadings (see Sections 4.2.4 and 4.2.5) and other
applicable loadings in accordance with Code Paragraph UG-22
{4.1.5.3}.
4.2.11.2 Skirt Supports
1. Vessel skirts shall have a minimum thickness of ¼ inch (6 mm).
2. Skirt Construction
a. See Purchaser’s PIP VESV1003-D Data Sheet, Part C, for the
required standard skirt attachment detail shown on PIP
VEFV1128. Skirts shall be attached by a continuous weld sized
so as to provide for the maximum imposed loadings.
b. All butt weld joints within the skirt shall be Type No. 1 in
accordance with Code Table UW-12 {Table 4.2.2}.
c. Alignment tolerance at plate edges to be butt-welded shall be in
accordance with Code Paragraph UW-33 {Paragraph 6.1.4.3}.
d. Skirt-to-base ring attachments in vessel skirts shall in
accordance with VEFV1107 through VEFV1110.
3. Skirts shall be vented with a minimum of two, 2-inch (50 mm)
openings, located near the top of the skirt, but below the head
insulation or fireproofing.

4. Skirt Sleeves
a. All skirt openings shall be provided with rings or collars in
accordance with VEFV1134 and sized to provide 100%
reinforcement of the opening.
b. If the skirt is to be provided with insulation or fireproofing, the
projection of the rings or collars (i.e., sleeves) shall not be less
than the insulation or fireproofing thickness.
c. Sleeves shall be of sufficient size to provide clearance for
insulation and expansion.
d. Sleeve material shall be the same material composition as that
portion of the skirt and shall be continuously fillet-welded
inside and outside.
4.2.11.3 Saddle Supports
1. Horizontal vessels shall be designed for two saddle supports
attached by welding. See VEFV1105/M and VEFV1106/M for
saddle configuration guidance.
2. Saddles shall be designed in accordance with the applicable
loadings, including those to be used in conjunction with weigh cells
or slide plates.
3. One saddle shall be fixed and the other allowed to slide to
accommodate thermal expansion. The fixed saddle will be selected
to minimize the vessel nozzle loads and movements imposed on the
attached piping.
4. Design of saddle supports and calculation of localized shell stress
shall be determined by a recognized analytical method such as the
L. P. Zick Stresses in Large Cylindrical Pressure Vessels on Two
Saddle Supports. See Code Appendix G {4.15.3}.
5. The minimum saddle support contact angle shall be 120 degrees.
6. Saddle Wear Plates
a. Saddle wear plates, if required, shall have the following
proportions:
(1) Plate thickness shall be determined by design, but shall not
be less than the smaller of vessel shell thickness or 6 mm
(1/4 inch)
(2) Plate width shall be the width of the saddle plus 5t on each
side of the saddle, where t equals the vessel shell thickness
in the corroded condition
(3) Plate extension beyond the horn of the saddle shall be equal
to r/10, where r equals the radius of the vessel shell in the
corroded condition
b. Wear plates shall have a minimum radius of 2 inches (50 mm)
on the corners.

c. Wear plates shall be continuously welded to the shell.

d. Wear plates shall be provided with one 1/4 inch (6 mm) drilled
telltale hole (or equivalent venting) per segment, and shall be
vented.
e. Vent holes shall be located at the low point of the wear plate
and shall not be plugged during hydrostatic testing.
7. Fixed Saddles
a. The fixed saddle, as designated by the Purchaser in the contract
documents, shall be provided with round holes for the anchor bolts.
b. The anchor bolts are to be located at the center of the bolt holes.
c. The diameter of the bolt holes shall be 1/4 inch (6 mm) greater
than the bolt diameter.
8. Sliding Saddles
a. The sliding saddle, as designated by the Purchaser in the
contract documents, shall be provided with slotted holes for the
anchor bolts.
b. The anchor bolts are to be located in the slot to accommodate
the calculated movements.
c. The width of the slot shall be 1/4 inch (6 mm) greater than the
bolt diameter.
d. The length of the slot shall be calculated using the following
equation:
Slot length = 2.5α(DL)∆T
where:
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion of shell material,
inch/inch/°F (mm/mm/°C)
DL = Length between saddle supports, measured to centerline
of anchor bolts, inches (mm)
∆T = Greatest absolute value of: ambient temperature at
installation, but not warmer than 70°F (20°C), minus the
maximum or minimum shell temperature to be stamped
on the Code nameplate, °F (°C).
9. Slide Plates
When required slide plates shall be furnished and installed by
Purchaser.

4.2.12 Anchor Bolts

4.2.12.1 Anchor bolting shall be furnished and installed by the Purchaser.
4.2.12.2 Anchor bolt loads, the size and quantity of anchor bolts, and base plate
details shall be determined. The anchor bolt loads shall be provided to
the Purchaser.
4.2.12.3 The allowable tensile design stress, as calculated using the tensile stress
area of the threaded portion, shall not be greater than the following:
a. For carbon steel or stainless steel, 20,000 psi (138 MPa)
b. For low-alloy steel, 30,000 psi (207 MPa)
4.2.12.4 Allowable stresses used in the final design for anchor bolts shall be
approved by the Purchaser.
4.2.12.5 Anchor bolts shall be specified with the following threads and the
tensile stress area shall be selected accordingly:
a. For bolts 1 inch (25 mm) and less in diameter, coarse thread series,
ASME B1.1
b. For bolts greater than 1 inch (25 mm) in diameter, 8 thread series,
ASME B1.1
4.2.12.6 Unless otherwise specified, for vessels on concrete foundations, the
design concrete bearing stress used shall be 1658 psi (11.4 MPa).
4.2.12.7 The design loadings for anchor bolts embedded in concrete shall be
determined by either the simplified method (i.e., neutral axis of bolt
pattern at centerline of vessel) or the shifted neutral axis method in
accordance with Process Equipment Design. The method used shall be
specified on the Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet.
Comment: The shifted-neutral-axis method does not apply for vessels
supported by steel structures.
4.2.12.8 Anchor bolts for vessels shall not be less than 3/4 inch (19 mm).
4.2.12.9 Anchor bolts shall straddle normal centerlines.
4.2.12.10 If low-alloy steel bolting is required, the anchor bolt circle shall
provide radial clearance for a bolt tensioning device.
4.2.13 Internals
4.2.13.1 Vessel internals constructed of alloy pipe shall have the following
minimum wall thicknesses:
a. For pipe sizes smaller than or equal to NPS 12 (DN 300), Schedule
10S minimum
b. For pipe larger than NPS 12 (DN 300), 3/16 inch (5 mm) minimum
nominal wall pipe or fabricate from plate
4.2.13.2 Unless otherwise specified on Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data
Sheet, the material for internal attachments shall be the same nominal

