SAAV Manual

User Manual

Created: Monday, August 30, 2021

Copyright © Measurand. All Rights Reserved.

 SAAV Manual
Measurand shall have no liability for incidental or consequential damages of any kind arising out of the
sale, installation, or use of its products. Please read this document and any notes and instructions
carefully before proceeding with installation and operation. The information herein is subject to change
without prior notification.
Measurand products are covered by patents including the following: EPO 0,702,780; CA 2,073,162; CA
2,098,153; CA 2,200,117; CA 2,284,085; CA 2,472,421; CA 2,747,236; CA 2,911,175; CA 2,911,178; JP
3,949,731; US 5,321,257; US 5,633,494; JP 5,264,497; JP 5,352,039; US 6,127,672; US 6,563,107; US
7,296,363; US 9,777,568; DE 69,406,447; CN 105,452,805; other patents pending.

Measurand Software is copyrighted. Any unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.

In addition to this manual, a prerequisite to installing and using the SAA is to study the SAA Description
& Installation Manual and any other manuals covering hardware or software relevant to use of SAAs in
your particular installation. All Measurand manuals are available through our website
(http://manuals.measurand.com/) or through SAASuite.

copyright © Measurand. All rights reserved.

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The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

This document contains proprietary information which is protected by copyright.
All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be photocopied, reproduced,
or translated to another language without the prior written consent of Measurand.
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Table of Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 2
Background Information ..................................................................................................................... 2
ShapeArray™ Principles .............................................................................................................. 3
SAAV Construction ....................................................................................................................... 7
Installing an SAAV ............................................................................................................................ 19
Safety Considerations ................................................................................................................ 20
Proper Handling of SAAV ........................................................................................................... 22
Supplies Required for the Installation of SAAV .......................................................................... 24
Installing SAAV Into an Existing Inclinometer Casing ................................................................ 29
Installing SAAV in 27 mm ID Conduit ......................................................................................... 47
Installing SAAV Horizontally ...................................................................................................... 60
Installing SAAV in Convergence ................................................................................................. 66
Retrieving an SAAV ................................................................................................................... 68
Manually Recording ShapeArray™ Data ........................................................................................... 69
Manually Recording ShapeArray Data ....................................................................................... 70
Checking SAA Performance Prior to Installation ........................................................................ 78
Automatically Recording ShapeArray™ Data ................................................................................... 81
Automatically Recording ShapeArray™ Data ............................................................................ 82
Data Logger Project Files for ShapeArray™ ............................................................................... 96
Converting SAAV Data .................................................................................................................... 102
Converting SAAV Data ............................................................................................................. 103
Visualizing SAAV Data .................................................................................................................... 111
Visualizing ShapeArray™ Data ................................................................................................ 112
Working with SAAV Extend ............................................................................................................. 116
Installing SAAV Extend ............................................................................................................ 117
Collecting SAAV Extend Data .................................................................................................. 125
Viewing SAAV Extend Data ...................................................................................................... 133
Troubleshooting ............................................................................................................................. 135
Troubleshooting ShapeArray™ Instruments ............................................................................ 136
Appendices ..................................................................................................................................... 157
Maximum Cable Lengths for SAAV .......................................................................................... 158
Wiring Diagrams ...................................................................................................................... 160
Sample Calculations for Pipe Deflection in Horizontal Installations ......................................... 172
Reel Dimensions ...................................................................................................................... 174
Materials Used in SAA Install Kit for 27 mm ID Conduit ........................................................... 176
ShapeArray Lightning Protection ............................................................................................. 178
SAAV Casing Cap ..................................................................................................................... 182
SAAV Casing Alignment Tool ................................................................................................... 185

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Introduction
Measurand designs and manufactures ShapeArray, which is used to monitor deformation of soil and structures
like dams, tunnels, walls, and buildings. ShapeArray is a completely automated shape-measuring instrument on a
reel, which has set a new standard for ease of installation and 360 x 360-degree range of orientation. ShapeArray
data are available in real time, enabling engineers and designers to reduce risk and save money by making
smarter, faster decisions.

ShapeArrays have been used in many different applications such as:

In-situ monitoring of unstable slopes (SAAF, SAAV)

Monitoring of civil engineering structures (SAAF, SAAV, SAAX)

Monitoring of mines and excavations (SAAF, SAAV)

Measuring drill-hole shape (SAAScan)

Laboratory research (SAAV)

ShapeArray data are acquired using either Data Loggers or PC’s, and further processed using Measurand and
other software.

SAAV is the newest and most advanced ShapeArray model. Inspired by direct feedback from customers,
Measurand developed a new installation method unique to the SAAV that allows the array to be installed easily
into existing conventional inclinometer casings.

SAAV’s off-the-reel cyclical installation method inserts the ShapeArray in a zigzag pattern into 27 mm ID casing or
casings 47 mm to 100 mm ID in diameter. The SAAV is then locked into place with a Spring Box assembly. SAAV is
ideal for retrofitting ShapeArray instrumentation into existing conventional inclinometer casings or for new
installations in ungrooved casings.

Another innovation unique to the SAAV are silent segments — unsensorized segments that can be added segment-
by-segment to the far (non-cable) end of the ShapeArray in the field. Silent segments offer flexibility for users to
control the location of the sensorized zone. This is especially useful in situations where hole depth exceeds the
area users wish to monitor or when a monitoring region cannot be exactly determined. Silent segments also allow
users greater freedom in reusing SAAV in different length hole.

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ShapeArray™ Principles
Introduction
Historically, traversing inclinometers and in-place inclinometers (IPIs) have traditionally been used to measure the
shape of a path in boreholes and structures and to monitor change in shape over time (deformation). Traversing
instruments require positioning of a single instrument at intervals along the path, while IPI’s require the
positioning of multiple instruments and their configuration in software.

Development of multi-sensor arrays using fiber optic bend-sensing led to the ability to measure shapes and
changes in shapes using a pre-calibrated instrumented flexible ribbon called ShapeTape. The same principles
were applied later to form a pre-calibrated flexure comprised of rigid, jointed segments capable of greater long-
term accuracy, called ShapeArray™.

The flexibility, wide angular range, and unification of ShapeArray™ instruments make them an excellent tool for
rapid deployment in vertical, horizontal, and convergence monitoring applications.

ShapeArray™ Instrument Electronics

Each segment contains MEMS accelerometers which measure tilt, relative to gravity along the X, Y and Z axes.

A MEMS sensor is a tiny chip containing a moving mass held by springs that is micro-machined out of silicon on a
semiconductor process line. A typical MEMS is very small, only a few millimetres on a side.

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Figure 1: MEMS accelerometer consisting of a mass held by springs. Tilting the MEMS causes the mass to move. The MEMS chip also has
a sensor structure that detects the position of the mass. The output is sinusoidal with angle.

Each segment of a ShapeArray™ instrument has a triaxial MEMS sensors, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, a
digital temperature sensor, and a microprocessor. Multiple levels of voltage control are used, so that if the voltage
delivered to the instrument is within specifications, all of the components receive an unvarying voltage supply.

Each segment of ShapeArray™ instruments currently in production have a digital temperature sensor, data from
which is acquired at the same time as the tilt data. The temperature data can be viewed to survey soil
temperatures, and is used in the software to compensate for temperature variations.

Each microprocessor has a unique digital address and is connected to a common two-wire RS485 bus that can be
queried for digital data. The data consists of “counts,” which represent the sinusoidal-with-tilt output of the MEMS
sensors. All of the microprocessors are capable of accumulating a sum of multiple samples of data (usually 1,000
samples), on command from a logger or computer. This is done rapidly and simultaneously along the
ShapeArray™ instrument. When the sums are ready, the logger or computer interrogates each microprocessor for
its sum and a temperature reading.

This process is mediated by an interface device between the logger and the ShapeArray™ instrument (SAA232 or
SAA232-5). The galvanically isolated interface delivers power to the ShapeArray™ instrument only when digital
communications are active and protects the logger from incoming power surges. It also ensures enough voltage
reaches the instrument over long cables through a controlled DC/DC converter. Another function of the interface
is to convert RS485 communications to RS232 communications. If a computer is used, an interface with USB
protocol is required.

For more information about the physical components of a ShapeArray™ instrument, please refer to SAAV
Construction.

How ShapeArray™ Instruments Work

Shape Determination
ShapeArray™ instruments uses MEMS accelerometers to determine the tilt of individual segments with respect to
gravity. A typical ShapeArray™ instrument has many rigid segments separated by flexible joints that bend but
cannot twist. The segments are typically 50 cm long but may be as short as 25 cm, including the joints. Since the
joint-centre to joint-centre segment length is known, the shape of the instrument in a plane can be fully
determined. ShapeArray™ instrument outputs are converted to Cartesian engineering units using calibration files,
and automated software, to convert the tilts to a 3D shape when the instrument is installed vertically or a 2D
shape if installed horizontally or for convergence monitoring. This shape can be mapped to a multidimensional
polyline in near-real time. ShapeArray™ data are obtained over a large angular range not possible with
conventional inclinometers.

Data calculations are relative to a starting point, usually taken to be stable ground. Datasets for ShapeArray™
instrument are represented as a polyline in 2D or 3D space, with vertices representing the positions of the joint
centres.

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Figure 2: (a) Tilt for single segment. (b) Tilts and positions for multiple segments

Elements of Calculating Shape

A ShapeArray™ instrument is like a chain of inclinometers. The objective is to determine the shape of the chain by
knowing static tilts and the lengths of each segment; the joints approximate hinges that can bend in two degrees
of freedom, but are resistant to twist.

The tilt is used as follows:

1. X and Y tilt are used to find the XYZ path of the ShapeArray™ instrument when vertical

2. Z tilt is used to find the XZ path of the ShapeArray™ instrument when horizontal

3. X, Y, and Z tilts are used to find the XZ path of the ShapeArray™ instrument when measuring convergence

The first case results in a 3D measurement and the other two cases result in 2D data.

NOTE: The ShapeArray™ instrument does not change length telescopically, rather its path is
described in XYZ space. In the two 2D cases, the path is in a plane.

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Figure 2: Rigid segments at angles ө1...ө4, connected by flexible joints (circles at left) map into a polyline at right, comprised of line
segments (dotted lines) and vertices (circles at right).

Azimuth Considerations
A ShapeArray™ instrument has no way of knowing its position in the real world. It cannot determine direction
without an outside reference. To orient data collected from a ShapeArray™ instrument to the real world, an
azimuth offset angle must be measured from a known direction or marker on site to the physical X-mark on the
instrument, which represents the positive X-axis direction in the data collected.

The measured offset value is entered in the software to set the positive X-axis direction towards the desired
direction. The included SAA X-mark Protractor tool is used for measuring the azimuth offset.

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SAAV Construction
An SAAV is an array of sensorized rigid segments separated by flexible joints. Each segment contains MEMS
accelerometers which measure tilt relative to gravity along X, Y and Z axes. The MEMS accelerometers can also
provide triaxial measurement of vibration at selected segments.

SAAV Dimensions
The SAAV is typically shipped with 500 mm segments. However, 250 mm segments are also available for
horizontal and convergence applications where the instrument needs to be less rigid or where the spacing
between sensors must be shorter. Dimensions for SAAV with 500 mm and 250 mm segments and no installation
hardware are shown in the figures below.

Figure 1: Dimensions for SAAV250 with no installation hardware (all dimensions in millimetres)

Figure 2: Dimensions for SAAV500 with no installation hardware (all dimensions in millimetres)

Each SAAV is made up of both sensorized and unsensorized portions. The overall length of the SAAV is therefore
not the same as the sensorized length. This is important when deciding the SAAV length to purchase. The overall
length of the SAAV will also vary depending on intended installation configuration. Various installation hardware
options are available which affect the unsensorized length and therefore the overall length. The final dimensions
of an SAAV will vary depending on the length of the segments and the installation hardware attached to the

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instrument. The table below provides a summary of the installation hardware required for each type of SAAV
installation.

Table 1: SAAV Installation Hardware Requirements

Installation Orientation Installation Hardware Required

Vertical Springbox
Conduit Adapter

Horizontal Conduit Adapter

Convergence Convergence Kit

SAAV Extend Dimensions

Figure 3: SAAV Extend, including Top Assembly, Extension Lift, Base Array (all measurements in millimeters)

SAAV with Springbox Dimensions

The Springbox installation hardware is for installing SAAV vertically in conduits with internal diameters (ID) from
47 mm to 100 mm, including standard inclinometer casings. Only SAAVs with 500 mm segments are approved for
vertical installations in large diameter conduits.

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Figure 4: SAAV500 with springbox - overall length consists of both sensorized and unsensorized portions (all measurements in
millimetres)

The following formula can be used to calculate the overall length of an SAAV with 500 mm segments and the
Springbox installation hardware:

Minimum Capped SAAV Length = Minimum Extension Tube length + Spring Box/Cable Terminator + Sensorized Length + Silent Segment Length

Minimum Extension Tube length = 0.125 m

Spring Box/Cable Terminator = 0.360 m (fully compressed)

Sensorized Length = Near (Cable) End Sensorized Segment through Last Sensorized Segment with Eyebolt

Silent Segment Length = Length of Silent Segments attached to Last Sensorized Segment in metres

Standard tolerance on measurements +/- 2 mm unless stated

NOTE: The SAAV Casing Cap will contribute additional length that is not included in the
calculation above. The formula above also does not account for packing within the conduit due
the cyclical shape the SAAV will take when installed. The effects of packing on the total length
are minimal and are accounted for by the Extension Tubes during installation.

SAAV with Conduit Adapter Dimensions

The Conduit Adapter installation hardware is used for vertical installations of SAAV in 27 mm ID conduit or for
horizontal installations in any sized conduit. For vertical installations in 27 mm ID conduit, only SAAVs with 500
mm segments are approved. For horizontal installations, SAAVs with 500 mm or 250 mm segments can be used.

SAAV500 with Conduit Adapter Dimensions

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Figure 5: SAAV500 with Conduit Adapter - overall length consists of both sensorized and unsensorized portions (all measurements
in millimetres)

The following formula can be used to calculate the overall length of an SAAV with 500 mm segments and the
Conduit Adapter installation hardware:

Overall Length of SAAV500 with Conduit Adapter = PEX length + Conduit Adapter/Cable Terminator
+ Sensorized Length

PEX length = 0.080 m minimum

Conduit Adapter/Cable Terminator = 0.3 m

Sensorized Length = Near (Cable) End Segment through Last Sensorized Segment with Eyebolt

Standard tolerance on measurements +/- 2 mm

NOTE: In vertical installations in 27 mm ID conduit and horizontal installations, the top portion
of the SAA Installation Kit or the Horizontal Install Kit will contribute additional length that is
not included in the calculation above. The formula above also does not account for packing
within the conduit due the cyclical shape the SAAV will take when installed. The effects of
packing on the total length are minimal and are accounted for by the PEX during installation.

