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Lab Report: Alexandria University Faculty of Engineering Electrical Department

This lab report describes measurements performed using laboratory equipment including a spectrum analyzer, time interval analyzer, and network analyzer. The spectrum analyzer measures the frequency spectrum of signals. The time interval analyzer measures time intervals between start and stop pulses with resolutions as precise as nanoseconds. The network analyzer transmits a signal to a device under test and measures the reflected and transmitted signals to characterize the device's transmission and reflection properties.

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39 views5 pages

Lab Report: Alexandria University Faculty of Engineering Electrical Department

This lab report describes measurements performed using laboratory equipment including a spectrum analyzer, time interval analyzer, and network analyzer. The spectrum analyzer measures the frequency spectrum of signals. The time interval analyzer measures time intervals between start and stop pulses with resolutions as precise as nanoseconds. The network analyzer transmits a signal to a device under test and measures the reflected and transmitted signals to characterize the device's transmission and reflection properties.

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Zero Rain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Alexandria university

Faculty of engineering
Electrical department

Lab report

Name: Mahmoud Mohamed Mohamed Ahmed Abdullah


section: 6
Id: 193
Spectrum analyzer
Device’s picture

Principle of working The spectrum analyzer fundamentally measures the spectrum


content of the signal i.e., fed to the analyzer. For example, if we
are measuring the output of a filter, let us say low pass filter, then
the spectrum analyzer would measure the spectrum content of
the output filter in the frequency domain. In this process, it would
also measure the noise content and display it in the CRO the
working of the spectrum analyzer can be fundamentally
categorized as producing a vertical and a horizontal sweep on the
cathode ray oscilloscope. We know that the horizontal sweep of
the measured signal would be with respect to frequency and the
vertical sweep would be with respect to its amplitude.
specification HP 8592B offer basic RF and microwave measurement
performance at a low cost.  The HP 8590B has a frequency range
of 9 kHz to 1.8 GHz, a 50- or optional 75-ohm input, and a weight
of only 13.6 kg (30 pounds).  Amplitude range is a wide -115 to
+30 dBm.  The HP 8592B has a frequency range of 9 kHz to 22
GHz (or 25 GHz with option H25), an internal preselector, and a
weight of (35 pounds) 15.9 kg.  Amplitude range extends from -
114 to +30 dBm. (For special applications or general export, the
HP 8592B option 1BH does not tune above 18 GHz nor span
greater than 2.3 GHz.) If ac power is not available, both spectrum
analyzers can be operated using the HP 85901A portable ac
power source.
usage A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal
versus frequency within the full frequency range of the
instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the
spectrum of known and unknown signals.  Given the challenge of
characterizing the behavior of today’s RF devices, it is necessary
to understand how frequency, amplitude, and modulation
parameters behave over short and long intervals of time.
Time interval analyzer
Device’s
picture

Principle of The START pulse, received at channel A of the counter in Figure 2A,
working opens the GATE to start the measurement, the STOP pulse occurring
later in time and received at channel B closes the gate to end the
measurement. Elapsed time between start and stop is measured by
counting the Time Base “clock” frequency while the gate is open.
The resolution of a conventional time interval counter (HP 5328A,
HP 5345A, etc.) is determined by its “clock” frequency. A clock
frequency of 1 MHz gives 1 μsec resolution, 100 MHz gives 10 ns
resolution,500 MHz gives 2 ns resolution and so on. Clearly, the
elements within the time interval counter (input amplifier, main gate,
DCAs) must operate at speeds consistent with the clock frequency;
otherwise, the instrument’s resolution would be meaningless. Present
state-of-the-art limits resolution to about 2 nsec, although special
techniques can improve on this.
specification The HP Agilent 5372A Time Interval Analyzer captures frequency,
phase, or time intervals at extremely high speeds. The HP 5372A can
make up to 13.3 million measurements per second for signals with a
frequency range of up to 500 MHz. An optional channel expands the
range to 2 GHz. The 5372A combines a choice of over 60 arming and
triggering configurations with built-in analysis functions including math,
statistics, and limit testing. Unique to the 5372A (compared with the
5371A) are deeper memory, hardware histograms, and FFT capabilities
for high-performance and more sophisticated jitter spectrum analysis
and phase noise studies. The 5372A lets you: analyze jitter effects,
characterize the transient and steady state responses of a VCO,
examine frequency or phase modulation, measure frequency stability,
analyze computer peripherals, or measure fast hopping radio signals.
usage The 5372A lets you: analyze jitter effects, characterize the transient
and steady state responses of a VCO, examine frequency or phase
modulation, measure frequency stability, analyze computer peripherals,
or measure fast hopping radio signals.
Network analyzer
Device’s
picture

Principle of A Vector Network Analyzer contains both a source, used to generate a


working known stimulus signal, and a set of receivers, used to determine
changes to this stimulus caused by the device-under-test or DUT. The
stimulus signal is injected into the DUT and the Vector Network
Analyzer measures both the signal that's reflected from the input side,
as well as the signal that passes through to the output side of the DUT.
The Vector Network Analyzer receivers measure the resulting signals
and compare them to the known stimulus signal. The measured results
are then processed by either an internal or external PC and sent to a
display.
specification 50 MHz to 13.5, 20, or 40 GHz . New processor makes
frequency coverage measurements and data
transfers up to seven times faster
Fast-sweeping, built-in . Integrated solid-state switching
synthesized source S-parameter test set
Vecter receiver, error correcton, Up to 105 dB dynamic range
time domain
usage Vector Network Analyzer’s perform two types of measurements –
transmission and reflection. Transmission measurements pass the
Vector Network Analyzer stimulus signal through the device under test,
which is then measured by the Vector Network Analyzer receivers on
the other side. The most common transmission S-parameter
measurements are S21 and S12 (Sxy for greater than 2-ports). Swept
power measurements are a form of transmission measurement. Some
other examples of transmission measurements include gain, insertion
loss/ phase, electrical length/delay and group delay. Comparatively,
reflection measurements measure the part of the VNA stimulus signal
that is incident upon the DUT but does not pass through it. Instead, the
reflection measurement measures the signal that travels back towards
the source due to reflections. The most common reflection S-parameter
measurements are S11 and S22 (Sxx for greater than 2-ports).

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