composition as the cladding, weld overlay, or shell to which it is

attached.
4.2.13.3 Verify that all removable internals can pass through designated vessel
openings.
4.2.13.4 For vertical vessels with internals, if a vessel manway is not located in
the top head, internal rigging clips shall be provided to facilitate
handling of the internals.
4.2.13.5 Grab rungs, if specified on Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet,
shall be in accordance with PIP VEFV1125.
4.2.13.6 Internal piping and baffles shall be mounted in a manner that cannot
restrict thermal expansion.
4.2.13.7 If Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet specifies that the vessel is
subject to vibration and/or fatigue, internal welded non-pressure parts
(e.g., baffles that can be subject to vibration or cyclic loading) shall be
attached with continuous full penetration welds.
4.2.13.8 If specified on Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet, internal bolting
in vessels, especially where vibration is expected (e.g., where agitators
are installed), shall either be double-nutted, tack-welded to the clip or
baffle, or have a lock wire placed in the nut/bolt or other supports.
4.2.13.9 Flanges for internal non-pressure piping may be fabricated from plate
but shall be in accordance with ASME B16.5 and B16.47 Class 150
bolting patterns.
4.2.13.10 Vessel internals and all portions of each vessel shall be self-draining to
ensure complete elimination of liquid from the vessel when drained.
4.2.13.11 The minimum thickness of internal welded-in parts shall be 3/16 inch
(5 mm) plus the corrosion allowance for each wetted side.
4.2.13.12 Internal support rings shall not be considered for vessel strength
calculations.
4.2.13.13 All internal feed piping including piping supports shall be furnished
and installed according to the tray manufacturer’s designs and/or
recommendations.
4.2.14 Attachments
4.2.14.1 All attachments welded to pressure-retaining vessel components shall
be considered critical to the structural integrity of the vessel for
evaluation of impact test requirements. See Code Paragraph UCS-66(a)
{3.11.2.3c}.
4.2.14.2 For the purpose of establishing impact test requirements for carbon and
low-alloy steel attachments welded to pressure-retaining components,
the level of applied general primary membrane stress shall be
considered to be the same as the maximum level applied to the pressure
boundary component to which they are attached.

4.2.14.3 Unless otherwise specified, all clips, brackets, and other items welded to
the outside surface of the vessel or skirt shall be provided and installed,
including the following:
a. Manufacturer’s nameplate configured as follows:
(1) Made either of 300 series stainless steel or of a nickel-copper
alloy UNS N04400 or equivalent (i.e, Monel)
(2) Attached securely using a nameplate support bracket in
accordance with detail PIP VEFV1101.
b. Lifting attachments, as designed by the Manufacturer or as specified
by Purchaser
c. For vessel shells under external pressure, Code-required stiffening
rings placed on the outside of the vessel and configured as follows:
(1) Minimum thickness, 3/8 inch (10 mm)
(2) Maximum ring width-to-thickness ratio, 10
(3) Made from a structural form that cannot trap and hold water
(4) Drains or gaps may be provided if necessary to prevent water
from collecting.
(5) Attached by continuous fillet welds on both sides of the ring
d. Grounding lug in accordance with detail PIP VEFV1103
4.3 Materials
4.3.1 All impact test values shall be reported in the material supplier’s certified test
reports.
4.3.2 Except for flanges in accordance with ASME B16.5 and B16.47, all carbon, low-
alloy, and high-alloy steel forgings greater than 3 inches (75 mm) in thickness
shall be examined ultrasonically in accordance with ASME SA-745 with the
following requirements:
a. Quality levels for straight beam examinations from flat surfaces shall be in
accordance with Table 4.
Table 4 - Quality Levels for Straight Beam Examinations from Flat Surfaces
FORGING THICKNESS (t) QUALITY
Inches (mm) LEVEL
3 (75) < t < 8 (200) QL-2
8 (200) < t < 12 (300) QL-3
t >12 (300) QL-4
b. Quality level for straight beam examinations from curved surfaces shall be
QL-5.
c. Quality level for all angle beam examinations shall be QA-1. Notch depth
shall be in accordance with QA-1 or 1/4 inch (6 mm), whichever is less.

4.3.3 Integrally clad plate for vessels designed for vacuum service and for vessels
whose design calculations include the cladding shall be examined in accordance
with ASME SA-578 Acceptance Standard - Level B and Supplementary
Requirement S6.
4.3.4 The heat treatment of integrally clad plate in accordance with ASME SA-263,
ASME SA-264, and ASME SA-265 shall be performed by the plate manufacturer.
4.3.5 All integrally clad plate, including explosion clad plate, in accordance with
ASME SA-263, ASME SA-264, and ASME SA-265 shall be cold flattened, if
required, after final heat treatment and descaling.
4.3.6 Except for blind flanges in accordance with ASME B16.5 and B16.47, rolled
carbon, low-alloy, and high-alloy steel plate for flat covers and blind flanges
greater than 3 inches (75 mm) thick shall be examined in accordance with ASME
SA-578 Acceptance Standard - Level B after cutting to final size.
4.3.7 As an alternative to the materials specified by the Purchaser, other materials may
be proposed for the attachments with consideration given to the following:
a. Potential problems associated with welding dissimilar materials
b. Compatibility with the Code nameplate maximum and minimum design
metal temperatures
c. Whether the attachment is essential to the structural integrity of the vessel.
See Code Paragraph UCS-66(a) {3.11.2.3c}.
d. Differential thermal expansion characteristics and associated stresses
e. Corrosion resistance
f. Painting requirements
g. Suitability for the anticipated loadings
4.3.8 Gaskets specified by Purchaser shall be provided. For test gaskets, see Section
4.5.3.7. For spare gaskets, see Section 4.6.2.3.
4.4 Fabrication
4.4.1 General
4.4.1.1 All equipment shall be in accordance with the manufacturing tolerances
shown in the contract documents.
4.4.1.2 Tolerances on fabricated equipment shown on detail PIP VEFV1102
shall apply to the completed vessel after pressure test.
4.4.1.3 Machining shall be performed after welding or heat treatment if such
operations change machined surface characteristics or geometry (e.g.,
flange face flatness).
4.4.1.4 When forming any austenitic stainless or nonferrous plate, care shall be
taken to prevent carbon pickup or contamination of formed material.
4.4.1.5 Only stainless steel brushes and clean, iron-free sand, ceramic or
stainless steel grit shall be used for cleaning stainless steel and non-