SAAV250 with Conduit Adapter Dimensions

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Figure 6: SAAV250 with Conduit Adapter - overall length consists of both sensorized and unsensorized portions (all measurements in
millimetres)

The following formula can be used to calculate the overall length of an SAAV with 250 mm segments and the
Conduit Adapter installation hardware:

Overall Length of SAAV250 with Conduit Adapter = PEX length + Conduit Adapter/Cable Terminator
+ Sensorized Length

PEX length = 0.080 m minimum

Conduit Adapter/Cable Terminator = 0.3 m

Sensorized Length = Near (Cable) End Segment through Last Sensorized Segment (without Eyebolt)

Standard tolerance on measurements +/- 2 mm

NOTE: In horizontal installations, the top portion of the Horizontal Install Kit will contribute
additional length that is not included in the calculation above.

WARNING: The eyebolt is only attached to SAAVs with 250 mm segments to facilitate
horizontal installation. The eyebolt hardware contributes extra length to the last sensorized
segment that is not accounted for by the software. The eyebolt must be removed after
installation to ensure accurate measurements.

SAAV with Convergence Kit

The Convergence Kit installation hardware is used for applications where the SAAV will be installed in
convergence, such as around the circumference of tunnels or sewers. The Convergence Kit consists of flexible
conduit that completely encloses the length of the SAAV.

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Figure 7: SAAV with Convergence kit - overall length consists of both sensorized and unsensorized portions (all measurements in
millimetres)

Casing Length = ShapeArray™ Length for SAAV500 or ShapeArray™ Length - 85 mm for SAAV250
For SAAV's with 250 mm segments, the eyebolt is not attached within the flexible conduit

Capped Length = Casing Length + 75 mm

Anatomy of an SAAV
An SAAV has the following major components:

Communication Cable

Unsensorized Length
Extension tubes or PEX tubing

Spring Box or 27 mm Conduit Adapter

X-mark

Cable Terminator

Sensorized Segments and Joints

Eyebolt

Silent Segments

Reel
Reel label

These components are described in more detail in the sections below.

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Figure 8: Anatomy of an SAAV

Communication Cable
The cable attached to the ShapeArray™ instrument is used to provide power and to allow for communications
between the instrument and a data logger or PC. Cable length can be quite long due to the digital communication
protocol used by ShapeArray™ instruments. The maximum cable length for a given ShapeArray™ instrument is
determined by the number of segments and the number of magnetometers, if any. Restrictions on cable length for
SAAV are presented in 'Maximum Cable Lengths for SAAV'.

Unsensorized Length
A portion of the SAAV does not contain MEMS accelerometers but does contribute to the length of the instrument.
This portion of the SAAV is called the unsensorized length. This length must be accounted for when determining
the final length of the instrument. The unsensorized length is at the near (cable) end of the SAAV and varies
depending on the installation configuration.

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SAAVs that are configured for vertical installation in 47 mm ID to 100 mm ID conduit have an unsensorized
length consisting of the Cable Terminator, Springbox, and Extension Tubes. The standard length of these
components is approximately 1.36 m.

SAAVs that are configured for vertical installation in 27 mm ID conduit or for installation horizontally have an
unsensorized length consisting of the Cable Terminator, Conduit Adapter, and PEX tubing. The standard length
of these components is approximately 1.8 m.

SAAVs that are configured for installation in convergence have an unsensorized length consisting only of the
Cable Terminator and the removable PVC coupler with cable grommet that is part of the Convergence
Installation kit. The standard length of these components is approximately 0.27 m.

Extension Tubes or PEX Tubing

Extension tubes are used in SAAV construction when the instrument is to be installed vertically in 47 mm to 100
mm ID conduits. Each SAAV comes with two 1 m extension tubes. Optionally, 2 m long extension tubes are also
available. If these lengths are not sufficient to reach the end of a conduit, it is possible to add more extension
tubes using couplings. Additional extension tubes and couplers can be ordered from Measurand.

PEX tubing is used in SAAV construction when the instrument is to be installed vertically in 27 mm ID conduit or
horizontally in any sized conduit. The PEX tubing is attached to the Conduit Adapter using steel rings.

The extension tubes or PEX tubing are used to provide a secure way of compressing the instrument during
installation and retrieval when monitoring is complete.

Cable Terminator
The Cable Terminator is composed of a 260 mm long stainless steel pipe. The Cable Terminator segment is used to
provide anchoring for the communication cable used in the SAAV construction.

Springbox or Conduit Adapter

The Springbox is an assembly that connects to the Cable Terminator segment. It is 223 mm long and is used for
vertical SAAV installations in 47 mm to 100 mm ID conduits.

The Conduit Adapter is a 3/8"-NPT coupler that allows an adapter to be attached to the Cable
Terminator segment. PEX Tubing is attached to the adapter with steel rings for vertical SAAV installations in 27
mm ID conduit and horizontal SAAV installations.

Both the Springbox and the Conduit Adapter are used to provide stable compression on the SAAV in vertical
installations.

X-mark
There is a single X-mark placed at the top of the SAAV. The software calibrated X axis for each sensor is aligned
with the X-mark. An azimuth offset can be measured from a desired direction to this X-mark to orient the data
collected to the desired direction. The X-mark also appears on the Springbox and any attached PEX tubing from
the factory.

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Sensorized Segments and Joints

SAAV sensorized segments are built using rigid stainless steel tubes. They contain triaxial MEMS accelerometers.
The joints between segments are built using robust 2-wire hydraulic hose assemblies. These hose assemblies have
superior twist resistance and bend tolerance as compared to SAAF joints.

Figure 9: SAAV sensorized segments and joints

Eyebolt
Each SAAV has a short metal end plug and eyebolt connected at the bottom end of the instrument. The eyebolt
end is used to pull the SAAV into a conduit for horizontal applications. It is also used to secure rope for lowering a
long SAAV into a vertical borehole. For more details, see 'Installing an SAAV'. The eyebolt is 80 mm long,
measured from the end plug to the far end of the eyebolt. Note that the eyebolt length is counted as part of the
final segment of the SAAV500 and should not be removed unless adding Silent Segments at the bottom of the
SAAV. For SAAV250, the eyebolt length is not included in the final segment length. This means the eyebolt must
be removed from SAAV250 after installation and prior to monitoring. The diameter of the hole in the eyebolt is 10
mm (3/8 inch).

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Silent Segments
Silent Segments are segments that do not contain MEMS accelerometers. These segments do not return any
readings and cannot be used for measuring deformation. Silent Segments are added to the bottom of an SAAV in
cases where only a specific elevation within the borehole needs to be monitored. This is useful in cases where an
SAAV is being used to retrofit an existing inclinometer casing, and the desired monitoring length is shorter than
the overall length of the existing casing. Silent Segments are added to an SAAV by removing the eyebolt from the
last sensorized segment and attaching a desired number of Silent Segments to accommodate the unmonitored
length of the borehole. Silent Segments are currently only available for SAAVs with 500 mm segments.

Figure 10: Adding Silent segment onto an SAAV

Reel
SAAVs are shipped on a wooden reel designed to help make installation and storage of the ShapeArray™
instrument easier. The SAAV should only be off the reel when it is being used to measure shape. When not in use,
it should be placed on its reel for storage, with the joints bent the same way as at the factory. Other treatment can
affect the mechanical integrity of the joints.

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Figure 11: An SAAV on a reel

Reel Label
Each reel is labeled using a standard label as shown in the figure below. The label contains the specifications for
the SAAV from the customer Purchase Order. A typical example of information included on the reel label is shown
in the figure below.

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Figure 12: Example of a reel label with SAAV specifications as per purchase order

An inside reel label is also included on the reel to show the correct orientation of the instrument when retrieving it
for reuse. The inside reel label will vary based on the installation hardware ordered from the factory. The figure
below shows an example of the inside reel label for an SAAV with the Springbox assembly installation hardware.

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Figure 13: Inside reel label showing the correct orientation for the springbox assembly when retrieving the SAAV for reuse

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Safety Considerations
Installation of an SAAV is straightforward. In order to ensure that the installation goes as smoothly as possible, it
is important to be adequately prepared.

This section outlines the basic safety considerations during installation. The supplies required during installation,
the recommended installation methods for vertical and horizontal ShapeArray™ instruments, and the steps for
reeling an SAAV for later re-use are covered in subsequent sections.

As with any other job, it is important to think about safety when installing an SAAV. The following general safety
precautions should be followed:

Study the site carefully to anticipate and remedy any safety issues. For example, take precautions to keep the
site free of obstructions or slippery areas.

Take time to ensure everyone participating in the installation is being safe.

Ensure all local codes are met and safety regulations are followed.
In addition to the general safety precautions listed above, it is recommended that the following potential hazards
be considered:

SAAV can be very heavy. Be careful when lifting or moving the instrument.

SAAV extension tubes are made of fibreglass, cutting these tubes creates fibreglass dust. The dust can cause
skin irritation, and should not be inhaled or come into contact with the eyes.

Stainless steel braid on SAAV can puncture the skin or damage the eyes.

SAAV reels are made of wood and are often sources of splinters.

Facets on the reel are attached with staples. Both splinters and staples from the facets can cause punctures or
scratches.

PVC primer and cement are solvents which should be used in well ventilated areas.

Epoxy or polyurethane used in splice kits should be used in well ventilated areas.

Be careful when working around electrical conductors and batteries. Batteries can explode or cause serious
burns if the terminals are shorted.

Do not install SAAV during electrical storms.

Because of the potential hazards listed above, it is recommended that the following Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) be worn when installing SAAV:

Heavy duty leather or puncture-proof gloves to be used when working with the SAAV or the SAAV reel

Safety glasses with side shields

Goggles to be used when cutting fibreglass tubes

Dust mask to be used when cutting fibreglass tubes

Coveralls

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Steel-toed boots

Rubber gloves when working with solvents

Nitrile gloves to be used when working with epoxy or polyurethane

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Proper Handling of SAAV

As with any other instrument, a ShapeArray™ instrument must be treated with care. Proper handling of a
ShapeArray™ instrument will ensure a long life and reliable results.

General Guidelines
Please heed the following guidelines during the installation or retrieval of a ShapeArray™ instrument:

Store the instrument on its reel when it is not being used for monitoring.

To minimize any damage to the instrument, always go from the reel to the borehole, or from the borehole to
the reel.

Keep the joints carefully aligned on the reel; roll it the same way each time.

Use a reel stand.

Inspect the instrument for cuts or other damage before inserting it into the conduit.

Remove sharp edges from the conduit before installing the instrument.

Do not rotate the instrument once inside the conduit.

Use the X-mark protractor to record the X-mark azimuth to the desired site datum ('SAA X-mark Protractor'
guide).

Avoid any motions that will apply torque to a joint.

The segment moved may not be the one that gets the torque, so think about the mechanical response along
the instrument when applying a force or moment to it.

DO NOT bend the joints beyond 90°.

DO NOT pull on the communication cable. Pull on the extension tubes or the ShapeArray™ instrument itself.

DO NOT exceed the maximum 100 kg force (250 lb) pull strength of the ShapeArray™ instrument.

DO NOT exert more than 45 kg force (100 lb) on joints in the casing.

DO NOT expose the protective coverings of the instrument to abrasion by dragging it on the ground or
running it over sharp edges.

DO NOT move the joints more frequently than necessary.

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Temperatures Effects on the ShapeArray™

Instrument
The temperatures in which a ShapeArray™ instrument can be stored, installed or operated are given in the table
below. As shown in the table, the ShapeArray™ instrument can tolerate temperatures as high as 60° C during
storage, installation or operation. When temperatures fall below 0° C it is important to consider how the
instrument is being handled.

State Temperature Range

Storage: -40 ⁰C to 60 ⁰C

Installation: -20 ⁰C to 60 ⁰C

Operation: -35 ⁰C to 60 ⁰C

In temperatures below -20 °C, the joints can become stiff making it difficult to manipulate the ShapeArray™
instrument. This is not an issue for storage or operation of the instrument where the joints will not need to extend
or compress significantly. For installation, when working in temperatures below -20 °C it is recommended to keep
the instrument warm. This is done by storing the ShapeArray™ instrument on its reel in a building or vehicle
before installation.

Special Handling for Long ShapeArray™

Instruments
Due to its additional length and weight, any ShapeArray™ instrument over 100 m long require a large crew for the
installation. It will also be necessary to plan for specialized equipment, such as forklifts, to maneuver the
instrument on site.

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Supplies Required for the Installation of

SAAV
Tools
When installing an SAAV, it recommended that the following tools be on hand:

Hack saw or key hole saw Measuring tape

Box cutter Markers

Tapping tools Zip ties

Pipe cutter Duct tape

PEX cutter Electrical tape

PVC cement and primer Wire cutters

Deburring tools for PVC Wire strippers

Screwdrivers Wire crimpers

Rope Reel stand and pole

Adjustable wrench

Reel Stand
Always use a reel stand when reeling or unreeling a ShapeArray™ instrument. A smooth flow of the instrument
into its conduit will ensure minimal twisting and flexing of the joints. If the reel stand is omitted, unreeling and
reeling will inevitably be jerky and uncontrolled.

A reel stand can easily be constructed using saw horses from the hardware store and a long sturdy metal bar. The
weight of a ShapeArray™ instrument and its reel depend on the length of the instrument and the length of the
communication cable. The table below gives the weights for three common ShapeArray™ instrument lengths.
Ensure that the materials used to construct the reel stand are sturdy enough to support the weight of the reel and
instrument. Reel stands should be at least 87 cm (34 inches) high to accommodate all types of ShapeArray™ reels.
Examples of various reel stands used for ShapeArray™ instrument installation are shown in the table and
figure below.

ShapeArray™ Instrument Length (m) Width of Reel (m) Weight of Instrument and Reel (kg)

30 0.3 32

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ShapeArray™ Instrument Length (m) Width of Reel (m) Weight of Instrument and Reel (kg)

65 0.6 66

100 0.9 100

150* 1.4 300

Reel stands should be able to support at least 230 kg (500 lbs) of weight. It is important that the bar or pole
supporting the reel is strong and rigid enough that it will not bend under the weight of the instrument, cable, and
reel. For SAAVs shorter than 100 m, a Schedule 80, 1 inch trade dimension steel pipe is suitable for use as a
bar. A pole to support the reel is not included and will need to be acquired locally for installation.

* WARNING: The crates for SAAVs longer than 100 m are designed to be used as a reel stand.
This accounts for the additional weight shown for 150 m SAAVs in the table above. As with
shorter SAAVs, a pole to support the reel is not included and will need to be acquired locally for
installation. Measurand recommends a steel pole at least 2 m (6.6 ft) long with a 50 mm (2 inch)
outer diameter (OD) for SAAVs longer than 100 m.

NOTE: Weights given above do not include the weight for extra communication cable.
Additional cable will increase the weight. You must ensure that sturdy materials are used for
constructing the reel stand.

