Computer Aided Part Programming

Dr. Gangadharudu Talla

Assistant Professor
National Institute of Technology Warangal
 Introduction
• Why CAP?
• Complex geometries
• Advantages of CAP
• Less errors
• Universal language akin to English
Concept of CAP

• Identical for all machine-tool controllers

• Considerable reduction in part programming time (~75 %)
• Machining time estimation
• APT (Automatically Programmed Tools) language
• Originated at the servomechanism laboratory of MIT
• Consists of a specially structured set of vocabulary, symbols, rules and
conventions

2
 Concept of CAP
• Processor
• Converts the input information into a generalised set of cutter location (CL)
data and the relevant machine motions
• Independent of the CNC machine tool
• Post processor
Concept of CAP

• Converts CLDATA into the actual part

program
• Specific to the CNC machine tool

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 Functions of Post processor
• Converting the CLDATA to the machine tool co-ordinate system.
• Converting the CLDATA to the control unit understandable NC blocks taking
care of the following machine tool functions:
• Maximum table or spindle traverses,
Concept of CAP

• Available feeds and speeds,

• Available preparatory, miscellaneous and other functions,
• Straight line and circular interpolations,
• Acceleration and decelerations of slides taking care of the overshoot of
corners,
• Machine tool control unit system requirements such as tape reader time,
servo setting time, etc.

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 Functions of Post processor
• Provide output
• Required control tape.
• Diagnostic listing on line printer, and
• Other operator/programmer instructions.
Concept of CAP

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 APT Language Structure
• Letters ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
• Numerals 0123456789
• Punctuation marks
| A slash divides a statement into two sections. To the left of the slash are the MAJOR words, and to the
APT Language

right are the words, symbols and/or scalars that modify the word on the left of the slash. e.g., GO/PAST,
LN, TO, CS.
, A comma is used as a separator between the elements in a statement generally to the right of the slash.
= An equals is used for assigning an entity to a symbolic name, e.g., C1 = CIRCLE/25, 50, 30
) A closing parenthesis is used as a statement label separator
() The parentheses are used for enclosing the nested statements.
$ A single dollar sign when placed at the end of a line in the part program indicates that the statement
continues in the following line.
$$ The APT processor does not act upon any strings contained to the right of a double-dollar sign. As such,
it is preferable to sprinkle as many comments as possible in the part program so as to make it more
readable.
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 APT Language Structure
• Blank character
• has no meaning in the part program except in strings
• could be employed to improve the readability of a part program
• Words
• used in the statements
APT Language

• built up from one to six letters or numerals with the first one being a letter
• No special character in words
• Symbols
• used as substitutes for geometrical definitions and numerical values
• first character must be a letter
• A symbol must be defined before it is referenced in a subsequent partprogram
statement,
• e.g., L4, LIN32, CIRC23

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 APT Language
• Keywords
• Have fixed meaning
• cannot be used for any other purpose
• may be replaced by another name using a SYN statement
• consist of between two and six letters, without any numerals. The keywords
APT Language

• divided into two classes: MAJOR keywords, define the type of statement, and
MINOR keywords, give the required parameters and modifiers
• E.g: CIRCLE, MATRIX, LEFT, TANTO
• Labels
• used to reference a statement so that control can be transferred to that
statement changing the usual linear-execution sequence
• identical to the words. But, all the characters can be numerals
• must be terminated by a right parenthesis
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 APT Language Structure
• Numbers
• often referred to as scalars
• If a number is unsigned, the positive sign is assumed
• No distinction is made between integer and real numbers. The APT processor
treats all scalars as real numbers
APT Language

• Following are valid numbers: –37624, 259.0, 0.145

• maximum digits in a number should be 15 excluding the sign

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 APT Language Structure
• Angles
• quoted as degrees and decimal fractions of a degree, e.g., 13°42’ would be
13.70
• positive when measured in an anticlockwise direction from the positive X-axis
• Structure of statements in APT
APT Language