ferrous surfaces. Cleaning tools or materials shall not have been

previously used on carbon steel.
4.4.1.6 Unless otherwise specified, cutting stainless steel shall be performed by
mechanical methods (i.e., shearing, sawing, or machining).
4.4.1.7 If cutting stainless steel by any thermal process (e.g., plasma arc or air
arc) is approved by Purchaser, an allowance shall be made for the
removal of not less than 1/8 inch (3 mm) of metal [e.g., ¼ inch (6 mm) in
the diameter of an opening] by machining or grinding to the finished
dimension.
4.4.1.8 Special care shall be taken to prevent stress raisers which can cause low
impact strength because of notch effect or abrupt change in section.
4.4.1.9 Welder’s and welding operator’s symbols and reference lines may be
stamped on the material in accordance with the provisions of Code
Paragraph UW-37 {6.2.5.4}, provided that a round-nose stamp is
employed and the symbol is located a minimum of 1 inch (25 mm) from
the edge of the weld.
4.4.1.10 Materials that can cause corrosive attack when the vessel part is heated
shall not be permitted. Such materials include the following:
a. Marking inks that contain halogens
b. Lubricants
c. Crayons
d. Adhesives
e. Tapes (e.g., duct tape)
f. Coatings to prevent adhesion of weld spatter
g. Paints containing sulfur
h. Chlorine compounds that decompose to hydrogen chloride
i. Carbon
j. Harmful metal or metal salts (e.g., zinc, lead, or copper)
4.4.2 Shells and Heads
4.4.2.1 Longitudinal joints of adjacent shell courses (including skirts) shall have
a minimum offset of not less than 5 times the plate thickness or 6 inches
(150 mm), whichever is greater.
4.4.2.2 Plate layouts shall be arranged so that longitudinal and circumferential
weld seams clear all nozzles, manways, and their reinforcing pads by
2 inches (50 mm) minimum, measured from weld edge to weld edge.
4.4.2.3 If the requirement of Sections 4.4.2.1 and 4.4.2.2 cannot be met, the
following shall apply:
a. Subject seam shall be ground flush and 100% radiographically
examined before welding the nozzle.

b. Nozzles which intersect weld seams shall be located such that their
centerline falls approximately on the centerline of the weld seam.
c. The seam shall be radiographed in accordance with Code Paragraph
UW-51 {4.2.5, 7.5.3} in accordance with Code Paragraph UW-14
{7.4.3.5 a) 4)}.
4.4.2.4 Unless otherwise approved by Purchaser, the longitudinal seams shall not
fall within the downcomer area of trays or behind any obstruction that
prevents inspection of the welds.
4.4.2.5 Circumferential seams shall not fall on a tray ring, and shall be located
not less than 2 inches (50 mm) above or below the tray ring.
4.4.2.6 Saddles
1. Saddles shall be continuously welded to the shell.
2. Welded seams under the saddle or wear plate are not permitted.
3. Longitudinal weld seams in the shell shall not be located within
15 degrees of the horn of the saddle, because this is a location of
high stress.
4.4.2.7 Seams in Formed Heads
1. The flat plate from which formed heads are made shall be either
seamless or made equivalent to seamless in which all Category A
welds are Type (1) and fully radiographed in accordance with Code
Paragraph UW-51{7.5.3} before forming.
2. Before forming, welds shall be ground flush with the plate surfaces.
3. After forming, the spin hole, if it remains in the final construction,
shall be repaired with a metal plug butt-welded in place. The weld
shall be in accordance with the Category A weld joint requirements.
4.4.2.8 Structural Attachment Welds
1. Structural attachment welds (e.g., internal support rings or clips,
external stiffening rings, insulation support rings, and ladder,
platform or pipe support clips) shall clear weld seams by a minimum
of 2 inches (50 mm).
2. If overlap of pad type structural attachments and weld seams is
unavoidable, the portion of the seam to be covered shall be ground
flush and 100 percent radiographically examined before the
attachment is welded on.
3. The seam shall be radiographed in accordance with Code Paragraph
UW-51 {7.5.3} for a minimum distance of 2 inches (50 mm) beyond
the edge of the overlapping attachment.
4. Radiographic examination of weld seams is not required if single-
plate edge-type attachments (e.g., tray support rings, downcomer
bolting bars, stiffening rings, insulation support rings, ladder,
platform, or pipe support clips) cross weld seams.
5. External attachments shall be coped to clear main seams

4.4.3 Nozzles, Manways, and Flanges

4.4.3.1 Bolt holes in all fixed flanges and studding outlets shall straddle the
natural centerlines.
4.4.3.2 For nozzles in heads, the bolt holes shall straddle centerlines parallel to
or coincident with the natural vessel centerlines.
4.4.3.3 All inside nozzle neck edges shall be rounded to 1/8 inch (3 mm)
minimum radius.
4.4.3.4 Nozzles for pressure relief devices and for drainage shall be flush with
the inside wall of the shell or head.
4.4.3.5 Flanges shall be ASME B16.5 or ASME B16.47 or be designed in
accordance with Code Appendix 2 {4.16}. Applied loadings shall be
evaluated in accordance with Appendix A.
4.4.3.6 Nozzle reinforcing pads shall be external.
4.4.3.7 If multi-segmental reinforcing pad elements are used, the weld between
segments shall be a Type 1 or Type 2 full penetration butt weld, and the
joint efficiency of the pad as applied to the allowable stress of the pad
material, Sp, shall be not be greater than one of the following as
applicable:
a. If the weld is not radiographed or UT examined, 0.65
b. If the weld is 100% radiographed or alternatively UT examined, 0.90
c. If the weld is not less than 60 degrees from the longitudinal axis of
the vessel the following joint efficiencies may be used as applicable:
(1) For 100% radiography, 1.0
(2) For spot radiography, 0.85
(3) For no radiography, 0.70
4.4.3.8 Each pad segment shall have one American Standard Taper Pipe Thread
(NPT) 1/4 inch (6 mm) telltale hole for testing purposes. See Section
4.5.3.4 for testing of reinforcing pads. Each hole shall be located near the
lowest point of a pad with the vessel in its operating position to permit
drainage.
4.4.3.9 If not circular, nozzle reinforcing pads and attachment pads shall have
rounded corners of 2 inches (50 mm) minimum radius.
4.4.3.10 Nozzles in dished heads shall be positioned such that the nozzle,
reinforcing pads, and attachment welds, if applicable, are within the
spherical portion of the head.
4.4.3.11 Flanges shall not be located inside the vessel skirt.
4.4.3.12 Unless projections are otherwise specified by Purchaser, when
establishing nozzle and manway projections, the following shall apply:
a. Clearance shall be provided for removing flange stud bolts from
between the flange and vessel and for accessing flange stud nuts.