Figure 1: Examples of reel stands used in ShapeArray™ instrument installations. Note that the orientation of the instrument on the reel
stand depends on the type of installation being done: (A) unreeling from the top for pre-cased borehole vertical installation, (B) unreeling
from bottom for horizontal installation, and (C) and example of the SAAV crate being used as a reel for SAAVs longer than 100 m.

SAAV Casing Cap

Measurand's SAAV Casing Cap provides a simple, clean, and efficient way to complete an SAAV installation in
standard inclinometer casings. The SAAV Casing Cap consists of a weather-resistant enclosure with two
interchangeable collars to fit the most common inclinometer casing sizes (70 mm and 85 mm). The SAAV Casing
Cap is used to compress the SAAV joints inside the casing. It also helps prevent outside forces and moments from
being applied to the ShapeArray™ instrument. The SAAV Casing Cap is recommended for use with vertical
installations. More information about the SAAV Casing Cap is available in the appendices.

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Figure 2: SAAV Casing Cap for 85 mm Casing (all measurements are in millimetres)

Chain
If you are installing the SAAV into 27 mm ID conduit, chain should be used to weigh down conduit while grouting
the borehole. The chain will pack down inside the PVC conduit, so it is important to buy a length of chain which is
longer than the PVC conduit into which it will be inserted. The packing ratio is approximately 1.5:1, so for every 1
m of PVC conduit, 1.5 m of chain will be required. When purchasing chain, look for chain with properties as
described in the table below. The chain below is nominal “3/4 inch” chain. If in doubt, fill a 3 m (10’) length of
vertical PVC conduit with chain and verify that it can be removed without snagging.

Table 3. Material Properties and Approximate Dimensions for Chain Used to Weigh Down PVC
Conduit

Material: Steel

Finish: Zinc plating

Inside link length: 25 mm (1")

Inside link width: 10 mm (0.4")

Material diameter: 5.5 mm (0.2")

Weight: 0.6 kg/m (0.4 lbs/ft)

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Figure 3: The type of chain recommended to weigh down conduit

SAA Install Kit

For installations in 27 mm ID conduit, the SAA Install Kit includes a preassembled top stack and PEX cutting tool
which make preparing for ShapeArray™ instrument installation more convenient and produces a secure
installation in less time. The PVC fittings in the kit surround the PEX at the cable end of the instrument.
Two blunt-nose setscrews threaded into the fittings holds a vertical SAA at its set azimuth while maintaining axial
compression to snug the joints, and provides a secure hold at the cable end of horizontal ShapeArray™
instruments.

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Figure 4: An SAA Install Kit

The top stack helps keep surface water out of the 27 mm ID PVC conduit holding the ShapeArray™ instrument,
and help prevent outside forces and moments from being applied to the instrument.

It is possible to make an installation kit using fittings specific to the conduit being used. In this case, use the
information provided in 'Materials Used in SAA Install Kit' as a guideline for materials required to produce an
installation kit. Step-by-step instructions for creating your own SAA Install Kit can be found in the How to Create
and Use a Custom SAAF Install Kits Using Couplers and Set Screws guide on our support web site.

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Installing SAAV Into an Existing

Inclinometer Casing
SAAV is typically installed into an existing inclinometer casing. Simplified step by step instructions can be found in
'Installing an SAAV into an Existing Inclinometer Casing' and ‘Installing SAAV with the Compression Clamp’ on
the Measurand Support Portal.

When installing an SAAV into an existing inclinometer casing, you will need to know the size of your casing. The
size of the casing will determine whether you complete the installation with the Measurand supplied SAAV Casing
Cap or the Compression Clamp assembly.

The SAAV Casing Cap comes with two collars: one for 70 mm outer diameter (OD) inclinometer casing and one for
85 mm OD inclinometer casing. You can switch the collar on the casing cap by following the instructions provided
in 'Changing the Collar on the SAAV Casing Cap's Weather-Resistant Enclosure' on the Measurand Support Portal.

For other sizes of the casing ranging from 47 mm inside diameter (ID) to 100 mm ID, the Compression Clamp
assembly should be used.

Inserting the SAAV into the inclinometer casing

If you are using the SAAV Casing Cap, disassemble it by removing the top cover and the Extension Tube Anchor.
Once disassembled, place it on the inclinometer casing. This will avoid the need to thread it over the cable and
Extension Tubes after the SAAV is installed. Once the SAAV Casing Cap is placed on the casing, you can insert the
SAAV into the inclinometer casing. If you are using the Casing Clamp to secure the SAAV, you can insert the
SAAV into the inclinometer casing directly.

The SAAV reel can be used as a braking mechanism during installation. To insert the SAAV into the inclinometer
casing, set the SAAV reel on the reel stand so that it unreels from the top, as shown in the figure below. The reel
should be placed approximately 1.0 m to 1.5 m (3' to 5') away from the borehole in order to avoid having too many
unsupported segments in the air.

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Figure 1: Inserting a ShapeArray™ instrument into a pre-cased borehole

NOTE: The ShapeArray™ reel should be aligned to the borehole such that the X-mark on the
cable end (top) of the instrument is in line with the expected direction of movement. As
the instrument is unwound from the reel and put into the borehole, it will untwist to relieve the
natural twist that was induced when it was placed on the reel. Aligning the reel with the cable
end will ensure the final position of the X-mark is as close as possible in line with the expected
direction of movement.

Alternatively, a sufficiently large reel stand can be used to place the SAAV reel directly above the borehole so that
segments leaving the reel enter the borehole directly, as shown in the figure below. This is recommended for
SAAVs longer than 50 m as the reel and stands will support the weight the instrument as it is being installed. It is
important that the reel stand be high enough so that the SAAV reel can rotate freely without impacting the casing
cap but sturdy and stable enough to safely support the reel. Measurand recommends jack stands for this purpose.

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Figure 2: Inserting a ShapeArray™ instrument into a pre-cased borehole directly from above

The insertion of the SAAV should be done by at least two people. One person guides the ShapeArray™
instrument into the borehole while the second person controls the rate of descent by carefully handling the reel. It
may be necessary to have more helpers when dealing with a longer instrument. Teamwork and communication are
key for making sure that the insertion process goes smoothly. Avoid jerking the instrument forward off the reel
since this can stress the joints, and can also lead to bent segments.

For casings with a small ID, such as 47 mm ID casing, the SAAV must be inserted such that the
Springbox attachment and the Extension Tube that will be connected to it are square to the casing's
circumference, as shown in the figure below.

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Figure 3: For casings with small inside diameters, ensure the Springbox and Extension Tube are square to the casing's circumference.

Attaching the Extension Tube to the

Springbox Assembly
Detach the Extension Tube from the SAAV reel and attach it to the Springbox Assembly using the supplied
hardware, as shown in the figure below.

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Figure 4: Attach the Extension Tube (green) to the Springbox Assembly (grey) using the supplied hardware

Make sure that the X-mark on the Extension Tube is lined up with the X-mark on the SAAV. In cases where the
SAAV is shorter than the borehole, it may be necessary to add several Extension Tubes. Two 1 m (3.3') Extension
Tubes and couplers are included with each SAAV. Optionally, 2 m (6.6') long Extension Tubes are also available.
Additional Extension Tubes and couplers can be purchased from Measurand and assembled as shown in the figure
below. Each Extension Tube will have an X-mark on it. Make sure that these X-marks are aligned so that you can
determine the azimuth offset between the SAAV X-mark and the expected direction of movement.

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Figure 5: Attaching additional extensions - (A) Extension Tubes (grey), (B) Coupler (green), (C) hardware for connecting tubes and
coupler, and (D) Assembled Extension Tubes and Couplers.

Settling the SAAV into the Inclinometer Casing

Once the Extension Tubes are attached and the SAAV is resting on the bottom of the borehole, mark the position
of the SAAV inside the casing on the Extension Tubes. Lift the SAAV between 0.5 m and 1 m and force it down into
the casing again using a pumping action similar to churning butter. This will cause the SAAV to settle further into
the casing. Continue to lift the SAAV up and force it down until you notice that the mark made on the Extension
Tube is no longer settling down inside the casing. Use the SAAV Installation Verification tool from the
Diagnostics menu in SAARecorder to confirm that the SAAV is properly settled. More information on using this
tool is available in the Verifying your SAAV Installation guide on the Measurand Support website.

WARNING: If you are installing a ShapeArray™ instrument in Low Power Mode for use with
certain low power data loggers, then you will need to be using a model 004 SAAFPU interface
with at least revision R.4B or a model 002 SAA232 interface with revision R.2B. Older interfaces
are NOT supported. While the SAAV Installation Verification diagnostic is open, the instrument
will temporarily be placed in regular power mode. When the SAAV Installation Verification
window is closed, the instrument will automatically be returned to Low Power mode. Do NOT
disconnect the ShapeArray™ instrument from the computer without closing the window or the
instrument could be left in regular power mode.

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Figure 6: The SAAV Installation Verification tool in SAARecorder is used to determine whether the SAAV is properly settled into place

Once this is done, you will be ready to measure the azimuth offset for the X-mark.

Finding Azimuth Offset for the X-mark

An azimuth offset can be measured and input into the Measurand software during data processing. This way the
ShapeArray™ instrument data is displayed so that the positive X direction corresponds to the expected direction
of movement or other desired heading.

WARNING: Alignment of a the X-mark on a ShapeArray™ instrument should never be adjusted

by lifting and rotating the instrument.

To determine the azimuth offset, use the instructions given below.

ShapeArray™ X-mark Protractor

ShapeArray™ instruments are delivered with a ShapeArray™ X-mark Protractor to measure azimuth offset for
data processing. The X-mark Protractor is used to determine alignment in cases where the instrument is
completely placed inside the borehole. For a ShapeArray™ with one or more magnetometers, it is not necessary to
use the SAA X-mark Protractor, as the readings are automatically adjusted so that +X corresponds to magnetic
North.

Placing the Square Protractor

Place the square protractor around the Extension Tube at the top of the ShapeArray™ instrument. Rotate the
square protractor until the arrows are pointed to one of the following:

The expected direction of movement

Other job site datum

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Figure 7: The square protractor placed around the Extension Tube at the top of the instrument

Placing and Aligning the Clear Disk

Place the clear disk marker with the X-Line around the Extension Tube and on top of the square protractor so that
the X-Line is aligned with X-Mark on the Extension Tube. The X-line, the X-Mark on the Springbox Assembly, and
the X-mark on the Extension Tube should now all be aligned.

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Figure 8: The clear disk (in grey) on the ShapeArray™ instrument and the square protractor. The X-Line on the protractor and the X-
Mark on the Extension Tube are aligned with each other

Reading the Angle

Make note of the angle at the X-Line. This will be directly used in the software when specifying the azimuth offset
angle of the ShapeArray™ instrument. For more information, you can refer to the following documentation:

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SAARecorder manual, section SAA Setup | Site Properties

SAAView manual, section Azi and Aza

SAACR_raw2data manual, section Selecting Settings

To determine the azimuth offset, use the instructions given in the 'SAA X-mark Protractor' instructions provided
with the SAA X-mark Protractor. These instructions can also be found on Measurand's Support Portal.

Securing the SAAV to the Inclinometer Casing

Once the SAAV has been installed, it will be necessary to secure the SAAV Casing Cap, or the Compression Clamp
to the inclinometer casing prior to compressing the SAAV. More information about securing both of these
components is provided below.

Attaching the SAAV Casing Cap to the Inclinometer

Casing
After the SAAV has settled inside the inclinometer casing, the Extension Tube will rest along the side of the
casing. At this point, rotate the SAAV Casing Cap so that the Extension Tube Anchor is directly above the
Extension Tube when screwed into place with the Casing Cap assembly. The Extension Tube should be as level as
possible when making the connection to the Casing Cap. This alignment is done to avoid damaging the bolts and
Anchor Plate in the SAAV Casing Cap. Before securing the Casing Cap, make sure that the collar screws are not
aligned with the grooves in the inclinometer casing. This will allow you to take a reading with an inclinometer
probe in the future.

Hand-tighten three of the four self-tapping screws into the collar to hold the casing cap in place temporarily. As
shown in the figure below, drill through the empty hole in the collar through the inclinometer casing. Any drill bit
between 3/16” (4.80 mm) and 7/32” (5.50 mm) can be used. Measurand recommends 13/64” (5.10 mm). Drilling
the hole before inserting the self-tapping screws will minimize the debris inside the inclinometer casing caused by
advancing the self-tapping screws through the wall material.

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Figure 9: Securing the SAAV Casing Cap to the inclinometer casing

Once the hole has been drilled, screw the remaining self-tapping screw through the collar and into the
inclinometer casing. Remove the other self-tapping screws one at a time and repeat this process until all four
holes have been drilled and all self-tapping screws are in place.

Marking the Compression Clamp's Position

If you are using the Compression Clamp for your installation, the clamp's position on the casing will need to be
marked and a hole drilled through the inclinometer casing. In order to so this you must first disassemble the
Compression Clamp, as shown in the figure below. This is done by removing the 75 mm (3") long bolt that holds
the Compression Clamp and the Extension Tube Anchor together.

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Figure 10: The Compression Clamp before disassembly (left) and the Compression Clamp after disassembly (right)

Once the Compression Clamp has been disassembled, place the Compression Clamp on the casing with the metal
side on the outside of the casing. Ensure that it is oriented along the outside circumference of the casing so that
the anchor plate will be level when inserted into the Extension Tube. Make sure to avoid the grooves in the
inclinometer casing.

Mark the casing through the hole in the Compression Clamp using a thin marker or screw, as shown in the figure
below. Remove the Compression Clamp, and using 6.5 mm (1/4") drill bit, drill a hole in the casing where it was
marked.

Figure 11: Mark the casing by placing the Compression Clamp over it and marking through the hole

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WARNING: Be very careful not to drop the Compression Clamp into the inclinometer casing!

Attach the Compression Clamp to the casing. Place the Compression Clamp on the top of the casing with the metal
side on the inside of the casing, as shown in the figure below. Using the included 12.5 mm (1/2") long cap screw,
secure the Compression Clamp into place. Depending on the thickness of the casing, the screw may be too long. In
this case, the washers included in the kit should be used to ensure the screw does not protrude beyond the
Compression Clamp body.

Figure 12. Attach the Compression Clamp to the casing with the supplied hardware.

Cut and Compress the Extension Tube

The Extension Tubes will extend beyond the top of the SAAV Casing Cap. This is necessary in order to ensure that
the SAAV can be properly compressed inside the inclinometer casing.

In order to close the SAAV Casing Cap, you will need to cut the Extension Tube. Determine the appropriate
amount of tubing to be cut by compressing the SAAV with approximately 5 kg (11 lbs) of mass. Set the Extension
Tube Anchor on its short edge inside the Casing Cap next to the Extension Tube. Mark a line along the Extension
Tube Anchor on the Extension Tube, as shown in the figure below.