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 APT Language Structure
• Arithmetic APT
Addition +
Subtraction –
Multiplication *
Division /
APT Language

Exponentiation **
• The character ‘=’ is used in arithmetic statements but may not have the same
meaning as in algebra. In part-program arithmetic it should be read as ‘is
replaced by’ or ‘is given the value of’
• B = B + 4, which means the variable B is assigned the value of B + 4
• The implied multiplication feature in algebra is not allowed

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 APT Language Structure
• Arithmetic APT
• A = 5(4 + 2) should be written as A = 5 * (4 + 2)
• B = 23 should be written as B = 2 ** 3
• Library functions
ABS Absolute value
APT Language

SQRT Square root

SIN Sine of the angle in degrees
COS Cosine of the angle in degrees
TAN Tangent of the angle in degrees
ASIN Angle of the sine in degrees
ACOS Angle of the cosine in degrees
ATAN Angle of the tangent in degrees
EXP Exponential, the value of the e to the power
LOG Natural logarithm
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 Types of Statements in APT
• Geometry
• Motion
• Postprocessor
• Compilation control
APT Language

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 Geometry Commands
• Part geometry is normally broken into a number of surface elements
• POINT, LINE, CIRCLE, PLANE, VECTOR, PATERN, SPHERE, GCONIC, TABCYL, etc.
• Rules for defining general form of surface elements
Geometry Commands

• a symbol in lower-case letters underlined represents the surface type

specified,
• a symbol in lower-case letters without underline represents a scalar,
• the words shown in the upper-case letters are the MINOR keywords, and
• all possible modifiers are presented one below the other enclosed by an
opening brace from among which only one appropriate for the definition is to
be selected

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 Geometry Commands
• Nesting
• The geometrical definitions or arithmetic computations can be nested,
wherever necessary. e.g.,
PL2 = PLANE/ P1, P2, P3
Geometry Commands

ZSURF/ PL2
• The above two statements could be combined into a single statement as
ZSURF/ (PL2 = PLANE/ P1, P2, P3)
• Arithmetic computations can also be nested, e.g.,
P2 = POINT/ (25 + 12 * COS(35)), (12 – 6 * SIN (35))

• ZSURF
• Specifies a plane which is to be used to provide a Z value.
• All point definitions, which have no Z value specified, are given a Z value
equal to zero
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 Point Definitions
• The point has three coordinates along X, Y and Z-axes
• The Z coordinate when not specified is taken as either zero or the
prevailing Z surface definition
Geometry Commands

• By Rectangular Coordinates

<symbol> = POINT/ x, y, z
P1 = POINT/75.0, 70.0
P1A = POINT/55.0, 70.0, 85.0

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 Point Definitions
• By the Intersection of two lines
<symbol> = POINT/ INTOF, line1, line2
Keyword INTOF refers to the intersection
P2 = POINT/INTOF, LN1, LN2
Geometry Commands

• By the Intersection of Line and Circle

𝑋𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿
𝑋𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸
<symbol> = POINT/ , INTOF, line1, circle1
𝑌𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿
𝑌𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸
In the definition, the line symbol is specified first followed by the
circle symbol.
The modifiers XSMALL, XLARGE, signify the point, which has an
algebraically small or large coordinate when projected onto that
axis.
P3B = POINT/ XSMALL, INTOF, LN3, CR1
P3A = POINT/ XLARGE, INTOF, LN3, CR1
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 Point Definitions
• By the Intersection of Two Circles
<symbol>=POINT/INTOF, circle1, circle2
P4A = POINT/XSMALL, INTOF, CR2, CR3
P4B = POINT/XLARGE, INTOF, CR2, CR3
Geometry Commands

• Polar Coordinates in a Coordinate Plane

𝑋𝑌𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁
<symbol>= POINT/RTHETA, 𝑌𝑍𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁 , radius, angle
𝑍𝑋𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁
𝑋𝑌𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁
<symbol>= POINT/THETAR, 𝑌𝑍𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁 , angle, radius
𝑍𝑋𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁
P5 = POINT/RTHETA, XYPLAN, 107, 36
The radius must not be a negative value.
The modifiers XYPLAN, etc., specify the plane in which the point
is lying