b. Clearance shall be provided for flange studs and nuts if nozzles

penetrate insulation or platforms.
c. Minimum projection from the outside of the vessel wall to the
nozzle face shall be:
(1) For nozzles less than or equal to NPS 8 (DN 200), 8 inches
(200 mm)
(2) For nozzles larger than NPS 8 (DN 200), 10 inches (250 mm)
d. The dimension from the face of the nozzle to the vessel centerline
or reference line shall be rounded up to the next greater 1/2-inch
(10 mm) increment.
4.4.3.13 For lap joint flanges NPS 4 (DN 100) and larger that face upward (i.e.,
the nozzle inclines from the horizontal at an angle of 30 degrees or
greater), safety retainer clips shall be provided as follows:
a. A minimum of three equally spaced clips shall be welded to the
nozzle neck at the back of the flanges.
b. The spacing of the clips between the back of the lap and the face of
the flange shall be one length-through-hub dimension (i.e.,
dimension Y in ASME B16.5).
4.4.3.14 Except for lapped flanges and Purchaser specified facings (such as flat-
face flanges or ring joint facings), flanges shall be raised face.
Measurement shall be made using a dial indicator after all other
operations (i.e., fabrication and heat treatment of the flange or lap ring,
and attachment to the shell or nozzle neck) that can affect flatness
tolerance have been completed.
4.4.3.15 Flange Facing and Surface Finish
1. Except for lapped flanges and Purchaser specified facings (such as
flat-face flanges or ring joint facings), flanges shall have one of the
following configurations:
a. Raised face
b. If required in accordance with Section 4.4.3.14.4, a construction
that provides outer confinement to the gasket
2. The height of a raised face shall be one of the following as specified
on Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet:
b. In accordance with ASME B16.5
c. In accordance with ASME B16.47
d. As specified by Purchaser
3. For standard flanges, custom flanges, and shop-fabricated and
manufactured lap joint stub ends, the gasket contact surface shall
have either a serrated concentric or serrated spiral finish suitable for
the gasket

4. Gasketed flange joint designs (i.e., body flange and nozzle joints)
larger than NPS 24 (DN 600) shall provide outer confinement of the
gasket for any of the following conditions:
a. Design pressure is equal to or greater than 300 psi (2 MPa)
b. Design temperature is warmer than 500°F (260°C)
c. MDMT is colder than minus 20°F (-29°C)
d. Cyclic pressure or temperature service
e. Joint requires metallic gasket
5. Gasketed flange joint designs (i.e., body flange and nozzle joints)
larger than NPS 24 (DN 600) utilizing robust metal reinforced
gaskets (e.g., spiral-wound with outer gauge ring, grooved metal
covered layer, double-jacketed corrugated metal gaskets with a
corrugated metal filler, etc.) do not require gasket confinement.
4.4.3.16 For corrosive service, the use of splice welds on gasket contact surfaces
of a lap ring or flange shall be approved by Purchaser.
4.4.3.17 Joints shall be assembled in accordance with ASME PCC-1.
4.4.3.18 Hardened washers shall be provided under nuts for all bolts having
diameters of 1-1/4 inches (32 mm) or larger to prevent damaging the
back side of the flange. The washers shall be a minimum of 1/4 inch
(6 mm) thick.
4.4.3.19 If studded connections are used, the following shall apply:
a. The holes in a studded connection and the studs shall be machined
in accordance with PIP VEFV1129.
b. Indicator type studs for studded connections, if used, shall be in
accordance with ASME PCC-1 Figures 1 and 2.
c. A spacer ring of the same material as the nozzle flange may be
provided behind the flange to increase the effective stud length. See
note on PIP VEFV1129.
d. If a spacer ring is used, the thickness of the ring shall be equal to or
greater than the mating flange thickness.
e. Studs and spacer ring, if required, shall be provided for each
studded connection on the vessel.
f. Studded connections shall be checked to assure the remaining
thickness of the drilled holes is in accordance with Code
UG-43(d){4.5.3.1 b)}.
4.4.4 Vessel Attachments
4.4.4.1 For vessel attachments the following shall apply:
1. Welding of vessel internals attached to a pressure boundary
component shall be continuous on all surfaces to eliminate corrosion
pockets.

2. All seams and corner joints shall be sealed. Support ring welds shall
be continuous on top and intermittent on the bottom as a minimum.
3. If a vessel corrosion allowance is specified, the size of welds shall
include allowance for corrosion.
4. Minimum weld size shall be 3/16 inch (5mm) in the corroded
condition.
4.4.4.2 Except as permitted in Section 4.4.4.3, all external supports, support
rings, pads, and structural brackets attached to the vessel shall be seal-
welded all around to prevent corrosion between the vessel and
attachments.
4.4.4.3 If seal welding all around an external attachment is not practical,
provision for drainage shall be made (e.g., a gap in the low-point weld).
4.4.4.4 Temporary Welded Attachments
1. Attachment point of spiders, braces, or other temporary attachments
used in fabrication shall be of the same material alloy as the point on
the vessel to which it is attached.
2. All temporary attachments shall be removed before hydrostatic
testing.
3. Temporary attachments shall be removed flush with the vessel shell
and nondestructively examined [i.e., Magnetic Particle Examination
(MT) or Dye Penetrant Examination (PT)], in addition to visual
examination, to ensure no cracks have been generated.
4. Temporary welds shall be in accordance with Section 4.4.5.4.
4.4.4.5 Galvanized clips or attachments shall not be welded to a vessel.
4.4.4.6 For half-pipe jackets or pipe sections welded to shells and/or heads,
jacket to shell welds shall be full penetration and full strength welds, and
100% liquid penetrant examination shall be performed.
4.4.4.7 For integrally clad and weld overlayed vessels, attachments shall be in
accordance with the following:
If an attachment (e.g., packing bed support rings) supports a significant
load (e.g., greater than 25% of the allowable stress for fillet welds), the
support shall be welded directly to the base metal. The attachment
material exposed to the process should have the same nominal
compostion of the lined surface.
4.4.5 Welding
4.4.5.2 The selected welded pressure joint requirements shall be consistent with
service-specific needs; however, the following shall apply as a minimum:
a. Welded joints of Categories A, B, and, if used, butt-type Categories
C and D shall be Type No. 1 of Code Table UW-12 {Table 4.2.2}.
b. Non-butt joints that connect nozzles including manways and
couplings to the vessel wall (i.e., Code Category D joints) shall be