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Figure 13: Use the Extension Tube Anchor to mark the Extension Tube

If you are using the Compression Clamp, set the Extension Tube Anchor on its short edge on top of the
Compression Clamp. While applying a light amount of force on the Extension Tube (approximately 5 kg), mark a
line along the Extension Tube Anchor onto the Extension Tube, as shown below.

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Figure 14: Mark the Extension Tube by laying the short side of the Extension Tube Anchor on the Compression Clamp

After the Extension Tube has been marked, cut the fibreglass Extension Tube along the marked line. Make sure to
use the proper personal protective equipment (PPE) when cutting the Extension Tube, including goggles and a
dust mask. The fibreglass dust is an irritant and can cause dermatitis, itchy eyes, and sore nose and mouth.

WARNING: When cutting fibreglass, be sure to use the proper personal protective equipment
(PPE), including goggles and dust mask.

Once the Extension Tube has been cut, insert the Extension Tube Anchor into the top of the tube. Compress the
Extension Tube until you can screw the bolt into place, as shown in the figure below.

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Figure 15: Insert the Extension Tube Anchor into the Extension Tube and compress the tube until the bolt can be screwed into place - (A)
SAAV Casing Cap, (B) Compression Clamp

Once you can get the bolt to engage inside the threaded plate, tighten the bolt until the Extension Tube Anchor
makes contact with the bottom plate or until the Extension Tube Anchor can no longer be moved.

WARNING: Do not use power tools to secure the bolt. This can damage the threads and/or the
plate. Use the supplied ratchet and deep socket to secure the Extension Tube Anchor to the
Compression Clamp.

For casing with a small ID, such as 47 mm ID casing, the Extension Tube Anchor will need to be modified. The
washer will need to be removed, leaving only the bolt, spacer, and lock nut, before inserting it into the Extension
Tube and applying final compression.

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Figure 16: For casings with smaller IDs, the Extension Tube Anchor's washer (A) will need to be removed

Routing the Cabling

If you are using the Compression Clamp to secure the SAAV in place, feed a loop of cable approximately 15 cm to
20 cm (6" to 8") in length into the casing before securing the cable. This loop will provide strain relief for the
communication cable.

If you are using the SAAV Casing Cap, feed the end of the SAAV cable through the cable gland in the
SAAV Casing Cap. Before pulling the cable completely through the gland, make sure to provide some strain relief
in the cable by creating a loop approximately 15 cm to 20 cm (6” to 8”) in length. Feed this loop
of ShapeArray™ cable through the Casing Cap and into the casing.

Figure 17: Feed some slack cable into the casing and the cable gland

You are now ready to close the SAAV Casing Cap. Before placing the cover on the SAAV Casing Cap, verify that
the gasket is in place inside the cover. Place cover on the top of the SAAV Casing Cap and secure it with screws in
each of the four corners.

Tighten the nut on the cable gland on the outside of the SAAV Casing Cap. You can now route the communication
cable to the nearest data acquisition system. Consider using a flexible conduit to protect the communication cable
from abrasion or wildlife.

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Figure 18: Once the nut on the cable gland is tightened, the installation is complete

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Installing SAAV in 27 mm ID Conduit

To install SAAV into 27 mm ID conduit, Measurand recommends pre-casing the borehole. Instructions for
assembling the conduit, grouting it into place, and installing the SAAV are detailed below.

Pre-Casing the Borehole

To install SAAV in 27 mm ID casing, the PVC will need to be assembled and grouted into the borehole prior to
inserting the ShapeArray™ instrument. This installation method is susceptible to buoyancy effects and care must
be taken to avoid sinuating the PVC prior to installing the instrument. The recommended workflow for pre-casing
the borehole with 27 mm ID conduit is shown in the figure below.

Figure 1: Work flow for pre-casing the borehole with 27 mm ID conduit

Assembling PVC Conduit

All PVC pipe ends should be kept clean from dust, oil, and snow. Look inside the PVC pipes to ensure that no
foreign objects are inside the PVC pipe. The edges of conduit over which the ShapeArray™ instrument is being
installed should be smoothed to prevent abrasion using a deburring tool.

When gluing the PVC using PVC primer and cement, ensure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the
product being used.

NOTE: It is important to follow the PVC Primer and Cement manufacturer’s recommendations
for set times and temperature ratings. The most common cements may fail at low temperatures.
Select products which are suitable to the environment and weather being encountered.

It is highly recommended that the joints of the PVC conduit be taped after gluing them together. This is to ensure
that the joints have enough time to set properly before being inserted into the borehole.

The easiest installation method is to assemble the PVC conduit as it is lowered into the borehole. Start by gluing
and taping the end cap onto the bottom-most piece of PVC before inserting it into the borehole. Lower the first
piece of PVC conduit then glue the next piece on and tape the joint as shown in the figure below. If grout has been
inserted into the borehole prior to assembling and lowering the conduit, an assistant will be needed to hold the
pieces in place while working due to boyancy effects (shown in picture 'a' in the figure below). Keep adding more
conduit, gluing and taping each joint until the required length of conduit has been assembled and inserted into the
borehole. When the desired length is reached, glue the bottom part of the top stack assembly included in the SAA
Install Kit to the top of the PVC conduit.

NOTE: Use the hanging fixture included in the SAA Install Kit to help keep the conduit off the
bottom of the borehole. It is also possible to use the fixture to apply downward force on the
conduit before it is weighted down with chain or the ShapeArray™ instrument.

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Figure 2: Assembling PVC conduit down hole

WARNING: DO NOT rest the conduit on the bottom of the borehole. In order to avoid sinuating
the PVC conduit, over-drill the borehole to approximately 0.5 m beyond the expected length of
the ShapeArray™ instrument and conduit. Use a hanging fixture such as the one provided in the
SAA Install Kit to keep the conduit suspended in the borehole.

For assured success in all installations, the 27 mm PVC conduit must be weighted to keep it straight during
grouting. The recommended method for weighting the PVC conduit is to use steel chain to completely fill the PVC
conduit. Test a 3 m (10’) length of conduit with chain to ensure that the chain will not snag in the conduit. The
chain will pack in the conduit; therefore, you should bring enough chain to overfill the conduit by 50%.

WARNING: DO NOT use water to weigh down the PVC conduit. The water will make it difficult
or impossible to insert the ShapeArray™ instrument into the PVC. If water egress is impaired by
the instrument, hydraulic pressure beyond the pressure ratings of the protective coverings
could be produced.

Insert the chain into the PVC conduit as shown in the figure below. See the Chain section of the Supplies Required
for Installation of SAAV for chain recommendations. Ensure to insert chain straight down into the conduit.
Otherwise the chain could cause wear on the PVC fitting at the top.

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Figure 3: Inserting chain into PVC conduit

Once the chain is in the conduit, it is possible to grout the conduit into the borehole. Grout the borehole using the
mix recommended in the Backfilling Recommendations section below.

NOTE: The grout will take 24 hours to set. The ShapeArray™ instrument should be inserted
after the grout has set. DO NOT remove the chain from the PVC conduit before the 24 hours
have passed.

Backfilling Recommendations
It is recommended that grout be used to backfill around the PVC conduit. Using grout greatly reduces the
probability of having voids form between the PVC conduit and the side of the borehole. Sand can be used but it is
not recommended. Sand can easily get caught and bridge the borehole leaving large voids. It is also possible for
sand to migrate out of the borehole due to piping.

If sand must for some reason be used, it is highly recommended that care be taken to agitate the sand to break up
any bridging. Sand must be added slowly to a water-filled annulus, and it must be agitated starting from the
bottom of the borehole using a flexible rod or cable fishing tool.

NOTE: Use grout instead of sand to backfill around the PVC conduit. Sand is harder to place
without voids and could migrate.

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The grout mix recommended for installation of ShapeArray™ conduit is given in the table below. It is important to
use bentonite powder for the mix since bentonite pellets will not incorporate well into the grout. The mix below
results in a very soft grout which will minimize the influence of the grout on the soil displacement measurements.
This is particularly important when installing ShapeArray™ instruments into large diameter boreholes in which
the cross-sectional area of the grout will be large.

In cases where the ShapeArray™ instruments are installed in rock or concrete structures, it is possible to use a
harder grout mix. Contact Measurand for more details.

Materials Quantities Ratio by Weight

Portland Cement 43 kg 1

Water 285 L 6.6

Bentonite Powder +/- 18 kg* 0.4*

* NOTE: Mix water and cement first. Then add bentonite powder, adjusting as required to get
heavy cream consistency.

When mixing the grout, start by mixing the cement and water first. Do NOT mix the bentonite and water first, or
you will not be able to mix the appropriate amount of cement into the grout, or the grout could flash set.

Once the cement and water are mixed, add in the bentonite. Mix the bentonite in a bit at a time until the grout mix
resembles heavy cream. The consistency is very important, too watery a mix will result in shrinkage and
segregation, too thick and it will not be possible to pump the grout.

NOTE: The grout mix given above is a guideline only. It is recommended that a grout mix be
designed which will have similar strength and comportment as the soil in which the
ShapeArray™ instrument is being installed.

Some shrinkage and settlement of the grout should be expected. It is recommended that the grout be topped up
24 hours following completion of the initial grouting.

The soft grout recommended for use with ShapeArray™ instruments can experience shifting during the 28 day
curing process. It is recommended that the baseline be taken at least 7 days after the grouting was completed.

Several types of grouting methods can be used for ShapeArray™ instrument installations. The most commonly
used methods are tremie grouting and staged grouting. Recommendations of which method to use in various
situations are given in following sections.

Tremie Grouting
Tremie grouting is used in most installations. It is best suited for use in large diameter boreholes. It is also
suitable for use when the ShapeArray™ conduit is being grouted into a large diameter pre-existing conduit. It is
important to ensure that the ShapeArray™ conduit is weighted down prior to grouting to avoid sinuating the
conduit.

NOTE: Tremie grouting will cause the ShapeArray™ conduit to become buoyant. Make sure

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that it is properly weighted down with chain to avoid sinuating the conduit.

In tremie grouting, a tube is inserted to the bottom of the borehole and the grouting is done starting from the
bottom of the conduit. Grout is pumped into the tremie tube until it starts to appear at the borehole surface
(Figure below). The tremie tube is then removed from the borehole, or it may be left in place (“sacrificed”).

When tremie grouting is used, it is important to take into consideration the dimension of the tremie tube. Too big
and it will not fit in the borehole or casing with the ShapeArray™ conduit, too small and it will be impossible to
pump grout to the bottom of the borehole.

In order to make the insertion of the tremie tube easier, it is recommended that it be inserted at the same time as
the ShapeArray™ conduit.

Avoid excessive pump pressures when grouting.

Figure 4: Tremie grouting ShapeArray™ conduit into a borehole

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Staged Grouting
For very long ShapeArray™ instruments, the buoyancy effects on the conduit may be too great to easily resist
using chain. In these cases, it may be desirable to use staged grouting.

In staged grouting, the ShapeArray™ conduit is inserted into a borehole along with a tremie tube, and the
borehole is grouted in two or three stages. The grout should be allowed to set for 24 to 48 hours prior to doing the
next stage.

This method is recommended for ShapeArray™ conduits over 60 m in length.

Inserting ShapeArray™ Instruments into a Pre-Cased

Borehole
Once the grout has set, it is possible to remove the chain from the conduit and proceed with inserting the
ShapeArray™ instrument directly into the conduit. The steps for installing the SAAV into the pre-cased borehole
are outlined in the figure below.

Figure 5: Work flow for installing SAAV into a borehole pre-cased with 27 mm ID conduit

Start by setting the ShapeArray™ reel on the reel stand so that it unreels from the top, as shown in the figure
below. The reel should be placed close to the borehole to avoid having too many unsupported segments in the air.

NOTE: The ShapeArray™ reel should be aligned to the borehole such that the cable end (top) of
the ShapeArray™ instrument is in line with the expected direction of movement. As the
instrument is unwound from the reel and put into the borehole, it will untwist to relieve the
natural twist that was induced when it was placed on the reel. Aligning the reel with the cable
end towards the expected direction of movement will ensure the final position of the
instrument's X-mark is in line with the expected direction of movement.

The insertion should be done by two people. One person guides the ShapeArray™ instrument into the borehole
while the second person controls the rate of descent by carefully handling the reel. It may be necessary to have
more helpers when dealing with longer instruments. Teamwork and communication are key for making sure that
the insertion process goes smoothly. Avoid jerking the instrument forward off the reel which will stress the joints.

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Figure 6: Inserting a ShapeArray™ instrument into a pre-cased borehole

Settling the SAAV into the Inclinometer Casing

Once the SAAV is resting on the bottom of the casing, mark the position of the SAAV inside the casing on the PEX
tubing. Lift the SAAV between 0.5 m and 1 m and force it down into the casing using a pumping action similar to
churning butter. This will cause the SAAV to settle further into the casing. Continue to lift the SAAV up and force
it down until you notice that the mark made on the PEX tubing is no longer settling down inside the casing. This
should take approximately 5 to 7 repetitions.

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Figure 7: Pump the SAAV by lifting and lowering it 5 to 7 times

Use the SAAV Installation Verification tool from the Diagnostics menu in SAARecorder to confirm that the
SAAV is properly settled. To use this tool, enter the inner diameter of your casing in millimetres. The tool will
display the average angle of all segments and an optimal value that should be reached during installation to
reduce the amount of settlement that will occur after the installation. More information on using this tool is
available in the Verifying your SAAV Installation guide on the Measurand Support web site.

WARNING: If you are installing a ShapeArray™ instrument in Low Power Mode for use with
certain low power data loggers, then you will need to be using a model 004 SAAFPU interface
with at least revision R.4B or a model 002 SAA232 interface with revision R.2B. Older interfaces
are NOT supported. While the SAAV Installation Verification diagnostic is open, the instrument
will temporarily be placed in regular power mode. When the SAAV Installation Verification
window is closed, the instrument will automatically be returned to Low Power mode. Do NOT
disconnect the ShapeArray™ instrument from the computer without closing the window or the
instrument could be left in regular power mode.

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Figure 8: The SAAV Installation Verification tool in SAARecorder is used to determine whether the SAAV is properly settled into place

Once this is done, you will be ready to measure the azimuth offset for the X-mark.

Finding Azimuth Offset from the X-mark

ShapeArray™ azimuth offset can be measured and input in to the ShapeArray™ software during data processing.
This way the ShapeArray™ data is displayed so that the X direction corresponds to the expected direction of
movement or other desired heading.

WARNING: Alignment of an X-mark should never be adjusted by lifting and rotating the
ShapeArray™.

To determine the azimuth offset, use the instructions given below.

ShapeArray™ X-mark Protractor

ShapeArray™ instruments are delivered with a ShapeArray™ X-mark Protractor to measure azimuth offset for
data processing. The X-mark Protractor is used to determine alignment in cases where the instrument is
completely placed inside the borehole. For ShapeArray™ instruments with one or more magnetometers, it is
typically not necessary to use the SAA X-mark Protractor, as the readings are automatically adjusted so that +X
corresponds to magnetic North. For ShapeArray™ instruments with one or more magnetometers, the protractor
would only be required if some direction reference (other than magnetic North) were desired.