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 Point Definitions
• On a Circle at an Angle with the X-axis
<symbol> = POINT/ circle1, ATANGL, angle1
P6 = POINT/CR1, ATANGL, 26
Geometry Commands

• By the Centre of a Circle

<symbol> = POINT/CENTER, circle1
P7 = POINT/CENTER, CR2

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 Line Definitions
• Considered to be of infinite length and do not have a direction
• By Two Point Symbols or Rectangular Coordinates of Points
<symbol> = LINE/ x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2
Geometry Commands

<symbol> = LINE/ point1, point2

L1 = LINE/ 45, 60, 94, 91

• By a Point and a Parallel Line

<symbol> = LINE/ point1, PARLEL, line2
L2 = LINE/PAB, PARLEL, LAB

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 Line Definitions
• As One of the Coordinate Axis
𝑋𝐴𝑋𝐼𝑆
<symbol>= LINE/
𝑌𝐴𝑋𝐼𝑆
L3 = LINE/ XAXIS
Geometry Commands

• By a Point and a Perpendicular Line

<symbol> = LINE/point1, PERPTO, line2

L4 = LINE/PABC, PERPTO, LABC

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 Line Definitions
• By a Parallel Line at a Distance
𝑋𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿
𝑋𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸
<symbol> = LINE/PARLEL, line2, , distance
𝑌𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿
Geometry Commands

𝑌𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸
L5 = LINE/PARLEL, LA1, YSMALL, 40

• By a Point and Angle made with a Line

𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒1
<symbol> = LINE/point, ATANGL, angle1, 𝑋𝐴𝑋𝐼𝑆
𝑌𝐴𝑋𝐼𝑆
L6 = LINE/PNT1, ATANGL, 37, LAB
When the line is not specified XAXIS assumed

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 Line Definitions
• By a Point and a Tangential Circle
𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑇
<symbol>=LINE/point, , TANTO, circle1
𝑅𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇
RIGHT and LEFT is established looking from the point towards the centre of
the circle.
Geometry Commands

The point must not be inside the circle.

L7A = LINE/PABC, LEFT, TANTO,CIR3
L7B = LINE/PABC, RIGHT, TANTO, CIR3

• Tangential to Two Circles

𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑇 𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑇
<symbol> = LINE/ , TANTO, circle1, , TANTO, circle 2
𝑅𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇 𝑅𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇
RIGHT and LEFT is established looking from the centre of the first circle specified in
the definition towards the centre of the other circle.
One circle must not be completely inside the other circle.
L8A = LINE/ LEFF, TANTO, CIR1, LEFT, TANTO, CIR2
L8B = LINE/ RIGHT, TANTO, CIR1 , RIGHT, TANTO, CIR2
L8C = LINE/ LEFT, TANTO, CIR1, RIGHT, TANTO, CIR2
L8D = LINE/ RIGHT, TANTO, CIR1, LEFT, TANTO, CIR2
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 Circle Definitions
• By the Centre and Radius
<symbol> = CIRCLE/ x1, y1, radius 1
<symbol> = CIRCLE/ x1, y1, z1, radius 1
<symbol> = CIRCLE/CENTER point 1, RADIUS, radius1
Geometry Commands

The centre can be specified by a symbol or by its

coordinate values
C1 = CIRCLE/61, 62, 37

• By the Centre and Tangential Line

<symbol> = CIRCLE/CENTER, point1, TANTO, line1
C2 = CIRCLE/ CENTER, PT1, TANTO, LN1

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 Circle Definitions
• By Three Points on the Circumferences
<symbol> = CIRCLE/ point1, point2, point3
No two points should coincide
The three points must not be collinear
Geometry Commands