full penetration welds through the vessel wall and through the inside
edge of reinforcing plates, if used.
c. Nozzle necks that extend beyond the inside surface of the vessel wall
shall have a fillet weld at the inside corner.
d. For compartmented vessels having a flanged and dished intermediate
head(s), the end of the intermediate head skirt(s) shall be seal-welded
to the shell of the compartment. See Code Fig. UW-13.1
(e){Table 4.2.5 detail 6}.
4.4.5.3 The responsibility for welding shall be part of the overall construction
responsibility of the Manufacturer.
4.4.5.4 All welds, including those for non-pressure parts and attachments,
including temporary attachments and shipping attachments, shall be
made by welders, welding operators, and welding procedures qualified
under the provisions of Code Section IX.
4.4.5.5 Welds shall be in accordance with the supplementary provisions of the
Code, and with recognized and generally accepted good welding
practices including, but not limited to, the use of clean and dry materials,
good techniques, and the proper chemistry.
4.4.5.6 Unless otherwise specified, the welding consumables used in the
fabrication of the vessel and its components shall be of the same nominal
chemistry as the base metal, and shall have material properties (e.g.,
tensile strength, yield strength, etc.) equal to or greater than the minimum
requirements for the base metal at both ambient and design temperature.
4.4.5.7 Shielded metal arc electrodes used for pressure-retaining welds shall be
of the low-hydrogen type.
4.4.5.8 Unless specifically approved in writing by Purchaser, use of weld
materials with strengths higher than that of low-hydrogen weld materials
for any welding processes is not permitted.
4.4.5.9 The following documents shall be provided to the Purchaser for review
and approval before the start of fabrication:
a. Welding Procedure Specification
b. Procedure Qualification Record
c. Welder Performance Qualification
d. Detailed weld map
e. Welding procedures
f. Fabrication drawings
4.4.5.10 The detailed weld map shall include, as a minimum, a sketch of all weld
joints, welding symbols used in accordance with AWS A2.4, and
associated weld procedure numbers.

4.4.5.11 Pressure retaining butt-weld seams shall be in accordance with the

following:
a. Type No. 1 of Code Table UW-12 {Table 4.2.2} (i.e., butt joints as
attained by double-welding or by other means that obtain the same
quality of deposited weld metal on the inside and outside weld
surfaces in accordance with Code Paragraph UW-35 {6.2.4.1}).
b. Welds using permanent metal backing strips are not permitted.
c. Butt-weld seams shall be accessible for examination, inspection,
and/or repair with welded attachments in place.
d. For joints inaccessible from the inside, an alternative method for
obtaining a full penetration and full fusion weld from one side shall
be submitted to Purchaser for review and approval.
4.4.5.12 Except as specified in Section 4.4.5.13, Gas Metal Arc Welding
(GMAW) shall be used only in the spray transfer range.
4.4.5.13 The GMAW short arc transfer mode may be used for carbon steel
materials less than or equal to 3/16 inch (5 mm) thick and for the root
pass in carbon steel material of any thickness with the following
provisions:
a. Vertical welding is performed in the uphill progression
b. The root pass is back gouged
c. GMAW-S is not used on branch connections, o-let, socket-type
welds, or pipe less than or equal to 3 inches (75 mm) outside
diameter
4.4.6 Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT)
4.4.6.1 Unless otherwise approved by the purchaser, alternative PWHT
requirements of Code Table UCS 56.1 {Table 6.16} shall not be used.
4.4.6.2 PWHT of test specimens shall be in accordance with Code requirements.
4.4.6.3 Unless otherwise specified on Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet,
PWHT of test specimens shall include one extra PWHT cycle for
potential future field repair.
4.4.6.4 PWHT shall be performed after all welding, weld repairs, and
nondestructive examination is completed, but before any hydrostatic
testing or other load testing.
4.4.6.5 Furnaces used for PWHT shall be constructed to prevent flame
impingement on the work.
4.4.6.6 A sufficient number of thermocouples, attached directly to the unit being
heat-treated, shall be used to accurately indicate the temperature of the
work and detect uneven heating.
4.4.6.7 The equipment shall be adequately supported during the PWHT to avoid
distortion.

4.4.6.8 Except as specified in Section 4.4.6.11, pressure parts made of

austenitic stainless steel, if hot formed, shall be solution annealed
between 1850°F (1010°C) and 2050°F (1120°C) followed by rapid
cooling through the sensitization range.
4.4.6.9 Solution annealing of stabilized grades or “L” grades of austenitic
stainless steel with 0.035% carbon max is not required.
4.4.6.10 Vessels shall not come into contact with galvanized components during
PWHT.
4.5 Examination, Inspection and Pressure Testing

4.5.1 Examination
4.5.1.1 For specific welded pressure joint examination requirements, see the
Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-F Welded Pressure Joint Requirements
Form. For Code Division 2 vessels, the form is not applicable.
4.5.1.2 The minimum degree of examination of welded butt joints shall be spot
radiography in accordance with Code Paragraph UW-52 {7.4.3.1 and
7.4.3.5}. In applying the rules of Code Paragraph UW-52 {7.4.3.1 and
7.4.3.5}, the increments of weld shall be selected to include all Category
A, B, and C butt welds, except for those Category B or C butt welds in
nozzles and communicating chambers that are less than or equal to NPS 10
(DN 250) or less than or equal to 1-1/8 inches (29 mm) wall thickness.
4.5.1.3 See the Purchaser’s contract documents for requirements for examining the
accessible surfaces of completed Category D corner joint welds by magnetic
particle, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, or other nondestructive methods.
4.5.1.4 In addition to the above requirements welded joints that are inaccessible
after assembly shall be examined by PT or MT in accordance with the
following instructions, and repaired as required before painting,
assembly, and testing:
a. After back-chipping to sound metal, the root pass and its opposite
side shall be examined.
b. After any required machining or grinding, the finished surfaces of the
weld shall be examined, and all indications on the finished weld surfaces
shall be repaired by grinding or welding before the pressure testing.
4.5.1.5 If an examination reveals an unacceptable imperfection, the imperfection
shall be repaired, and as a minimum, the repair shall be examined by the
same method, to the same extent, and by the same acceptance criteria
that revealed the condition.
4.5.1.6 The following items shall be examined by magnetic particle or liquid
penetrant examination:
a. The following surfaces of Categories A and B, and Categories C and
D butt-type joints greater than 2 inches (50 mm) thick:
(1) After back-chipping or gouging root pass to sound metal, the
back-chipped or gouged surface