Placing the Square Protractor

Place the square protractor around the PEX at the top of the ShapeArray™ instrument. Rotate the square
protractor until the arrows are pointed to one of the following:

The expected direction of movement

Other desired heading

Other job site datum

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Figure 9: The square protractor placed around the PEX at the top of the ShapeArray™ instrument

If the protractor needs to be placed over the PVC casing rather than the PEX, the required hole size is marked so
it can be cut to fit.

Placing and Aligning the Clear Disk

Place the clear disk marker with the X-Line around the PEX on top of the square protractor. Rotate the clear disk
around the ShapeArray™ instrument until the X-Line on the disk and the X-Line on the PEX are aligned.

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Figure 10: The clear disk aligned with the X-Lines on the ShapeArray™ instrument and the square protractor

Reading the Angle

Make note of the angle at the X-Line. This will be directly used in the software when specifying the azimuth offset
angle of the ShapeArray™ instrument. For more information, you can refer to the following documentation:

SAARecorder manual, section SAA Setup | Site Properties

SAAView manual, section Azi and Aza

SAACR_raw2data manual, section Selecting Settings

Finishing the Installation Process Using the SAA Install Kit

It is recommended that the SAA Install Kit be used during the installation process. This kit was designed to help
make the installation process easier. The kit includes fittings which improve the installation process by providing a
more secure way to compress the ShapeArray™ instrument.

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Figure 11: SAA Install Kit with PEX cutter

If the steps outlined above have been followed, the installation should look similar to the figure below. At this
point, to finish the installation, compression to the ShapeArray™ instrument will need to be applied. Apply
downward force on the PEX and tighten the set screws in the Top Stack assembly. To complete the installation
process, follow the steps outlined in the 'Finishing the Installation Process Using the SAA Install Kit' guide.

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Figure 12: Add compression with downward force on the PEX and then tightening the set screws

NOTE: If the ShapeArray™ instrument is installed in an area with heavy vibration or blasting, it
is possible that the set screws will loosen with time. You should take steps to ensure that the set
screws remain tight.

NOTE: Over-tightening the set screw will strip the threads in the PVC. Care must be taken not
to over-tighten the set screw.

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Installing SAAV Horizontally

The procedure for horizontal installation of SAAV involves preparing the trench, making modifications to the
conduit, and attaching the SAA Horizontal Install Kit. The SAAV is installed inside a PVC casing and placed in a
trench surrounded by bedding sand as shown in figure 1 below. The purpose of the bedding sand is to protect the
SAAV from large particles and stones which are commonly found in construction fill material. The work flow for
horizontal installations is shown figure 2 below.

NOTE: For most horizontal installations, the cable end of the SAAV is used as the reference
point, though the far end can also be used. The instructions below assume that the reference
end is located at the cable end of the SAAV.

Figure 1: Horizontal installation of SAAV adjacent to train tracks. (a) SAAV and PVC placed in trench containing bedding sand and
geotextile. (b) Survey marker placed at reference end of SAAV. Ensure the marker is associated with a known location along the
sensorized portion of the SAAV

Figure 2: Work flow for installing horizontal SAAV

Preparing the Trench for Horizontal Installation

It is recommended that the SAAV be installed into a trench that is at least 300 mm (1’) deep by 300 mm (1’) wide.
The depth of the trench needed depends on the particle distribution of the soils surrounding the trench. The SAAV
is to be surrounded by bedding sand, as shown in the figure below, to protect it from damage and minimize any

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local effects from large rocks.

Use of a geotextile is recommended in order to provide separation between the common fill and the bedding sand
fill. Make sure that the geotextile is wide enough to line the trench and wrap over top of the sand, completely
enclosing it at the end of the process.

After the geotextile has been placed in the trench, place a layer of bedding sand in the trench. The thickness of
the bedding sand layer placed below the SAAV depends on the gradation of the subgrade soil. It is recommended
that the bedding layer be as thick as the largest particle commonly found in the subgrade. Unless the SAAV is
being installed on subgrade composed of sand or finer material, the minimum recommended thickness of the
bedding sand placed below the SAAV is 150 mm (6”).

Figure 3: Trench for installation of horizontal SAAV

At this point the trench is ready for the placement of the SAAV conduit. The conduit can be assembled directly in
the trench, or it can be assembled next to the trench and then placed inside the trench before pulling the SAAV
inside.

Assembling SAAV Conduit for Horizontal

Installation
In horizontal installations, larger conduit is typically recommended. The larger conduit makes it easier to extract
the ShapeArray™ instrument when the monitoring program is done. Since the PVC conduit is flexible, it is
necessary to account for deflection of the conduit due to the load above the instrument. The deflection is a
function of the dead load, live load, soil stiffness, and pipe stiffness. For most installations, a 60 mm (2.375")
outside diameter PVC pipe with 49 mm inside diameter (1.939") can be used for horizontal installations. This
corresponds to a 2" schedule 80 trade dimension PVC pipe. If the live loading exceeds those seen for highway and
rail traffic (Railway E80 load), you will need to check that the PVC pipe selected can withstand the live loads.
Similarly, if the depth of burial exceeds 40 m, you will need to ensure that the PVC pipe can withstand the earth
loads. A discussion on the calculation of the PVC pipe deflection can be found in 'Sample Calculations for Pipe
Deflection in Horizontal Installations'.

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NOTE: For most horizontal installations a 60 mm OD PVC pipe with 49 mm ID (2" schedule 80
trade dimension PVC pipe) is suitable for installation. If depth of burial exceeds 40 m, or live
loads exceed Railway E80 loading, check the expected pipe deflection before installing the PVC
conduit.

When assembling SAAV conduit, all PVC conduit ends should be kept clean from dust, oil, and snow. Look inside
the PVC conduit to make sure that no foreign objects are inside it. The edges of conduit over which the SAAV is
being pulled should be smoothed with a deburring tool to prevent abrasion, as shown in the figure below.

Figure 4: Deburring the PVC. (a) Typical PVC deburring tools. (b) Example of deburring, note that both the inside and outside edges are
to be de-burred

Lay out the SAAV conduit either adjacent to the trench where the SAAV is being installed or in the trench itself, as
shown in the figure below. A rope should be used to pull the SAAV into the PVC. Make sure to pull the rope
through all conduit sections before gluing them together. The install kit includes a wire to enable fishing a rope
through each section.

Figure 5: Laying out the conduit in the trench

When gluing the PVC using PVC primer and cement, make sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the

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product being used.

NOTE: It is important to follow the PVC Primer and Cement manufacturer’s recommendations
for set times and temperature ratings. The most common Cements may fail at low temperatures.
Select products which are suitable to the environment and weather that will be encountered.

NOTE: The Horizontal Install Kit cannot fit over a coupler. If the conduit has bell ends, remove
the bell end from the segment of the conduit closest to the reel by cutting it, making sure to
deburr the conduit.

Pulling the SAAV into the Conduit

Prior to pulling the SAAV into the conduit, place the conduit in the trench. Make sure that the conduit is straight
as this is essential to pulling the SAAV into the conduit.

Figure 6: Pulling a ShapeArray™ instrument into PVC conduit

Place the SAAV reel on the reel stand so that the SAAV unreels from the bottom, as shown in the figure above.
Once this is done, pull the rope through the eyebolt and secure with electrical tape. It is also possible to use a
cable fishing tool to pull the SAAV. However, if one is to be used, use a swivel connection between the SAAV and
the cable fishing tool to allow the SAAV to freely rotate during the pulling process. When ready, pull the SAAV into
the conduit, making sure that there is someone on hand to guide it into the conduit. Keep pulling the SAAV until
one or two segments are completely out the far end of the conduit.

Closing the PVC Conduit Using the SAA

Horizontal Install Kit
Either end of the SAAV may be used as the reference end in horizontal installations. The SAAV should be secured
at one end of the conduit, but never at both. There should be at least 150 mm (6”) of room at the unsecured end to
account for any thermal expansion or contraction of the conduit after installation. These measures prevent
rotation, and allow for some expansion and contraction of both the SAAV and PVC.

Trim the PEX on the ShapeArray™ instrument such that 100 mm - 125 mm (4” - 5”) of the PEX is protruding from
the conduit. Ensure the compression rings / pipe clamps are loose on the Horizontal Install Kit, and slide it over

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the cable and the PEX and onto the conduit. Tighten the compression rings / pipe clamps to secure the Horizontal
Install Kit to the conduit.

It is not necessary to compress horizontal SAAVs. Ensure that the reference end of the SAAV is stationary in a
zone where movement is not expected to occur. Once this is done, insert and tighten the set screws into the
Horizontal Install Kit. Tighten the cable gland on the top of the Horizontal Install Kit. Run the cabling to the data
acquisition system (DAS) and connect to a data logging solution.

Figure 7: Attach the Horizontal Install Kit

It is possible to place a survey marker at the reference end of the instrument, as shown in picture 'b' in Figure 1
above. If the survey marker is to be used, make sure to place it at the joint between the first near (cable) end
sensorized segment and the adjacent unsensorized segment. This will ensure that it corresponds to data at the
first vertex of the polyline describing the SAAV data relative to the reference end. Any additional survey markers
should be placed at known joint locations along the sensorized length of the SAAV.

It is recommended that the cable between the SAAV and the data logger or measurement point be protected by
conduit. The conduit will protect the cable and make it easy to replace in the event of a mechanical break. It is a
good idea to have a rope in the conduit to allow cable to be pulled through. It is also a good idea to have multiple
access points for long runs of cable.

Backfilling the Trench

A layer of bedding sand should be placed above the SAAV. It is recommended that the bedding sand layer be as
thick as the largest particle commonly found in the fill placed above the SAAV. The minimum recommended
thickness of the bedding sand is 150 mm (6”) placed above the SAAV. Once the bedding sand is in place, the
geotextile can be wrapped over top of the bedding sand. Edges of the geotextile should overlap at least 150 mm
(6”).

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Figure 8: Once the trench is backfilled with bedding sand, regular fill can be placed over top

Following this step, it is possible to place fill over top of the SAAV and bedding sand (Figure 8 above).

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Installing SAAV in Convergence

Measurand’s SAAV can be used to monitor convergence in a section of tunnel. For convergence monitoring, the
SAAV is typically shipped from the factory in a flexible PVC covering that can be mounted directly to the surface of
the structure to be monitored without the need for extra conduit. When selecting an SAAV for convergence
monitoring, it is important to choose an appropriate segment length. The appropriate segment length is
determined by the radius of the tunnel cross section to be monitored:

500 mm segments for tunnels with radius of 3 m or greater

250 mm segments for tunnels with radius of 1 m or greater

WARNING: In some cases, tunnels are considered to be explosive atmosphere (ATEX)

environments. Certain ShapeArray™ products are certified for use with EX ’d’ Flameproof
protection in areas classified as Zone 1 or Zone 2 in accordance with European Directive
94/9/EC when installed in compliance with the ATEX Workplace Directive 1999/92/EC. Existing
certification is only valid in Europe. Exact requirements for proper usage should be discussed
with Measurand, all certification authorities, and the end user before ShapeArray™ products
are installed in any hazardous location.

Convergence Installation Process

Measurand SAAVs can be installed from the factory supplied reel directly to the surface of the structure being
monitored for convergence. Place the reel so that the SAAV unreel towards the surface of the structure to be
monitored. The reel can be positioned such that the SAAV rolls off the top or the bottom of reel.

Unreel the SAAV and secure the first segment to the structure. Measurand recommend using the U-clamps
included in the installation kit. Each installation kit includes two sizes of U-clamp: two 2.5 cm (1") U-clamps are
provided to secure the SAAV ends, the smaller 2 cm (3/4") U-clamps are used to secure the segments near each
vertex. Although Measurand recommends using U-clamps, properly sized P-clamps or other user-provided
hardware is acceptable.

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Figure 1: An example of the U-clamps included with the installation kit for installing SAAV in convergence

Continue carefully unreeling the SAAV and secure each segment to the surface of the structure with clamps,
ensuring only one clamp per segment is used. Clamps must be offset approximately 5 cm (2") from the bendable
joints between the SAAV's segments.

WARNING: Clamps should never be place right on the bendable joint between segments when
installing SAAV in convergence. The joints must be completely free to bend for accurate results
to be reported.

Figure 2: Position reel with the SAAV coming off towards the surface of the structure and secure each segment

Once the SAAV has been completely attached to the surface of the structure, the set screw and cable gland in the
fittings at the cable end of the SAAV need to be tightened. The communication cabling can then be run to the data
acquisition system.

NOTE: Some amount of cabling near the top of the SAAV should be reserved to provide strain
relief.

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Retrieving an SAAV
Once a monitoring program has been completed, it may be possible to retrieve the ShapeArray™ instrument and
re-use it at another location. ShapeArray™ instruments can be removed by hand from a casing which has
undergone deformation. SAAV retrieval is limited by the bend radius of the casing. The minimum bend radius
varies depending on the diameter of the casing. The table below presents the minimum bend radii for two common
casing diameters. Minimum bend radii for other casing sizes can be determined by contacting Measurand directly.

Table 1: Minimum Bend Radii for SAAV Retrieval

Casing Diameter (mm) Minimum Bend Radius (m)

70 1.12

85 0.83

When retrieving a ShapeArray™ instrument, it is particularly important to ensure it is placed on an

appropriate reel. Do not remove the instrument from its conduit and place it on the ground prior to reeling it up.
The safest place for the instrument is either the borehole or its reel.

During the manipulation of the ShapeArray™ instrument, ensure not to exceed bends of 90° at the joints.

NOTE: Before placing the instrument on the reel, make sure to check the condition of the reel.
If the reel is in need of any repairs, carry them out before retrieving the instrument.

The ShapeArray™ instrument should be placed on a reel the same way each time, matching the factory-reeled
condition. Set the SAAV reel on a reel stand so that the it will reel over the top, as shown in Figure 1.A below. The
reel should be placed approximately 1.0 m to 1.5 m (3' to 5') away from the borehole in order to avoid having too
many unsupported segments in the air. Start by rolling the cable and securing it to the reel using zip ties. Remove
the extension tubes from the top of the SAAV. Then position the spring box as shown in Figure 1.B below. Note
that there are holes for zip ties in the side of the reel which are used to secure the instrument to the reel.

When placing the ShapeArray™ instrument on the reel, ensure that the X-mark on the SAAV faces approximately
straight away from the reel. When reeling or unreeling, ensure the portion of the instrument not on the reel is free
to rotate about its long axis.

Reeling the ShapeArray™ instrument will take several minutes, since it is necessary to ensure that the segments
and joints are lined up neatly. Once the instrument has been placed on the reel, secure it to the reel.

NOTE: Ensure the ShapeArray™ instrument has been placed on the reel the same way it was
taken off. The joints should all be neatly arranged and lined up on the reel.