C3 = CIRCLE/ PT4, PT2, PT3

• By the Centre and a Tangential Circle

𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸
<symbol> = CIRCLE/ CENTER, point1, , TANTO, circle1
𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿
The point should not coincide with the centre of the given circle
C4A = CIRCLE/ CENTER, PT1, LARGE, TANTO, CIR
C4B = CIRCLE/ CENTER, PT1, SMALL, TANTO, CIR

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 Circle Definitions
• By Two Tangential Lines and Radius
𝑋𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿 𝑋𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿
𝑋𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸 𝑋𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸
<symbol>= CIRCLE/ , line1, , line2, RADIUS, radius1
𝑌𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿 𝑌𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿
Geometry Commands

𝑌𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸 𝑌𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸
These modifiers specify the choice of the circle whose
centre has algebraically larger or smaller X or Y
coordinate with reference to the line.
The two lines must not be parallel.
C5A = CIRCLE/ YLARGE, LN2, YLARGE, LN3, RADIUS, 15
C5B = CIRCLE/ XSMALL, LN2, YLARGE, LN3, RADIUS, 15
C5C = CIRCLE/ YSMALL, LN2, YSMALL, LN3, RADIUS, 15
C5D = CIRCLE/ YSMALL, LN3, XLARGE, LN2, RADIUS, 15

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 Circle Definitions
• By a Tangential Line, a Point on the Circumference and Radius
𝑋𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿
𝑋𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸
<symbol>= CIRCLE/TANTO, line1, , point1, RADIUS, radius1
𝑌𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿
Geometry Commands

𝑌𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸
These modifiers specify the choice of the circle whose
centre has algebraically larger or smaller X or Y
coordinate with reference to the point.
C6A = CIRCLE/ TANTO, LN1, YLARGE, PT1, RADIUS. 16
C6B = CIRCLE/ TANTO, LN1, YSMALL, PT1, RADIUS, 16
C6C = CIRCLE/ TANTO, LN1, XSMALL, PT2, RADIUS, 16
C6D = CIRCLE/ TAN1D, LN1, XLARGE, PT2, RADIUS, 16

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 Circle Definitions
• By Two Tangential Circles and Radius
𝑋𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿
𝑋𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸 𝐼𝑁 𝐼𝑁
<symbol> = CRCLE/ , , circ1, , circ2, RADIUS, rad1
𝑌𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿 𝑂𝑈𝑇 𝑂𝑈𝑇
Geometry Commands

𝑌𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸
IN and OUT allows the selection of the considered circle by indicating the mode of tangency
between the two circles.

C7A = CIRCLE/ YLARGE, OUT, CIR1, IN, CIR2, RADIUS, 10

C7B = CIRCLE/ YLARGE, IN, CIR1, IN, CIR2, RADIUS, 10
C7C = CIRCLE/ YLARGE, OUT, CIR1, OUT, CIR2, RADIUS, 10
C7D = CIRCLE/ YLARGE, IN, CIR1, OUT, CIR2, RADIUS, 10
C7E = CIRCLE/ YSMALL, IN, CIR1, IN, CIR2, RADIUS, 10
C7F = CIRCLE/ YSMALL, OUT, CIR1, IN, CIR2, RADIUS, 10
C7G = CIRCLE/ YSMALL, IN, CIR1, OUT, CIR2, RADIUS, 10
C7H = CIRCLE/ YSMALL, OUT, CIR1, OUT, CIR2, RADIUS, 10
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 Circle Definitions
• By a tangential line, a tangential circle and radius
𝑋𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿 𝑋𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿
𝑋𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸 𝑋𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸 𝐼𝑁
<symbol> = CIRCLE/ , line1, , , circ2, RADIUS, radius1
𝑌𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿 𝑌𝑆𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐿 𝑂𝑈𝑇
Geometry Commands

𝑌𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸 𝑌𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐺𝐸

C8A = CIRCLE/ YLARGE, LN1, XLARGE, OUT, CIR3, RADIUS, 10

C8B = CIRCLE/ YSMALL, LN1, XLARGE, OUT CIR3, RADIUS, 10
C8C = CIRCLE/ YLARGE, LN1, XLARGE, IN, CIR3, RADIUS, 10
C8D = CIRCLE/ YSMALL, LN1, XLARGE, IN, CIR3, RADIUS, 10
C8E = CIRCLE/ YLARGE, LN1, XSMALL, IN, CIR3, RADIUS, 10
C8F = CIRCLEJ YSMALL, LN1, XSMALL, IN, CIR3, RADIUS, 10
C8H = CIRCLE/ YLARGE, LN1, XSMALL, OUT, CIR3, RADIUS, 10
C8G = CIRCLE/ YSMALL, LN1, XSMALL, OUT, CIR3, RADIUS, 10

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 Vector Definitions
• Both magnitude and direction
• Often used to specify the direction in geometry application and the motion
of the cutter
Geometry Commands

• By x, y, z Componentes
<symbol> = VECTOR/ x1, y1, z1
V1 = VECTOR/ 50, 60, 70
This definition generates a vector from the origin of the
coordinate system

• By Two Points
<symbol> = VECTOR/ x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2
<symbol> = VECTOR/ point1, point2
V2 = VECTOR/ 30, 30, 20, 60, 50, 90
When a vector is defined by the coordinate values, all the components
need to be mentioned without omission
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 Plane Definitions
• Planes are surfaces with infinite areas
• Often used to specify the machining surfaces and tool-end surface location
• By Three Points
Geometry Commands

Syntax is <symbol> = PLANE/ point1, point2, point3

PL1 = PLANE/ PT1, PT2, PT3

• By a Point and a Parallel Plane

<symbol> = PLANE/ point1, PARLEL, plane1
PL2 = PLANE/ PT4, PARLEL, PLN1

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 Plane Definitions
• By the Coefficient of a Plane Equation aX + bY + cZ = d
<symbol> = PLANE/ a, b, c, d
PL3 = PLANE/ 0, 0, 0, 27
PL3A = PLANE/ 0, 0, 0, 49
Geometry Commands

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 Pattern Definitions
• Used for the purpose of grouping of holes that need identical processing
• Rely on some form of symmetry present in the group
• <symbol> = PATERN/ <parameters>
Geometry Commands

• The Z value of any point used in the pattern definition is ignored

• The Z levels associated with a pattern are determined by a CYCLE command
during the motion statement by the postprocessor

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 Pattern Definitions
• Linear Pattern by the First, Last and Number of
Points
<symbol> = PATERN/ LINEAR, point1, point2, number
PAT1 = PATERN/ LINEAR, PT1, PT2, 7
Geometry Commands

Numbering of the holes in the patterns starts from the first

point

• Linear Pattern by the First Point, Vector and Number

of Points
<symbol> = PATERN/ LINEAR, point1, vector1, number
PAT1 = PATERN/ LINEAR, PT3, V2, 6

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 Pattern Definitions
• Circular Pattern by a Circle, Angular Positions of
First Hole, Last Hole and Number of Points
𝐶𝐿𝑊
<symbol> = PATERN/ ARC, circle1, ang1, ang2, , number
𝐶𝐶𝐿𝑊
Geometry Commands

If the position of the last hole, ang2 is not specified then it would
be treated as the first hole position, ang1.
Angles are measured from the radius parallel to the positive X-axis
direction.
CLW The pattern is produced moving in a clockwise direction from
the starting angle given.
CCLW Same as above in the counter-clockwise direction.
PAT3 = PATERN/ ARC, CIR1, 40, CCLW, 6
PAT4 = PATERN/ ARC, CIR2, 29, -130, CCLW, 9
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 Pattern Definitions
• Parallelogram Constructed From Two Patterns
<symbol> = PATERN/ PARLEL, patern1, patern2
PATT1 = PATERN/ LINEAR, P1, P2, 4
PATT2 = PATERN/ LINEAR, P4, V5, 3
Geometry Commands

PAT5 = PATERN/ PARLEL, PATT1, PATT2

The sides of the parallel pattern are formed by moving the
second pattern quoted, so that its origin coincides with the
origin of the first pattern given in the definition