(2) All accessible surfaces of completed weld

b. The following surfaces of Category C and D non-butt type joints,
including those in nozzles and communicating chambers, if the vessel
section and/or head is designed using a joint efficiency of 1.00:
(1) After back-chipping or gouging root pass to sound metal, the
back-chipped or gouged surface
(2) All accessible surfaces of completed weld
c. The cut edge of openings in vessel walls greater than 1/2-inch
(13 mm) thick into which nozzles and communicating chambers are
attached with a full penetration weld through the nozzle or
communicating chamber wall. The examination shall be performed
before nozzle attachment, and a re-examination performed after
attachment if accessible.
d. All accessible surfaces of completed attachment welds for the
following:
(1) Welds (i.e., internal and external) if the thickness of the pressure
part is greater than 2 inches (50 mm)
(2) Welds attaching vertical vessel supports (e.g., skirts, lugs, legs,
etc.)
(3) Welds attaching vessel lifting (i.e., erection) lugs
(4) Welds attaching manway davits
(5) Load bearing appurtenances
4.5.2 Inspection
4.5.2.1 Purchaser’s inspection requirements (i.e., review, witness, inspection,
hold points, and inspection documentation) are furnished on Purchaser’s
PIP VEDV1003-T Inspection and Testing Requirements Sheet.
4.5.2.2 If major components or services are obtained from sub-suppliers, the
Purchaser’s Inspector shall be notified and given the option of inspecting
those items at their point of manufacture.
4.5.2.3 The Purchaser’s quality surveillance and notification requirements shall
be included in all suborders.
4.5.2.4 The Manufacturer shall arrange for certified drawings to be available for
use by the Purchaser’s Inspector at the sub-supplier’s location.
4.5.2.5 The Manufacturer shall ensure, either directly or through sub-suppliers,
that the inspections necessary for conformance to the Purchaser’s
contract documents are performed.
4.5.2.6 The performance of quality surveillance by the Purchaser’s Inspector
shall not relieve the Manufacturer or sub-suppliers of responsibility for
meeting the requirements of the contract documents.

4.5.3 Pressure Testing – General

4.5.3.1 Vessels shall not be painted, controlled shot-peened or have refractory
installed before the Code pressure test, with the following exceptions:
a. Surfaces that are to be painted, but are inaccessible after assembly
(e.g., mating surfaces of lap-joint stub ends, flanges and nozzle
necks, flange bolt holes, welded joints, etc.) shall be painted before
assembly and pressure testing.
b. Welded joints that are inaccessible after assembly (e.g., joints
covered by lap-type flanges) shall be examined by PT or MT and
repaired as required before painting, assembly, and pressure testing.
See Section 4.5.1.6 for specific examination requirements.
4.5.3.2 The test pressure shall be measured at the high point of the vessel in the
test position.
4.5.3.3 All welds shall be sufficiently cleaned and free of scale or paint before
pressure testing to permit proper examination for defects.
4.5.3.4 Reinforcing pad attachment welds and accessible surfaces of inside
nozzle to vessel wall welds shall be tested for the absence of leaks with a
gauge pressure of 15 psig (100 kPa) dry air or nitrogen and bubble
forming solution. This test shall be performed before the final hydrostatic
or pneumatic test as applicable.
4.5.3.5 All facilities and materials (e.g., blinds, bolting, and gaskets) required for
testing shall be provided.
4.5.3.6 The temperature of the pressure-retaining components during the
pressure test, regardless of test media, shall be:
a. At least 60° F (15°C), but not warmer than 120ºF (50ºC) and
b. At least 30ºF (17ºC) warmer than the minimum design metal
temperature of the vessel.
4.5.3.7 Gaskets shall be used for test purposes in accordance with the following:
a. If a flanged joint is not to be disassembled after testing, the specified
service gasket shall be used. Service gaskets used for testing shall be
left installed for shipment for all blind flanged connections.
b. If a joint is to be disassembled after testing and has flanges in
accordance with ASME B16.5 or ASME B16.47, the test gasket may
be selected by Manufacturer.
c. If the joint is to be disassembled after testing, employs nonstandard
flanges (i.e., other than ASME B16.5 or ASME B16.47), and the
service gasket is not specified, the test gasket description shall be
submitted to Purchaser for approval.
4.5.3.8 Unless specified for the service condition, joint sealing compound or
gasket lubricant shall not be used.
4.5.3.9 All bolting and washers, if used for testing, shall be properly lubricated
for assembly before the initial pressure test.