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Figure 1: (A) Reel position for retrieving a ShapeArray™ instrument and (B) the spring box aligned with the direction label on the reel

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Manually Recording ShapeArray™

Instrument Data
In most ShapeArray™ instrument installations, the data will be collected automatically using a data logger.
However, it is sometimes necessary to connect to the instrument manually and collect some data.

The SAARecorder application, available through SAASuite 3.x or higher by clicking on the Manual Data
Collection button, is used to record ShapeArray™ instrument data manually. This is usually done in cases where
readings are taken on an interim basis or when using an SAAScan. It is often helpful during installation to record
some data using SAARecorder to help with any subsequent troubleshooting. For example, it is highly
recommended that the ShapeArray™ instrument be checked upon receipt to make sure that nothing was damaged
during shipping. Basic instructions on setting up the ShapeArray™ instrument, recording data, and exporting data
in SAARecorder are provided below. For more detailed instructions on how to use SAARecorder, please refer to
the SAARecorder Software Manual.

Figure 1: An overview of the process for collecting ShapeArray™ instrument data using a computer

Connecting the ShapeArray™ Instrument to a

Computer
To collect ShapeArray™ instrument data using SAARecorder, you will need to connect it to your computer via an
interface. Measurand offers a variety of interfaces to facilitate connecting to ShapeArray™ instruments in
different environments as described in the table below.

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Interface Purpose

SAA232 Long term monitoring with a data logger for a single

ShapeArray™ instrument

SAA232-5 Long term monitoring with a data logger for up to five

ShapeArray™ instruments

SAA Field Power Taking manual readings with a tablet or laptop

Unit (SAAFPU) computer in the field

SAAUSB Taking manual readings with a computer in an office

environment

Each of these interfaces have a USB cable that can be used to connect the interface to a 12 V power source and
the computer. Detailed instructions for connecting a ShapeArray™ instrument to a computer via these interfaces
are provided in the following articles from the Measurand Support web site.

Connecting to a PC using the SAA232

Connecting to a PC using the SAA232-5

Connecting to a PC using the SAAFPU

Connecting to a PC using the SAAUSB

Wiring diagrams for these interfaces are available in the Wiring Diagrams section of the Appendices.

Connecting to the ShapeArray™ Instrument with

SAARecorder
When the ShapeArray™ instrument is connected to an interface, a 12 V power supply, and the computer,
SAARecorder can connect to, and communicate with, the instrument. SAARecorder is launched from SAASuite 3.x
and higher by clicking on the Manual Data Collection button. Once SAARecorder is able to find and
communicate with the ShapeArray™ instrument, the program view shown in the figure below will open on your
computer screen.

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Figure 2: Program view from SAARecorder showing a single ShapeArray™ instrument. This view shows three orthographic views of the
instrument, plus a fourth perspective view (lower-right corner).

In the upper left corner, you will find the Basic Settings dialog. The Basic Settings dialog allows the user to view
and change the “Array Reference”, the amount of averaging to perform, whether or not to use the “Averaging-in-
Array” (AIA) mode, and the modeling mode (2-D, 3D or Mixed H/V). These settings must be set correctly in order
to view the ShapeArray™ instrument properly in SAARecorder.

The SAA Reference setting allows the user to select which end of the ShapeArray™ instrument, the near (cable)
end or the far (tip) end, to use as the starting point for ShapeArray™ instrument calculations (also known as the
reference end).

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Figure 3: Basic Settings Window. It allows the user to view and change the reference point for the ShapeArray™ instrument (near or far),
the amount of averaging to perform, and the modeling mode (2-D or 3-D).

The Averaging setting allows the user to specify how many samples of raw data are averaged on an ongoing basis
to generate the model of the ShapeArray™ instrument displayed in the SAARecorder window. The Averaging
value can only be set from 1 (i.e. no averaging) to 1000 (i.e. average the last 1000 samples for computing
displayed data) when the Use Averaging-in-Array (AIA) mode checkbox is unchecked. This is only used for
display purposes and should not be used when recording static shape data.

The Use Averaging-in-Array (AIA) mode checkbox is used to enable AIA Mode. Measurand recommends having
AIA Mode enabled whenever you are recording readings with SAARecorder. Readings recorded in AIA mode are
much more precise than readings taken without AIA Mode. In AIA mode, a number of samples equal to the
Averaging setting are taken and averaged to return a single reading. It is recommended that the averaging level
for AIA data collection be set to 1000. In some cases, such as collecting data in noisy environments where there is
significant vibration, it is preferable to use a higher averaging level. An AIA averaging level of up to 25500 can be
used.

Calculations for ShapeArray™ instruments can be made in one of three possible modes: (i) Near Vertical (3D), (ii)
Near Horizontal (2D), and (iii) Mixed H/V mode (Convergence). The near vertical mode is used if all segments of
the instrument are greater than 30 degrees relative to the horizontal. The near horizontal (2D) mode is
appropriate when no sections of the instrument are inclined more than 60 degrees relative to the horizontal. The
mixed (convergence) mode is appropriate when one or more, but not all, segments of the instrument are inclined
more than 60 degrees relative to the horizontal. This mode is normally used for ShapeArray™ instruments that are
being used to monitor circular shapes, such as the circumference of a tunnel. For more information on using the
mixed mode, please refer to the SAARecorder Software Manual.

Recording ShapeArray™ Instrument Data

To record ShapeArray™ instrument data to a "raw shape array" (.RSA) file on the computer, select the File | Save
Raw Data File menu option in SAARecorder, or press the Spacebar key on the keyboard. This brings up the
recording window shown in the figure below.

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Figure 4: The Recording window for recording raw data (.RSA) files.

The recording can be stopped by closing the Recording window, pressing the Stop button, or by selecting the File
| Close Raw Data File menu option. Once the recording has been stopped, a dialog appears prompting you to
select a filename for the recorded data.

NOTE: Before starting a long-term recording session, check your Windows Power Management
settings to make sure that the computer will not automatically power down the hard drive or go
into a reduced power state if left unattended for an extended period of time.

Exporting ShapeArray™ Instrument Data

SAARecorder provides multiple options for exporting raw data into Cartesian engineering units for analysis.
Primarily, data is exported for viewing in Measurand’s SAAView data visualization software. Alternatively, data
can be exported to a plain text file for import into various third party data analysis tools, such as Microsoft Excel.

Exporting to SAAView
Raw data recorded in SAARecorder as .RSA files can be converted to a multi_saa_allcart.mat file that can be easily
opened in Measurand’s SAAView software. SAAView has many graphical interfaces and options available for
viewing ShapeArray™ instrument data over a long period of time. To convert one or more .RSA files to a
multi_saa_allcart.mat file which can be opened in SAAView, select the File | Export raw data to SAAView menu
item of SAARecorder.

NOTE: The Array Reference and the Modeling Mode settings need to be set to the appropriate
settings when exporting to SAAView.

You will next be prompted to select the raw data file you wish to export. Once a file has been selected, you will be
prompted to select the averaging options for the conversion, as shown in the figure below. In most cases, you
should select either the File Averages option or the No Averaging option. The File Averages option will export
one sample per raw data (.RSA) file that is an average of all samples within the file. The No Averaging option will
export all samples from each raw data (.RSA) file. This can result in multiple samples taken at very short intervals

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being exported.

Figure 5: Selecting file averaging options

After the averaging options have been set, you will be prompted to select the conversion parameters, as shown in
the figure below. The Vertical checkbox should only be selected if the data being exported is from a ShapeArray™
instrument installed vertically. The Ref=Far checkbox should be selected if the far (tip) end of the instrument is
to be used as the reference end. More detailed information about the conversion parameters is available in the
Exporting Raw Data to SAAView guide on the Measurand Support web site.

Figure 6: Selecting ShapeArray conversion parameters

Once the conversion is complete, a dialog will open with the location where the multi_saa_allcart.mat file is saved.
You can now view the file using SAAView. Detailed step by step instruction for exporting ShapeArray™ instrument
data for viewing in SAAView can be found in Exporting Raw Data to SAAView article on the Measurand Support
web site.

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Exporting to Text
Raw data recorded in SAARecorder as .RSA files can also be converted to a text file. Data in this file is comma-
separated and can easily be imported into third-party analysis tools, such as Microsoft Excel. To export raw data
to text, select the File | Export raw data to text menu option. You will be prompted to select the raw data file
you wish to export. Once a file has been selected, you will need to select the samples from the raw data file to
export.

Figure 7: Selecting the data samples to export from the raw data file

You can click the Select Data to Export button to select the type of data to export (X/Y/Z accelerations, X/Y/Z
positions, temperature, time, etc.). Click the OK button to save the data type selections.

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Figure 8: Selecting the types of data to export

With the desired settings selected, click the Start Conversion button (shown in Figure 7 above). You will be
prompted to choose a location and file name for the exported data. More detailed step-by-step instructions for
exporting raw data to text in SAARecorder can be found in the Exporting Raw Data to a Text File article available
on the Measurand Support web site.

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Checking SAA Performance Prior to

Installation
Prior to installing a ShapeArray™ instrument, Measurand recommends checking its performance to verify that no
damage occurred during shipping. This is done by completing diagnostics checks using the SAARecorder
application (only available in versions 7.70 and higher). The SAARecorder application is accessible through the
SAASuite 3.x and above by clicking on the Manual Data Collection button. SAASuite is free and available for
download from the Measurand web site at the following address:

http://measurand.com/products/category/software

Figure 1: The Diagnostic Test Results dialog will provide a summary of the Complete Diagnostic Check
results

Connecting the ShapeArray™ Instrument to a

PC

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Figure 2: A schematic showing the physical connection between a ShapeArray™ instrument and PC using a SAA232-5

In order to perform the diagnostics checks, the ShapeArray™ instrument must first be connected to a PC. The
most frequently used connection solutions for connecting a ShapeArray™ instrument to SAARecorder are
described in the following articles:

1. Connecting using the SAA232,

The ShapeArray™ instrument is connected to an SAA232 using a 5-pin Phoenix connector then the
SAA232 is connected to the PC using either Measurand’s SAA232-PC cable or via a serial port on the PC.

2. Connecting using the SAA232-5,

Multiple ShapeArray™ instruments can be connected using an SAA232-5, which functions as a
multiplexor. It works the same way as the SAA232, but is able to accept up to five ShapeArray™
instruments. The instruments are plugged into the 5-pin Phoenix connectors on the SAA232-5 then the
SAA232-5 is connected to the PC using either Measurand’s SAA232-PC cable or via a serial port on the
PC.

3. Connecting using the SAAFPU (SAA Field Power Unit)

The SAA Field Power Unit (SAAFPU) is a portable unit designed to provide power to the ShapeArray™
instrument and also allow for communication via USB between the instrument and a PC or an Android
device. Once the SAAFPU is charged, it is recommended to connect it to the ground. The SAAFPU is then
connected to the PC either directly or wirelessly.

4. Connecting using the PDU (Portable Diagnostics Unit)

The Portable Diagnostic Unit (PDU) is a compact power and communication device designed to quickly
test and verify ShapeArray installations prior to configuration for automated data collection.

5. Connecting using the SAAUSB adapter.

A single ShapeArray™ instrument can be connected to Measurand’s SAAUSB adapter, which simply
involves plugging the USB plug end of the SAAUSB into the PC, then plugging in the ShapeArray™
instrument and finally plugging in the +12 volt power supply.

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Please connect your computer to the ShapeArray™ instrument using one of the interfaces described in these
articles. For additional information, please refer to the Wiring Diagrams found here:
http://saav.measurand.com/wiring-diagrams

Using SAARecorder to Perform a Complete

Diagnostic Check
Once you have connected your ShapeArray™ instrument to the PC and started SAARecorder, please review the
Once SAARecorder has Started section of the SAARecorder manual. This will walk you through the initial steps
regarding ShapeArray™ instrument setup, such as setting the mode for each ShapeArray and navigating the Basic
Settings window.

Figure 3: 'Basic Settings' window

Once SAARecorder has connected to your ShapeArray™ instrument, open the Diagnostics menu and select the
Diagnostic Tests option. From the Choose Diagnostic Test dialog, click on the Complete Diagnostic Check
button. This will run all of the available diagnostic test and generate a report of the results. Please refer to the
Performing a Complete Diagnostic Test on a ShapeArray™ Instrument article in the Measurand Support web site
for detailed information on performing a complete diagnostic test. The Diagnostics section of the SAARecorder
Manual has detailed information about each of the diagnostic tests.

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Figure 1: The Diagnostic Test Results dialog will provide a summary of the Complete Diagnostic Check results

A text report of the Complete Diagnostic Check results can be saved by selecting the Save text report file
checkbox and supplying a path and file name for the text file. If any of the tests report failure, it is a good idea to
save this report and contact Measurand Support.

For reference, voltage should be between 8.0 and 15.0 volts and normal current is approximately 1.8 mA/segment
for SAAV and 4.2 mA/segment for SAAF.

Please refer to the Diagnostics section of the SAARecorder Manual for more detailed information on performing a
complete diagnostic test.

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Automatically Recording
ShapeArray Data
Most ShapeArray™ instrument installations use data loggers to collect data. Measurand recommends Campbell
Scientific data loggers that use the CRBasic command language. These include the CR300, CR800, CR1000,
CR1000X, CR6, and CR3000. Measurand provides SAACR_FileGenerator software within the SAASuite for
automatically creating logger programs for logging ShapeArray™ data with Campbell Scientific data loggers. The
process for collecting ShapeArray™ data using a Campbell Scientific CR series data logger is described in detail in
the sections below.

Figure 1: An overview of the process for collecting ShapeArray™ data using a data logger

Connecting the ShapeArray™ Instrument to an

SAA232 and the Data Logger
To successfully log ShapeArray™ data, the ShapeArray™ instrument must be connected to an SAA232 or
SAA232-5 interface using the 5-pin Phoenix connector. The interface is then connected to a power source and the
data logger using the 4-pin Phoenix connector. Detailed wiring diagrams for various configurations are available
in the Appendices in the Wiring Diagrams section. The most common connections to SAA232 interfaces are shown

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in the figure below.

Figure 2: Wiring for connecting a ShapeArray™ instrument to an SAA232 interface and the data logger

Generating CR Logger Programs

Measurand’s SAACR_FileGenerator program is used to generate programs compatible with various CR series data
loggers from Campbell Scientific. Programs can be created for the CR300, CR800, CR1000, CR6, and CR3000
loggers. SAACR_Filegenerator is accessed through Measurand’s SAASuite.

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Figure 3: Measurand's SAACR_FileGenerator software

Generating a logger program is a simple process of selecting options and filling in the appropriate fields in the
SAACR_FileGenerator software. In the fields in the top, right side of the window, you should specify the following
project details:

SAARecorder Folder - The path to the SAARecorder installation folder. By default, this should be
C:Measurand IncSAARecorder.

