CHAPTER 2:
PROPERTIES OF WATER
• WATER PLAYS AN IMPORTANT PART IN THE PLUMBING
SYSTEM. IT IS A COMMON, BUT IN MANY WAYS, AN
UNUSUAL LIQUID. LARGE QUANTITIES OF WATER ARE
REQUIRED IN BUILDINGS FOR PERSONAL USE, FOOD
PREPARATION, CLEANING AND GENERAL DOMESTIC
PURPOSES, AND POSSIBLY ALSO FOR FIRE FIGHTING,
LAUNDRIES, SWIMMING POOLS, IRRIGATION AND
RECREATIONAL USE.
THE DEMAND OF WATER
DEMAND REQUIREMENT
Drinking, Cooking, Dishwashing Must be pure, sterilized and protected from
contamination. Supplies taken direct from mains or from
exclusive storage.
Personal Washing and Domestic Cleaning Similar but moderated to allow cold and hot supplies to
be drawn from main storage tank or cistern via
distribution network.
Laundry Generally clean and wholesome, soft and free form Iron
and Manganese staining.
Fire Fighting High Pressure. Connections must not permit
contamination of mains water.
Swimming Clean, filtered and sterilized with free chlorine residue
for post-sterilization. Can be recirculated.
Boilers and Heating Plants Soft treated water, stored and circulated separate from
domestic supplies.
Irrigation No special requirement, except reasonably free from
solids and slit (result in blocked Pipes and nozzles) and
undecomposed material (pollution).
THE WATER CYCLE
WHAT ARE THE OTHER TERMS TO DESCRIBE WATER
QUALITY?
• Salt Water - contains at least 3% salt (30 parts salt per
1 0 0 0 parts water).
• Brackish Water - is a mixture of fresh and salt water, typically found
where rivers enter the ocean.
• Fresh Water - is water having a salt concentration below
0.01%.
• Soft Water - is relatively free of minerals that cause soap to precipitate
causing scale buildup.
• Polluted Water - contains one or more impurities that make the water
unsuitable for a desired use.
• Purified Water - the pollutants are removed, rendering the water
harmless.
WHAT ARE THE OTHER TERMS TO DESCRIBE WATER
QUALITY?
• Black Water - is water drained from toilet bowls and
urinals; carries body wastes and major
pollutants.
• Gray Water - is water drained from lavatories, sinks,
laundry trays and showers; contains
• Storm Water - is rainwater drained from gutters and
downspouts.
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND THEIR
CORRECTION
PROBLEM MEANING CAUSE EFFECT CORRECTION
1. Acidity Quantitative capacity to neutralize Contains carbon Corrosion of non-ferrous Passing the water through a bed
a strong base to a designated pH dioxide. Cistern and pipes, rusting and clogging of crushed marble or limestone to
pond waters containing of steel pipes. achieve alkalinity, or adding
decaying vegetation sodium silicate.
are likely to be acidic
2. Hardness Measure of the soap consuming Presence of Magnesium Clogging of pipes. Introduction of water softeners
capacity of water and Calcium Impaired laundering and made up of Zeolite (a greenish
food preparation. granular material)
3. Turbidity The degree of cloudiness or Silt or suspended Discoloration and bad Filtration
muddiness of water matters picked up in taste.
surface or near surface
flow.
4. Color Can be measured through visual Presence of Iron and Discoloration of fixtures Precipitation by filtration through
comparison of the sample to the Manganese and Laundry manganese zeolite (oxidizing
distilled water filter)
5. Pollution the release of substances into Contamination by Disease Chlorination
bodies of water that makes water organic matter or
unsafe for human use and disrupts sewage
aquatic ecosystems
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
1. AERATION
2. COAGULATION- FLOCCULATION
3. SEDIMENTATION
4. FILTRATION
5. DISINFECTION/ CHLORINATION
CHAPTER 3
PLUMBING FIXTURES
AND ACCESSORIES
What are Plumbing Fixtures?
□ Plumbing Fixtures are approved-type
installed receptacles, devices or appliances
supplied with water or liquid-borne wastes &
discharge such wastes into the drainage
system to which they may be directly or
indirectly connected. Industrial or commercial
tanks, vats & similar processing equipment are
not plumbing fixtures, but may be
connected to or discharge into approved traps
or plumbing fixtures as approved for in this
code.
What are the common types of Plumbing
Fixtures?
□ Plumbing Fixtures, put in simpler term, are
receptacles or receivers attached to the
plumbing system other than a trap in which
water or waste may be collected or retained for
ultimate discharge into the plumbing treatment
facility and point of discharge. Their common
types are:
1. Water Closet 2 . Lavatory
3. Bathtub / S h o w e r 4. Kitchen Sink
5. Bidet 6. Urinal
What is a Water Closet & What are its
Types?
□ Water Closet is a plumbing
fixture used to receive human
excrement & to discharge it
t hr ough a waste pipe, using
wat er as a conveying medium .
□ Water Closet s are classifi ed
according to:
1. Design
2. M ake
3. Flushing Mechanism Used
4. Shape
s. Installation
What are the types of w a t e r closet as
to Design?
1. Siphon Washdown 2. Siphon Jet
It is the least expensive but the noisiest; The jet being submerged, introduces water
Only small amount of standing water, underwater so that its operation is entirely
susceptible to fouling, staining & muffled. It has a large amount of standing
contamination water to prevent fouling
What are the types of wate r closet as to
Design?
3. Siphon Vortex 4. Reverse Trap
This type of bowl develops its flushing action The trap way located at the rear eliminated the
through the water entering the diagonal holes bulge at the front. The design of the bowl plus its
around the rim which creates a swirling action large water area & quietness in operation, makes it
which forms a vortex in the center. desirable than the siphon washdown.