4.5.3.10 Except for leakage that can occur at temporary closures for those
openings intended for welded connections, leakage shall not be
permitted at the time of the required inspection.
4.5.3.11 Leakage from temporary seals shall be directed away to avoid masking
leaks from other joints.
4.5.3.12 Sensitive leak tests, if specified, shall be performed before pressure
testing.
4.5.3.13 Flanged joint assemblies specified to be provided with service gaskets
(e.g., main body flange joints, manways, blind flange nozzles) and
which are disassembled following tests shall be reassembled using new
service gaskets. If the joints are shipped unassembled, new service
gaskets for field installation shall be suitably packaged, marked, and
shipped with the vessel. See Section 4.6.2.3.
4.5.3.14 Welding, burning or grinding, including cosmetic grinding of pressure
retaining welds, shall not be performed on vessels that have been
pressure tested unless approved by Purchaser. This includes but shall
not be limited to welds for shipping attachments, refractory or insulation
clips, stiffeners, spiders, or grinding for surface preparation.
4.5.3.15 If field assembly and erection is specified in the contract documents, the
final pressure test shall be performed at the installation site. A detailed
test procedure shall be provided to Purchaser for review before testing.
4.5.3.16 If hydrostatic testing at the installation site is specified in the contract
documents, Purchaser shall furnish a fill line and a drain line for the test
water at a location adjacent to the test site.
4.5.4 Hydrostatic Test
4.5.4.1 Unless otherwise specified on Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet,
Code paragraph UG-99(b) {8.2.1(d)}, including endnote 34
{2.2.2.1d 1)}, shall be regarded as the standard hydrostatic test. See the
PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet for the test pressure or applicable Code
paragraph number.
4.5.4.2 If specified on Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet, liquids other
than water may be used for hydrostatic testing in accordance with the
Code. A detailed test procedure shall be submitted to the Purchaser for
approval.
4.5.4.3 Horizontal vessels designed to support a full weight load of water shall
be tested resting on its support saddles, without additional supports or
cribbing.
4.5.4.4 Vertical vessels being tested in the erected position, whether shop or
field, shall have design consideration given to the additional pressure and
weight from the fluid head. See Section 4.2.2.6.
4.5.4.5 Vessels shall be adequately supported during the pressure test to prevent
damage.

4.5.4.6 Testing of vessels shall be performed with potable test water that is clean
and free of debris. Brackish or untreated water shall not be used.
4.5.4.7 Except as permitted in Section 4.5.4.8, testing of vessels or components
made of austenitic stainless steel materials shall be performed with water
containing a maximum of 50 ppm chloride.
4.5.4.8 If the duration of the test procedure is 72 hours or less and the procedure
includes rinsing with water containing less than 50 ppm chloride, testing
of vessels or components made of austenitic stainless steel materials may
be performed with water containing greater than 50 ppm chloride but less
than 250 ppm chloride.
4.5.4.9 Test water shall not be in contact with austenitic stainless steel for
greater than 72 hours unless treated with an appropriate biocide.
4.5.4.10 Before application of the test pressure, the test water and the vessel
material shall be permitted to equalize to approximately the same
temperature.
4.5.4.11 The final pressure test shall be held for a minimum of one hour, or as
specified in writing by the Purchaser.
4.5.4.12 After completion of the hydrostatic test, the vessel shall be drained, dried
including drying internals, and closed as quickly as practicable.
4.5.5 Pneumatic Test
4.5.5.1 Pneumatic testing shall not be permitted unless hydrostatic testing is not
feasible. See Code Paragraph UG-100 {8.3} and Code Paragraph UW-50
{Not Division 2 applicable}.
4.5.5.2 Pneumatic testing presents hazards that require strict attention as part of
the design of the pressure vessel to ensure personnel safety. These
considerations include, but shall not be limited to, the following:
a. Vessels shall be constructed of materials that ensure fracture
toughness during the test.
b. Additional nondestructive examination of main seams, nozzle
attachments, and some structural attachments in accordance with
Code UW-50 {not Div. 2 applicable}. All additional nondestructive
examination shall be performed in accordance with Code methods
and acceptance criteria. The requirements for the details of all
additional examinations shall be furnished by Purchaser.
c. Clearance of all personnel from the area.
4.5.5.3 If specified in the Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet, pneumatic
testing shall be performed in the field at the installation site.
4.5.5.4 Detailed written procedures shall be prepared for any pneumatic testing.
The procedure shall consider the extreme hazards which exposes the
facility and nearby personnel. See ASME PCC-2 Article 5.1 (including
the Appendices) for guidance on energy calculations for pneumatic tests
and safe distances for personnel during the test. The procedures shall be
agreed with the Purchaser and the User.

4.5.5.5 If acoustic emission monitoring of the pneumatic test is specified in the

contract documents, procedures for the monitoring shall be submitted to
Purchaser for approval before testing.
4.5.5.6 Except as permitted in Section 4.5.5.7, inert gas shall be used as the test
medium for pneumatic testing because inert gas cannot support
combustion.
4.5.5.7 Clean, dry, oil-free air in accordance with ISO 8573-1 Class 1, 2 or 3 air,
with a dew point ranging from +4°F to -94°F (-20°C to -70°C), may be
used as the test medium.
4.6 Preparation for Shipment

4.6.1 Cleaning, Painting, and Marking
4.6.1.1 Before shipping or before leaving the installation site if field-erected, the
vessel shall be thoroughly cleaned inside and outside. Grit, scale, oil,
grease, weld rod stub ends, sand, water, free moisture, and all other
foreign material shall be removed from the vessel.
4.6.1.2 If specified on the Purchaser’s PIP VEDV1003-D Data Sheet, all or part
of the following vessel cleaning procedure shall be performed before
shipping:
a. Perform solvent or detergent wash
b. Rinse
c. Perform wet-dry test in accordance with ASTM A 380
d. If rust stains appear in wet-dry test, acid clean with passivation
solution. Based on the extent of the rusting, the appropriate
application method of hand wipe, spray, or circulating should be
chosen.
e. Repeat wet-dry test.
f. If rusting reappears, consider pickling solution.
g. Rinse
h. Dry
4.6.1.3 Before shipping, painting shall be completed in accordance with the
contract documents. See Section 4.5.3.1.
4.6.1.4 All vessel openings shall be closed and sealed immediately after
completion of cleaning and drying. Sufficient internal desiccant or a
positive pressure inert internal atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen) shall be
provided to maintain a dry internal atmosphere until the vessel is opened.
If an inert internal atmosphere is used, provide a means to maintain a
positive pressure until the vessel is opened."
4.6.1.5 All PWHT vessels shall have the following notice painted on two
sides of the shell and insulation covering, if present, in three-inch

