EET Students Notes Lecture-12 DC Machines

Electrical and Electronics Technology
Student Notes
Abstract
This document contains the important points discussed in the pre-recorded courseware. It will help in revising the
important concepts related to Electrical and Electronics Technology course.
This Student Note is authorized for use only by Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) - Pilani students. Copying or
posting of its content is an infringement of copyright.
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Lecture 12 (Duration: 120 Minutes (Approx.))

Focus Topics:
 DC Generator
 DC Motor
1. DC Machines: An electric generator is a machine that converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy. The essential components of a generator are:
(a) a magnetic field
(b) conductor or a group of conductors
(c) motion of conductor w.r.t. magnetic field.
Construction of d.c. Generator The d.c. generators and d.c. motors have the same
general construction. Any d.c. generator can be run as a d.c. motor and vice-versa.
All d.c. machines have five principal components viz., (i) field system (ii) armature
core (iii) armature winding (iv) commutator (v) brushes.
Armature Winding of DC machine 1. Lap winding 2. Wave winding

In lap windings the two ends of any one coil are taken to adjacent segments as in
Fig. (a), where a coil of two turns is shown, whereas in wave windings the two ends
of each coil are bent in opposite directions and taken to segments some distance
apart, as in Fig. (b).
A lap winding has as many paths in parallel between the negative and positive
brushes as there are of poles; for instance, with an eight-pole lap winding, the
armature conductors form eight parallel paths between the negative and positive
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This Student Note is authorized for use only by Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) – Pilani
students. Copying or posting of its content is an infringement of copyright. 1
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brushes. A wave winding, on the other hand, has only two paths in parallel,
irrespective of the number of poles. Hence, if a machine has P Number of poles
E.M.F. Equation of a D.C. Generator
Armature Resistance (Ra)

The resistance offered by the armature circuit is known as armature resistance (Ra)
includes:
(i) resistance of armature winding
(ii) resistance of brushes
Types of D.C. Machines
1. Separately excited machines – the field winding being connected to a source
of supply other than the armature of its own machine.
2. Self-excited machines, which may be subdivided into:
(a) shunt-wound machines – the field winding being connected across the
armature terminals;
(b) series-wound machines – the field winding being connected in series
with the armature winding;
(c) compound-wound machines – a combination of shunt and series
windings.
1. Separately excited machines –
2. Self-excited machines
a) shunt-wound machines –
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where and
b)Series-wound machines – the field winding being connected in series with the
armature winding;
c) compound-wound machines – a combination of shunt and series windings.

(i) Long Shunt Compound Wound Generator In a long shunt wound
generator, the shunt field winding is parallel with both armature and series
field winding. The connection diagram of long shunt wound generator is
shown below.
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where and
(ii) Short Shunt Compound
where and
Brush Contact Drop
It is the voltage drop over the brush contact resistance when current flows.
Obviously, its value will depend upon the amount of current flowing and the value of
contact resistance. This drop is generally small.
D.C. motors:The construction of a d.c. motor is the same as a d.c. generator. The
only difference is that in a generator the generated e.m.f. is greater than the terminal
voltage, whereas in a motor the generated (back) e.m.f. is less than the terminal
voltage.
D.C. Motor Principle: A machine that converts d.c. power into mechanical power is
known as a d.c. motor. Its operation is based on the principle that when a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a
mechanical force.
Back or Counter E.M.F.
Power Equation
If the equation is multiplied by , we get,
This is known as power equation of the d.c. motor.
Thus out of the armature input, a small portion (about 5%) is wasted as a and
the remaining portion is converted into mechanical power within the armature.
Torque of a d.c. motor
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Since Z, P and A are fixed for a given machine,

Hence torque in a d.c. motor is directly proportional to flux per pole and armature
current.
(i) For a shunt motor, flux is practically constant.
(ii) For a series motor, flux is directly proportional to armature current provided
magnetic saturation does not take place.
Speed of a D.C. Motor
Speed Relations
If a d.c. motor has initial values of speed, flux per pole and back e.m.f. as N1, Φ1and
Eb1 respectively and the corresponding final values are N2, Φ2 and Eb2, then,
And
(i) For a shunt motor, flux practically remains constant so that

1= 2.
(ii) For a series motor, Ia prior to saturation.
where
Torque and Speed of a D.C. Motor
Applications of D.C. Motors

 Shunt motors: Lathes, drills, boring mills, shapers, spinning and weaving
machines
 Series motors: Electric traction, cranes, elevators, air compressors, vacuum
cleaners, hair drier, sewing machines etc.
 Compound motors: Presses, shears, reciprocating machines etc.
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Electrical and Electronics Technology

Lecture 12 (Duration: 120 Minutes (Approx.))

Armature Winding of DC machine 1. Lap winding 2. Wave winding

E.M.F. Equation of a D.C. Generator

Armature Resistance (Ra)

c) compound-wound machines – a combination of shunt and series windings.

(ii) Short Shunt Compound

Back or Counter E.M.F.

Since Z, P and A are fixed for a given machine,

(i) For a shunt motor, flux practically remains constant so that

(ii) For a series motor, Ia prior to saturation.

Torque and Speed of a D.C. Motor

Applications of D.C. Motors

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