Project Title - A title for the project

Number of Preliminary Samples - The number of samples that will be taken immediately when the program
is first started. This is primarily used to test that the program is successfully recording data without having to
wait for collection based on the specified interval.

Reading Interval - The interval at which samples will be logged. Intervals can be set in minutes or hours. The
interval should be no faster than 10 minutes.

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Figure 4: Project settings fields in SAACR_FileGenerator

You need to select the appropriate model for the logger in the Logger Type dropdown field. You then specify
details about your ShapeArray™ instrument’s configuration with the following fields:

SAA - This checkbox enables collection for a ShapeArray™ instrument using the details specified in the fields
on the associated line.

SAA232(-5) Channel - Allows you to specify the interface used to connect the ShapeArray™ instrument to the
data logger. You can select either an SAA232 interface or one of the five channels of an SAA232-5 interface.

COM Port - Allows you to configure the communication port on the data logger to which the ShapeArray™
interface is connected.

Serial Number - The serial number of the ShapeArray™ instrument from which data will be collected

Averaging - The number of samples used to compute an average reading using the Averaging in Array (AIA)
feature of ShapeArray™ instruments

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NOTE: You can configure the logger program to collect data from multiple ShapeArray™
instruments on the same logger. You are primarily limited by the number of communication
ports on the selected logger. You can monitor up to five ShapeArrays on each communication
port with an SAA232-5.

Figure 5: ShapeArray™ interface details in SAACR_FileGenerator

When you have filled in all of the fields described above, you can generate the logger program by clicking the
Generate File button, selecting a location to save the file, and providing a file name for the program.

NOTE: More detailed information about Measurand's SAACR_FileGenerator is available in the

SAACR_FileGenerator Manual and How-to Guide.

The program will be loaded onto the data logger after the data logger is configured on the computer as described
in the next section.

Configuring the CR Data Logger

You must configure the data logger on your computer using Campbell Scientific’s PC200W or LoggerNet software.

Configuring the Data Logger with PC200W

To configure the data logger with PC200W, start the application and click the add button (+). This will start the
EZSetup wizard.

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Figure 6: The main window in PC200W - green arrow indicates the add button

Step through the EZSetup wizard until you reach the Communication Test page to configure your logger. Test
the communication with your logger. If the communication test fails, you will need to step through the EZSetup
wizard again and verify your communication settings.

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Figure 7: PC200W's EZSetup wizard

Once you have established communication with the data logger, you should load the program files created with
SAACR_FileGenerator onto the logger. This can be done by navigating through the EZSetup wizard to the Send
Program page. Click the Select and Send Program button navigate to and select the program file created with
SAACR_FileGenerator and click the Open button. You will be warned that all data on the logger will be lost. Click
the Yes button to continue.

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Figure 8: Click the Select and Send Program button to upload the program to the logger

A progress bar will indicate the progress of the send operation. Once it is complete, another dialog indicating
success will appear.

Figure 9: Multiple dialogs and a progress bar are shown when you upload the program

After the upload and compilation has completed successfully, click the Finish button to save the configuration and
exit the wizard. Your data logger is now properly configured to record data from your ShapeArray™ instrument.

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Configuring the Data Logger with LoggerNet

If you are using LoggerNet to configure your data logger, Measurand recommends using the EZSetup wizard. You
can launch the EZSetup wizard through LoggerNet by selecting the Main menu’s Setup option. In the Setup
Screen, ensure the EZ (Simplified) option is selected in the View menu.

Figure 10: LoggerNet Setup in EZ (Simplified) view

Click the Add button to start EZSetup wizard. Step through the EZSetup wizard until you reach the
Communication Test page to configure your logger. Test the communication with your logger. If the
communication test fails, you will need to step through the EZSetup wizard again and verify your communication
settings. Otherwise, you should load the program files created with SAACR_FileGenerator onto the logger.

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Figure 11: LoggerNet's EZSetup Wizard

NOTE: More detailed information about setting up a Campbell Scientific CR data logger is
available in the LoggerNet Manual and the Setting up the Logger guide.

To load the program file created with SAACR_FileGenerator onto the logger, launch Campbell Scientific’s
LoggerNet application and select the Main menu’s Connect option. Connect to the data logger by selecting it
from the list of Stations and clicking the Connect button. Once connected, click the File Control button to open
the File Control window.

Figure 12: LoggerNet's Connect and File Control windows

From the File Control window, click the Send button to send the program file to the logger. When the program
file is loaded, the Run Now and Run On Power-Up checkboxes should be selected to start the program and
ensure it runs whenever the logger is restarted.

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Figure 13: The Select Run Options dialog - Run Now and Run on Power-up are selected for the program

NOTE: If you are reusing a Campbell Scientific logger previously used with other Measurand
ShapeArray™ instruments, it is extremely important that you remove any existing logger
programs and Include files before you connect the new ShapeArray™ instruments. This is most
easily accomplished by formatting the logger through LoggerNet's Connect application. More
detailed information on sending files to the data logger is available in the LoggerNet Manual.

Configuring the File Path for Collecting Data

Once you have loaded and started the program on the data logger, it will record a number of preliminary samples.
Once the preliminary samples have been recorded, Measurand recommends collecting the data from the logger to
ensure everything is working as expected. Data is collected through Campbell Scientific’s PC200W or LoggerNet
software. However, before collecting the data, Measurand recommends customizing the location where the data
will be stored.

Configuring the File Path with PC200W

To customize the location where data collected from the logger will be stored, you will need to open the PC200W
software and connect to your data logger. Once you are connected to your data logger, click on the Collect Data
tab in the center area of the main application window.

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Figure 14: The Collect Data tab in PC200W

For each ShapeArray™ table listed, ensure the checkbox next to the table is selected. This should be done for the
following tables:

LOGGER_DIAGNOSTICS

PROJECT_INFO

SAA1_DATA (there could be multiple SAA#_DATA tables listed if the logger is monitoring multiple
ShapeArray™ instruments)

SAA_DIAGNOSTICS

SERIAL_ERRORS

Select each table in the list and click on the Change Table's Output File button. In the resulting dialog, navigate
to a new folder where you wish to store the project files. Measurand recommends leaving the file names
unchanged. Measurand also recommends that you select the New data from logger (Append to data files)
option. Repeat this for each of the tables listed above.

NOTE: ShapeArray™ project files must be saved to their own unique project folders. You should
never save project files from multiple separate data loggers in the same folder. Measurand
recommends creating unique project folders in the C:Measurand IncSAA3Dlogger_files folder.

Configuring the File Path with LoggerNet

To customize the location where data collected from the logger will be stored, you will need to open the EZSetup
wizard for the logger in LoggerNet. This is done by selecting the Main menu’s Setup option, selecting the logger,
and clicking the Edit button. In the EZSetup Wizard window, click on the Data Files page in the Progress
section.

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Figure 15: The EZSetup Wizard's Data Files page

In the Tables list, there should be a green checkmark next to the following tables.

LOGGER_DIAGNOSTICS

PROJECT_INFO

SAA_DIAGNOSTICS

SAA#_DATA (there could be multiple SAA#_DATA tables listed if the logger is monitoring multiple
ShapeArray™ instruments)

SERIAL_ERRORS

Select each table in the list and ensure that the Table Collected During Data Collection checkbox is selected.
Measurand also recommends that you set the Data File Option to Append to File. You should modify the path
specified in the Output File Name field for each table to a location where only this project’s files will be stored.

NOTE: ShapeArray™ project files must be saved to their own unique project folders. You should
never save project files from multiple separate data loggers in the same folder. Measurand
recommends creating unique project folders in the C:Measurand IncSAA3Dlogger_files folder.

After changing the path for each of the tables, save your configuration by clicking on the Finish button.

NOTE: More detailed information on managing data logger files is available in the LoggerNet
Manual and the Campbell Scientific Data Logger Data File Management guide. More
information on the content of the data files is available in the Data Logger Project Files for
ShapeArray section.

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Collecting Data from the Data Logger

You use Campbell Scientific's PC200W or LoggerNet software to collect the data from the data logger.

Collecting Data from the Data Logger with PC200W

To collect data from the logger with PC200W, you need to start the PC200W application and click on the Collect
Data tab near the center of the window. Click the Start Data Collection button to collect the logger data. The
data from the logger will be stored in the location previously configured.

Collecting Data from the Data Logger with LoggerNet

To collect data from the logger with LoggerNet, you need to select the Main menu’s Connect option. In the
Connect Screen window, click on the Connect button to connect to the logger. Once you have connected to the
data logger, click on the Collect Now button to collect the logger data. The data from the logger will be stored in
the location previously configured.

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Data Logger Project Files for

ShapeArray™ Instruments
There are five project files generated by Campbell Scientific data loggers when they are used to collect
ShapeArray™ data. These files contain project information, raw data that will be processed by Measurand's
SAACR_raw2data utility, and diagnostic information.

Measurand recommends that all data logger files be saved in the ASCII table data, long header (TOA5) file
format defined by Campbell Scientific. The files' names will be prefixed with the project name configured by the
SAACR_FileGenerator utility.

Fields within these files are delimited by commas and records are delimited by a carriage return. The top four
lines in the file are headers. Actual data records start on line 5 in each file. The following file descriptions assume
files are saved in the TOA5 format.

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_PROJECT_INFO.dat
Line 1 has the following fields in order from left to right:

The file format type (this should be TOA5)

The station name (the friendly name assigned to the logger)

The datalogger type (the model)

The serial number of the data logger

The data logger’s OS version

The DLD name (the filename of the data logger program)

The DLD signature

The table name (this is the name of the table that stores the data in the logger)
Line 2 lists the names of the columns from the data logger’s data table. For unmodified programs generated by
SAACR_FileGenerator, the columns should be as follows from left to right:

TIMESTAMP - The date and time the sample was collected

RECORD - A record number starting from zero and incrementing by 1 (possible to have skipped record
numbers and record number sequence reset to 0)

PROGRAM_VERSION_NUM - The version of the program being run on the logger

AVERAGING - The averaging level set for the array. This is the number of sample readings that will be taken
and averaged together to produce a single recorded sample value. This is configured in SAACR_FileGenerator
when you create the program files. There should be a number of AVERAGING columns equal to the value in
the NUMBER_SAAS field.

PROJECT_NAME - The name of the project. This is configured in SAACR_FileGenerator when you create the
program files.

NUMBER_SAAS - The number of ShapeArray™ instruments from which data is being recorded. There should
be a corresponding number of _SAA#_DATA.dat files

NUM_OCTETS_INDEX(#) - For model 1 and 2 SAAF and SAAScan only, lists the number of octets within the
instrument. There should be a number of NUM_OCTETS_INDEX columns equal to the value in the
NUMBER_SAAS field. The (#) identifies the ShapeArray™ instrument.

NUM_PICS_INDEX(#) - For model 3 SAAF and SAAScan or newer, lists the number of segments within the
instrument. There should be a number of NUM_PICS_INDEX columns equal to the value in the NUMBER_SAAS
field. The (#) identifies the ShapeArray™ instrument.

SERIAL_NUMS(#, #) - The serial number for each octet or segment. Depending on model, there should be a
number of SERIAL_NUMS columns equal to the value in the NUM_OCTETS_INDEX column or
NUM_PICS_INDEX column. The (#, #) identify the array and the octet/segment respectively.
Line 3 lists the data types as determined by the logger. Only types for the TIMESTAMP column (TS) and the
RECORD (RN) will have values. A blank field will be included for all other columns ("").

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Line 4 will begin with blank fields ("") for the TIMESTAMP and RECORD columns followed by an “Smp” header for
each other column in the records.

Lines 5+ will be recorded data values. A separate record is created each time the logger program is started.

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_SAA#_DATA.dat
Line 1 has the following fields in order from left to right:

The file format type (this should be TOA5)

The station name (the friendly name assigned to the logger)

The datalogger type (the model)

The serial number of the data logger

The data logger’s OS version

The DLD name (the filename of the data logger program)

The DLD signature

The table name (this is the name of the table that stores the data in the logger)
Line 2 lists the names of the columns from the data logger’s data table. For unmodified programs generated by
SAACR_FileGenerator, the columns should be as follows from left to right:

TIMESTAMP - The date and time the sample was collected

RECORD - A record number starting from zero and incrementing by 1 (possible to have skipped record
numbers and record number sequence reset to 0)

SERIAL_NUMS - The serial number of the ShapeArray™ instrument from which the data was sampled. This is
a static value that is set by SAACR_FileGenerator. If the serial number doesn’t match the ShapeArray™
instrument connected to the COM port, only zero data will be recorded for the sample.

SAA#_ACC_VALUES(#,#) - Acceleration values measured by the ShapeArray™ instrument. There will

multiple versions of this field with changing # values. The first SAA# is an identifier for the ShapeArray™
instrument. The (#, #) values represent the sensor or octet identifier and an X, Y, or Z identifier.
e.g. for a model 1 or model 2 SAAF or SAAScan, the (#, #) will increase in groups of 24 as follows: (1, 1),
(1, 2), … , (1, 23), (1, 24), (2, 1), (2, 2), … , (2, 23), (2, 24), …

e.g. for a model 3 SAAF or SAAScan or newer, (#, #) will increase in groups of 3 as follows: (1, 1), (1, 2),
(1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), ...

SAA#_TEMP_VALUES(#) - Temperature values measured by the ShapeArray™ instrument. There will

multiple versions of this field with changing # values. The first SAA# is an identifier for the ShapeArray™
instrument. The (#) values represent the sensor identifier for an octet or segment.
Line 3 lists the data types as determined by the logger. Only types for the TIMESTAMP column (TS) and the
RECORD (RN) will have values. A blank field will be included for all other columns ("").

Line 4 will begin with blank fields ("") for the TIMESTAMP and RECORD columns followed by an “Smp” header for
each other column in the records.

Lines 5+ will be recorded data values. A separate record is created each time the logger records a sample from
the ShapeArray™ instrument.

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_LOGGER_DIAGNOSTICS.dat
Line 1 has the following fields in order from left to right:

The file format type (this should be TOA5)

The station name (the friendly name assigned to the logger)

The datalogger type (the model)

The serial number of the data logger

The data logger’s OS version

The DLD name (the filename of the data logger program)

The DLD signature

The table name (this is the name of the table that stores the data in the logger)
Line 2 lists the names of the columns from the data logger’s data table. For unmodified programs generated by
SAACR_FileGenerator, the columns should be as follows from left to right:

TIMESTAMP - The date and time the sample was collected

RECORD - A record number starting from zero and incrementing by 1 (possible to have skipped record
numbers and record number sequence reset to 0)

LOGGER_VOLTAGE - The voltage of the data logger in volts (V) as measured at the logger’s power input.