• Random Strings of Points and Patterns

<symbol> = PATERN/ RANDOM, point1, patern1, point2, patern2
PAT6 = PATERN/ RANDOM, PATT4, PATT5, PNT1, PNT2, PNT3

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 Matrix Definitions
• Useful for the transformations of the cutter coordinates from one system
to another
• Geometry could be defined from a convenient coordinate system and the
Geometry Commands

same could be transformed into any of the required coordinate frames

• A matrix is a set of twelve parameters. These parameters are the
coefficients of three linear equations defining the mathematical
relationship between the two coordinate systems
• Nine of the coefficients are the directional cosines and the other three are
the origin of the new coordinate system.
• <symbol> = MATRIX/ <parameters>

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 Matrix Definitions
• Translation
<symbol> = MATRIX/ TRANSL, dist1, dist2, dist3
dist1, dist2 and dist3 are the origin of the new system
with its axes parallel to the old system.
Geometry Commands

MAT1 = MATRIX/TRANSL, 52, 40

• Rotation
𝑋𝑌𝑅𝑂𝑇
<symbol> = MATRIX/ 𝑌𝑍𝑅𝑂𝑇 , angle1
𝑍𝑋𝑅𝑂𝑇
The positive sense of the rotation is defined from the
first reffered axis to the new one in CCW direction
MAT2 = MATRIX/XYROT, 30

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 Matrix Definitions
• Translation
<symbol> = MATRIX/SCALE, factor1
The factor represents the ratio between a unit vector in the
old system to the corresponding one in the new system.
Geometry Commands

MAT3 = MATRIX/SCALE, 2

• Mirroring 𝑋𝑍𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁
𝑋𝑌𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁
<symbol> = MATRIX/MIRROR, 𝑌𝑍𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒1
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒1
This definition transforms the geometry as if viewed in a
mirror against a surface, which could be a line, plane or any
of the principal coordinate plane.
MAT4 = MATRIX/MIRROR, LM
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 Matrix Definitions
• Rotation and Translation
𝑋𝑌𝑅𝑂𝑇
<symbol> = MATRIX/ 𝑌𝑍𝑅𝑂𝑇 , angel1,
𝑍𝑋𝑅𝑂𝑇
Geometry Commands

TRANSL, x1, y1, z1

This definition first rotates the geometry about
the origin of the part coordinate system and
then translates the rotated geometry.
MAT2 = MATRIX/XYROT, 30, TRANSL, 52, 40, 0

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 Example 1 for APT geometry definition
PARTNO/ EXAMPLE 16.1 FIG. 16.24
P2 = POINT/ 20, 20
L1 = LINE/ 20, 20, 20, (20 + 80)
Geometry Commands

L2 = LINE/ (POINT/ 20, (20 + 80)), ATANGL, 45

P1 = POINT/ (20 + 30 + 40 + 20), 20
C2 = CIRCLE/ CENTER, P1, RADIUS, 20
L4 = LINE/ P1, PERPTO, (LINE/ XAXIS)
C1 = CIRCLE/ (20 + 30 + 40), (20 + 80 + 30 - 20), 20
L3 = LINE/(POINT/(20 + 30),(20 + 80 + 30)),PARLEL,(LINE/ XAXIS)
L5 = LINE/ 20, 20, 90, 20

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 Example 2 for APT geometry definition
PARTNO/ EXAMPLE 16.2 FIG. 16.25
L4 = LINE / XAXIS
C1 = CIRCLE/ 24, 20, 12.5
Geometry Commands

L1 = LINE/ (POINT/ 0,0), ATANGL, 15

L2 = LINE/ PARLEL, L4, YLARGE, 32
L7 = LINE/ YAXIS
L5 = LINE/ PARLEL L7, XLARGE, (24 - 12.5)
L6 = LINE/ PARLEL, L5, XLARGE, (12.5 + 12.5)
L3 = LINE/ PARLEL, L7, XLARGE, 100
L8 = LINE/ PARLEL, L7, XLARGE, 92
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