high letters visible in the shipping position from grade. See

Section 4.4.1.10:
POSTWELD HEAT TREATED - DO NOT BURN OR WELD
4.6.1.6 All vessels with non-metallic linings shall have the following notice
painted on two sides of the shell and insulation covering, if present, in
three-inch high letters visible in the shipping position from grade. See
Section 4.4.1.10.
LINED VESSEL - DO NOT BURN OR WELD
4.6.1.7 All vessels using a positive pressure inert internal atmosphere shall have
the following notice painted on two sides of the shell and insulation
covering, if present, in three-inch (75mm) high letters visible in the
shipping position from grade. See Section 4.4.1.10. The same notice
shall be stamped onto stainless steel tags securely attached (by wire or
other means) to each flange and opening.
CAUTION - UNDER INERT ATMOSPHERE - DO NOT OPEN
WITHOUT PROPER PRECAUTIONS
4.6.2 Preparation and Closure
4.6.2.1 Machined surfaces, flange faces, threaded surfaces, and other finished or
delicate parts shall be well-greased and protected against rusting and
damage during shipment.
4.6.2.2 Holes in reinforcing pads (see Sections 4.2.11.3.4.d and 4.4.3.7) shall be
plugged with Room Temperature Vulcanizing (RTV) silicone sealer or
rust preventative grease that is compatible with the base material.
4.6.2.3 If flanged joints are specified to be provided with service gaskets, a spare
gasket, in addition to any required for initial field assembly in
accordance with Section 4.5.3.13, shall be provided and suitably
packaged, marked, and shipped with the vessel for all joints except for
flanged joints having standard ASME flanges. See Section 4.5.3.7.a.
4.6.2.4 Blind flanged connections, including manways, shall have the blinds
attached with a full complement of new bolts.
4.6.2.5 Temporary Protective Covers
1. Except for flanges with permanent blinds, each flange face shall be
protected with 1/2 inch (13 mm) thick wood or 1/8 inch (3 mm) thick
suitable metal plate and soft rubber gasket, not less than the flange
outside diameter, and secured with a minimum of the greater number
of equally spaced bolts as follows:
a. 25% complement of total flange bolting
b. 4 bolts
2. Welding stub ends shall be protected with bevel protecting caps.
3. Threaded couplings shall be protected with bull plugs.
4. Socket weld fittings shall be protected with plastic caps.

4.6.2.6 Internals which cannot be safely shipped in place shall be identified,

tagged, and shipped separately.
4.6.2.7 For internals which have specified clearances or tolerances, a minimum
of one of each type (e.g., tray type or distributor type) shall be trial
assembled into the vessel to ensure proper fit before shipment.
4.6.2.8 All bolting and other loose parts shall be suitably packaged and
identified with the purchase order number.
4.6.2.9 Uncoated bolts and nuts shall be coated with a suitable thread lubricant
to prevent corrosion during transportation and storage. The lubricant
shall be easily removable with mineral spirits or a solvent.
4.6.2.10 Securing and Padding
1. Ropes, chains and straps may be used to secure the vessel and
associated equipment to the transporter deck.
2. Padding shall be placed between cables or chains and stainless steel
or high alloy equipment to prevent discoloration of the vessel shell
and/or contamination of the metal.
3. Cables and chains are not permitted even with padding used, unless
attached to tie down clips provided on the vessel.
4. If carbon steel shipping saddles are used for stainless steel or high
alloy vessels, the saddles shall be padded.
4.6.2.11 Nozzles, including attached piping, within or passing through vessel support
skirts shall be adequately supported during shipping and handling.
4.6.2.12 Special provisions for shipping saddles shall be agreed with Purchaser.
4.6.2.13 If the permanent saddles of horizontal vessels are used for support during
shipment, saddle extensions constructed of timber or other suitable
materials shall be secured to the saddles to provide adequate ground
clearance for boot or nozzle projections, if any, that extend below the
permanent saddle base plate.
4.6.2.14 Internal braces, spiders or other similar methods may be used to stiffen
the vessel and prevent excessive deformation during shipping, handling
and lifting. The stiffeners shall not be welded to the vessel.

Appendix A
Equivalent Pressure Formulas for

Bending Moment and Axial Tensile Load

Equivalent Pressure Formulas for Bending Moment and Axial Tensile Load
When sustained bending moments or axial thrust loadings are applied to the flanged joint during operation in
sufficient magnitude to warrant consideration in the flange selection or design, the design pressure, P, used in the
calculation of total hydrostatic end load, H, in the flange design calculations shall be replaced by the following
design pressure:
PFLG = P + PEQ
The equivalent pressure PEQ is determined as follows:
16M 4F
PEQ = +
πG 3
πG2
Where:
M = Sustained bending moment (non-pressure generated) applied across full section at flange during the
design condition
F = Sustained axial tensile force non-pressure generated) applied at flange
G= Diameter at location of gasket load reaction, in. (See Appendix 2 {4.16.12} of the Code for full
definition.)
Therefore, the hydrostatic end load, H, used in the flange calculations is determined as follows:
H = 0.785 G2 PFLG
Dynamic Bending Moment
8M
PEQ =
πG3
Where:
M = Bending moment, as defined above, but including dynamic bending moment (e.g., seismic moment)
applied across full section at flange during the design condition, in-lb
Other Terms = Same as above

PIP VESV1002 Design and Fabrication Specification For Vessels ASME Code Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2

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COMPLETE REVISION

This Practice is subject to revision at any time.

Not printed with State funds

Appendix A: Equivalent Pressure Formulas for

Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 42

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

– PIP VEDV1003 - Documentation Requirements for Vessels, ASME Code Section

• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

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Section VIII - Pressure Vessels, Divisions 1 and 2

• U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health

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2.4 Other References

– “Dynamic Response of Tall Flexible Structures to Wind Loading.” Joseph Vellozzi,

construction: An all-inclusive term comprising materials, design, fabrication, examination,

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Manufacturer of his responsibility to comply with the requirements of

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4. See Section 4.2.3 for additional requirements.

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8. Piping and Superimposed Equipment Loads (L8)

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the natural frequency of the vessel corresponds with the

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4.2.6.2 Agitator Installations on Formed Heads

3. Nozzle reinforcement for pressure relief devices shall be designed

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3. Vessels shall be analyzed for actual vertical, lateral and longitudinal

Table 1 - Minimum Transportation Acceleration Loadings

Truck (Highway Speeds) 1.7g 0.5g 0.3g 1.8g

Truck (< 25 MPH or

Inland Barge 1g 0.2g 0.75g 0.4g

Oceangoing Ship or Barge 2g 2g 0.75g 0.4g

4.2.8.2 Impact Factor

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d. In some cases deflection is a concern and shall be evaluated.

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Table 2 - Recommended Minimum Gasket Contact Widths

Flange ID Gasket Contact Width

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t = minimum finished flange thickness, exclusive of

Nozzle Vessel OD, Radial Lap Width,

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b. See Table 2 for the recommended minimum gasket contact width.

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c. Wear plates shall be continuously welded to the shell.

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4.2.12 Anchor Bolts

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composition as the cladding, weld overlay, or shell to which it is