What are the types of water closet as to Design?
What are the type of w ater closets as to Make?
□ ONE-PIECE WATER CLOSET - The
water closet fixture is
manufactured with the bowl &
the flush tank
molded into a single unit.
Usually used in tandem with the
bidet.
Close Coupled Water Closet:
□ A water closet wherein the flush tank is separate but is attached to the toilet
bowl. It is a two-piece model.
Pail Flush Water Closet:
□ A water closet comprising only of a bowl without a flush tank. Flushing action is
obtained only through water poured from a pail or bucket. This is used in
areas where running water system is not available .
Squat Bowl Water Closet:
□ A water closet that is other wise known as "eastern type" water
closet since the user assumes a squatting position rather
than a sitting position.
Wh at are the types of w a t e r closets as to Flushing
Mechanism Used?
Flush Tank- Holds a supply of water for flushing the water closet. It flushes
3 to 6 liters.
Flush Valve:
□ Flush Valve is a valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of water for flushing
purposes. It is activated by direct water pressure without the use of a flush tank.
It requires a flow pressure of 69 to 138 kPa.
Wh at are the types of w a t e r closets as to Shape?
Round Front Elongated Front is
WC is in tended more comfortable
for installation but occupies a
on a limited larger space. Water
space. closet bowls for
public use shall be
the elongat ed
t ype.
W h a t are the t yp e s of w a t e r closet a s to installation?
W h a t are the t yp e s of w a t e r closet a s to installation?
What are the Minimum Clearances & Roughing-ins for
Water Closets?
Clearances are miflimum distances of fixtures for human safety and comfort.
60”
21”
30”
12”
What are the Minimum Clearances & Roughing-ins for
Water Closets?
Roughing-in is the installation of all piping & fitting parts of the plumbing system, which
can be completed prior to the installation of fixtures and accessories.
DFU - Drainage Fixture Unit Values
WSFU - Water Supply Fixture Units
What is a Lavatory? Wh at are its
types?
A Lavatory is a fixture designed for the
washing of the hands or face. It is also known
as a Wash Basin.
The 4 types of Lavatory are:
1. Wall Hung Lavatory
2. Pedestal Lavatory
3. Counter Type Lavatory
a. Overcounter or Counter top
b. Undercounter
4. One-piece Lavatory
Wall Hung Lavatory - is a Pedestal Lavatory - are composed of
type of lavatory sink that is two physically separate elements
mounted on the wall. that are attached during installation.
Counter Type Lavatory:
Overcounter Lavatory Undercounter Lavatory
One-piece Lavatory:
What are the Minimum Clearances?
What are the Minimum Roughing-ins for Lavatories?
Wh at is a Bathtub?
A Bathtub is a tub for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for 1 person.
It is available in left outlet and right outlet
Wh at is a Kitchen Sink?
A Kitchen Sink is a plumbing fixture consisting of a basin with a water supply, connected with a
drain & used for dishwashing.
CORNER SINK
SINGLE BOWL
SINGLE DRAIN
..
DOUBLE BOWL
DOUBLE DRAIN TRIPLE BOWL
DOUBLE DRAIN
DOUBLE BOWL
SINGLE DRAIN
Wh at is a Bidet?
A Bidet is a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the genitals.
It is also known as Sitz Bath.
Bidet is used in tandem w ith the one-piece water closet or in
integrated w ith the close coupled water closet:
Handheld Bidets
Ceramic Bidets
Toilet Seat Bidets
What is a Urinal? Wh a t are the types of Urinal?
□ A Urinal is a plumbing fixture equipped with a water supply and
drain for flushing away urine.
The types of Urinals are:
1. Wall Hung Urinal
2. Pedestal Urinal
3. Stall Urinal
4. Trough Urinal
Types of Urinals:
Wall Hung Urinals – it is the most commonly Pedestal Urinals - A urinal which is not
used type of urinal. Has its plumbing hidden connected to the wall for support but is
behind the wall mounted on a single pedestal
Types of Urinals:
Trough Urinals - is a urinal which is designed to be
Stall Urinals - is a type of urinal which is supported
used by more than one person at a time and will
by flange or floor.
usually resemble a long and narrow basin
What are the Minimum Clearances?
What are other types of Plumbing Fixtures?
Slop Sink - A deep sink, set low & used by
janitors for emptying pails of dirty water & mop
cleaning.
Laundry Tub - A deep wide sink
used for washing clothes.
Scrub Sink: Drinking Fountain:
A Scrub Sink is a
plumbing fixture
usually located in the
O.R. in a hospital to
enable personnel to
scrub their hands
prior to a surgical
procedure. The Hot
& Cold water supply
is activated by a
knee - action mixing A Drinking Fountain is a plumbing
valve or by wrist or fixture consisting of a shallow basin,
pedal control or by together with a water jet, designed
automatic sensors. to provide potable water for human
consumption.
Wh at is a Plumbing Unit?
□ Plumbing Unit is a minimum standard quantity of plumbing
fixtures that discharges waste into a plumbing installation,
including:
-1 Water M e t e r * -1 Kitchen Sink
-1 Water Closet -1 Laundry Tray
-1 Lavatory -3 Floor Drains
-1 Shower Head & -4 Faucets or Hose Bibb
Drain for a Bathtub
or Shower Stall
What are Plumbing Accessories?
SOAP HOLDER PAPER/TISSUE HOLDER TOOTHBRUSH & TUMBLER HOLDER
What are Plumbing Accessories?
TOWEL HOLDER/TOWEL BAR SEAT COVER
TOILET FIXTURE CLEARANCES FOR DISABLED PERSONS
(per BP 344 The Accessibility Law)
TOILET FIXTURE CLEARANCES FOR DISABLED PERSONS
(per BP 344 The Accessibility Law)