LOGGER_TEMPERATURE - The temperature of the data logger in degrees Celsius (degC)

NOT_ENOUGH_POWER - A Boolean flag that indicates whether the power supplied to the logger is sufficient
for the proper operation of Measurand ShapeArray™ instruments. A value of 0 will be recorded for any
voltages above 10.5 V. A value of 1 will be recorded when the voltage is 10.5 or lower. When the
NOT_ENOUGH_POWER flag is set to 1, only zeroes will be recorded for the readings in the
SAA_DIAGNOSTICS.dat and SAA#_DATA.dat files for the corresponding sample.
Line 3 lists the data types as determined by the logger. Only types for the TIMESTAMP column (TS) and the
RECORD (RN) will have values. A blank field will be included for all other columns ("").

Line 4 will begin with blank fields ("") for the TIMESTAMP and RECORD columns followed by an “Smp” header for
each other column in the records.

Lines 5+ will be recorded data values. A separate record is created each time the logger records a sample from
the ShapeArray™ instrument.

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_SAA_DIAGNOSTICS.dat
Line 1 has the following fields in order from left to right:

The file format type (this should be TOA5)

The station name (the friendly name assigned to the logger)

The datalogger type (the model)

The serial number of the data logger

The data logger’s OS version

The DLD name (the filename of the data logger program)

The DLD signature

The table name (this is the name of the table that stores the data in the logger)
Line 2 lists the names of the columns from the data logger’s data table. For unmodified programs generated by
SAACR_FileGenerator, the columns should be as follows from left to right:

TIMESTAMP - The date and time the sample was collected

RECORD - A record number starting from zero and incrementing by 1 (possible to have skipped record
numbers and record number sequence reset to 0)

SERIAL_NUMS(#,#) - The serial numbers of each ShapeArray™ instrument being monitored. There should
be a SERIAL_NUMS column for each SAA being monitored.

SAA#_SAATOP_VOLTAGE(#) - The voltage arriving at the cable end of the ShapeArray™ instrument in volts
(V). There should be a SAA#_SAATOP_VOLTAGE column for each SAA being monitored.

SAA#_SAATOP_CURRENT(#) - The current being drawn by the ShapeArray™ instrument in milliamps (mA).
There should be a SAA#_SAATOP_CURRENT column for each ShapeArray™ instrument being monitored.

SAA#_SAATOP_TEMPERATURE(#) - The temperature measured at the ShapeArray™ instrument's top

segment in degrees Celsius (degC). There should be a SAA#_SAATOP_TEMPERATURE column for each SAA
being monitored.
Line 3 lists the data types as determined by the logger. Only types for the TIMESTAMP column (TS) and the
RECORD (RN) will have values. A blank field will be included for all other columns ("").

Line 4 will begin with blank fields ("") for the TIMESTAMP and RECORD columns followed by an “Smp” header for
each other column in the records.

Lines 5+ will be recorded data values. A separate record is created each time the logger records a sample from
the ShapeArray™ instrument.

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_SERIAL_ERRORS.dat
Line 1 has the following fields in order from left to right:

The file format type (this should be TOA5)

The station name (the friendly name assigned to the logger)

The datalogger type (the model)

The serial number of the data logger

The data logger’s OS version

The DLD name (the filename of the data logger program)

The DLD signature

The table name (this is the name of the table that stores the data in the logger)
Line 2 lists the names of the columns from the data logger’s data table. For unmodified programs generated by
SAACR_FileGenerator, the columns should be as follows from left to right:

TIMESTAMP - The date and time the sample was collected

RECORD - A record number starting from zero and incrementing by 1 (possible to have skipped record
numbers and record number sequence reset to 0)

SERIAL_NUMS(#,#) - The serial numbers of each ShapeArray™ instrument being monitored. There should
be a SERIAL_NUMS column for each instrument being monitored.

NUM_CRC_ERRORS(#) - The number of packet errors that occur while a sample is being taken and
recorded. There should be a NUM_CRC_ERRORS column for each ShapeArray™ instrument being monitored.
This field is cumulative over the entire time the logger program is running. These counts will be reset when
the logger program is restarted.

NUM_COM_ERRORS(#) - The number of communication errors while a sample is being taken and recorded.
There should be a NUM_COM_ERRORS column for each ShapeArray™ instrument being monitored. This field
is cumulative over the entire time the logger program is running. These counts will be reset when the logger
program is restarted.
Line 3 lists the data types as determined by the logger. Only types for the TIMESTAMP column (TS) and the
RECORD (RN) will have values. A blank field will be included for all other columns ("").

Line 4 will begin with blank fields ("") for the TIMESTAMP and RECORD columns followed by an “Smp” header for
each other column in the records.

Lines 5+ will be recorded data values. A separate record is created each time the logger records a sample from
the ShapeArray™ instrument.

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Converting SAAV Data

Data recorded on a Campbell Scientific CR data logger with a program created by SAACR_FileGenerator contains
only raw acceleration values from the ShapeArray™ instrument. Before this data can be used for engineering
purposes, it must be converted into Cartesian data. The algorithms for converting raw ShapeArray™ data to
useable Cartesian engineering units are proprietary; however, Measurand freely provides the SAACR_raw2data
utility in SAASuite for this purpose. SAACR_raw2data will output the Cartesian data in two separate files: one
viewable in Measurand’s SAAView application and another in plain text format which can be imported into various
third-party visualization software.

Selecting Project Files

SAACR_raw2data is launched through Measurand’s SAASuite version 3.x and higher by clicking on the Data
Conversion button. It is important that you have installed the following packages in SAASuite before attempting
to convert raw data.

SAARecorder

SAACR_raw2data

Calibration Files

NOTE: By default all of these packages are installed automatically. However, if your installation
has been customized, then these packages at the least must be available. More information on
using SAASuite to download Measurand software is available in the SAASuite Manual and the
How to Download and Install SAASuite guide.

Figure 1: Measurand's SAASuite application launcher

Once the above software packages have been installed, you can launch SAACR_raw2data from SAASuite by
clicking the Data Conversion button. When you first launch SAACR_raw2data, you will be asked to select a
conversion mode.

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Reset - A Reset conversion allows you to configure settings for the ShapeArray™ instrument, magnetometers
(if installed), and data export. A Reset conversion should be used the first time you convert raw data in a
project or anytime a change to the project settings are required. Measurand also recommends performing a
Reset conversion after updating any of the Measurand Software.

Auto - An Auto conversion converts only new data found in the raw data files that has not already been
processed by SAACR_raw2data. This mode is also used for automating data conversion and does not provide
the user with options for changing configuration settings. Settings used in an Auto conversion are the ones set
when the project was converted with a Reset conversion.

Run Last - This will perform a new conversion on the last project converted with SAACR_raw2data without
prompting for any user intervention or configuration.

Figure 2: Select the Reset or Auto conversion mode in SAACR_raw2data

Once you have selected the conversion mode, you will need to select the project files. To do this, click the New
Project button and navigate to the folder with the project files collected from the data logger. If you configured
your logger to use Measurand’s recommended storage location, these files should be in the following location,
where [project_name] is the name of your data logger project:

C:Measurand IncSAA3Dlogger_files[project_name]

Once you have navigated to the project folder, select any one of the following project files.

LOGGER_DIAGNOSTICS.dat

PROJECT_INFO.dat

SAA_DIAGNOSTICS.dat

SAA#_DATA.dat

SERIAL_ERRORS.dat
The fields in the SAACR_raw2data Select Raw Data/Info Files for Conversion window will be populated with the
paths to the PROJECT_INFO.dat and any SAA#_DATA.dat files in the project folder.

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Figure 3: Select project files in SAACR_raw2data using the New Project button

If the ShapeArray™ instruments in your data monitoring project are configured as a Superset ShapeArray™ or a
Convergence ShapeArray™, you will also need to specify a site file for the project. This is also required if you are
processing non-ShapeArray™ sensors, such as SAAPZs. This done by clicking the Browse button next to the Site
File field near the bottom of the window.

NOTE: Site files must be specially designed to match the expected ShapeArray™ instrument
configuration (Superset or Convergence). Measurand recommends storing your site file in the
project folder with the raw data files collected from the logger. You can find example site files
that can be modified for your projects in the following folder: C:Measurand IncSample
DataRaw2Datasite_file_examples

Once you have selected your project files and specified any necessary site files, click the OK button in the bottom
right corner of the window to continue.

Configuring ShapeArray™ Settings

If you are performing a Reset conversion, after you select your project files and site file, you will be able to
configure settings related to the ShapeArray™ instruments in your project. For each ShapeArray™ instrument in
the project, you will be able to configure the following options.

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Figure 4: Configure settings for each ShapeArray™ instrument in the project in the Settings window of SAACR_raw2data

Installation - A dropdown box that defines the physical installation orientation of the instrument: Horizontal,
Vertical, or Rail. When Vertical is selected, the instrument is assumed to be vertically installed (within 60
degress of vertical). When Horizontal or Rail is selected, the instrument is assumed to be horizontally
installed (within 30 degrees of horizontal). The Rail option applies special filtering to account for the sensor
noise introduced into the measurements by nearby trains. If a site calibration file was specified for a
instrument installed for convergence monitoring, this column will display XZSect instead of providing a
dropdown box.

Ref=far - SAACR_raw2data requires one end of the ShapeArray™ instrument to be stable and unmoving to use
as a reference point. The Ref=far checkboxes defines the reference end to the far end (tip) of the ShapeArray.

Az. deg - SAACR_raw2data maps raw data into Cartesian XY planes related to the X-mark on the ShapeArray™
instrument. An azimuth offset can be measured from the instrument’s X-mark and entered in the AZ. deg field
to offset the data appropriately.

Adjustment - Clicking on the On/Off button allows you to apply adjustments that were enabled in SAAView or
apply adjustments without first verifying the adjustment in SAAView. If adjustments are enabled, the checkbox
to the left of the On/Off button will be selected, and the enabled adjustments will be applied to the raw data as
they are processed. Please refer to the ADJUSTMENTS Tab section of the SAAView manual for more
information.

StartSeg - The StartSeg field allows you to identify the starting segment from which raw data will be
processed. Segments are numbered starting at 1 at the cable (near) end of the ShapeArray™ instrument.
Defining a number greater than 1 in this field effectively disables a number of segments from the cable (near)
end of the instrument.

EndSeg - The EndSeg field allows you to identify the last segment from which raw data will be processed.

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Segments are numbered starting at 1 at the cable (near) end of the ShapeArray™ instrument. By default, this
field will have the last segment of the ShapeArray™ instrument identified. Defining a number less than the
default value in this field effectively disables a number of segments from the far (tip) end of the instrument.

SlaveSegments - The SlaveSegments field defines a list of segments that will be slaved to an adjacent
segment. Slaved segments will be assigned the tilt of the previous segment in order of calculation. The Edit
Slaved button to select the segments to be slaved.

Configuring Export Settings

Once you have configured settings for each of the ShapeArray™ instruments in your project, you should configure
the export settings for the data. This is done by clicking the Export Format button. Export settings define the
format for the data exported to the plain text file in the project’s DIY folder. There are two sets of options that can
be configured: the types of data and the export file format.

Figure 5: Clicking the Export Format button in SAACR_raw2data opens the Export Settings tab

Data Types
The checkboxes in the Types of Data section define the type of data to be exported to the plain text file in the DIY
folder. The following types of data can be selected for export.

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Figure 6: The Types of Data checkboxes in the Export Settings window

Absolute Shape (Cumulative Deviation) - The absolute shape: XYZ positions of vertices, without any
reference subtracted. Z represents the absolute vertex positions in the vertical dimension. It is not a path
length.

Incremental Deviation - The difference in X and Y position between two ends of each segment, without any
reference subtracted.

Accelerations - The accelerations in segment local XYZ coordinates. Note that here, the third variable is an
acceleration not a distance along the Z axis.

Tilt (Radians) - The tilt in Radians of each individual segment relative to vertical or horizontal depending on
the installation.

Cumulative Displacement - The difference between the cumulative deviations of the current reading and the
first reading in the data set. Each record in the output is the deformation (cumulative displacement) at that
time if the first reading in the data set is used as the baseline.

Incremental Displacement - The difference between the incremental deviations of the current reading and
the first reading in the data set. Each record in the output is the incremental displacement at that time if the
first reading in the data set is used as the baseline.

Curvature - dtheta/ds where dtheta is the change in angle per segment, ds is the segment length.

Bend Radius - The bend radius in meters for each vertex. Bend radius is the radius of the circle formed where
the segments on either side of the vertex are tangential.

Temperature - The temperature in each segment (NaN if no temperature sensor exists in that segment).

DIY Output
The radio buttons in the Export File Format section allow you to configure the formatting of the data within the
plain text file in the DIY folder. The following settings can be made to change the data format.

Figure 7: Export file format settings in the Export Settings window

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ASCII “*.DAT” file - Export a plain text “.dat” file.

MATLAB “*.mat” file - Export a binary “.mat” file.

Metric Units - Export data in Metric units: Millimeter lateral, Meter axial, Degrees Celsius.

Imperial Units - Export data in imperial units: Inches lateral, Feet axial, Degrees Fahrenheit.

allXallYallZ - This affects the ordering of data columns. All X values will be grouped together followed by all Y
values, followed by all Z values: x1, x2, x3, … xn, y1, y2, y3, … yn, z1, z2, z3, … zn

X1, Y1, Z1, X2, Y2, Z2, … - This affects the ordering of data columns. The X, Y, and Z value for each vertex
will be grouped together: x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z3, … xn, yn, zn

All Data - All data for all time will be exported, including any new data. New data is appended to existing data
in the file.

New Data Only - Only new (not exported before) data will be exported. The file in the DIY folder will be
overwritten and newly processed data must be retrieved before the next export.

Chunk the Files - Data files will be limited to 500 frames each. When each chunk file is filled, a new chunk
file will be created. Each nth file will have a “_n” suffix.

Unique Stamped Files - ASCII files will not overwrite existing files and their filenames will include a unique
timestamp.

Seglength/Ref=Far - Adds columns of data consisting of the segment length (mm or ft) and whether the
reference was set to far (0 or 1) to each row of data. These columns appear immediately after the record
number column.

Raw Filenames - Each ASCII filename will include the name of the raw data file associated with that
ShapeArray™ instrument, instead of the serial number for that instrument. If ‘Unique Stamped Files’ is not
selected, the export files can have the same names as the raw data files. They will be in the ‘DIY’ folder.

Use a Header (Mandatory for VDV) - Include a DAT-style header in ASCII “*.dat” files.
If you are using Vista Data Vision (VDV) or GTilt for visualizing your data after it has been converted, you can
select a predefined template using the Use Templates checkbox and the Template dropdown list. The template
selected will ensure you have the proper export settings configured for each of these third-party tools.

Figure 8: Pre-defined settings templates are available for VDV and GTilt

Once you have configured your desired export settings, click the Save button to save your selections.

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Configuring Magnetometers
If your ShapeArray™ instrument has magnetometers, click the Magnetometer button to configure magnetometer
settings. This button will only appear if magnetometers are present. If magnetometers are present and you do not
click this button to configure them, the Magtool will launch automatically on the first conversion of the data.

Figure 9: The Magtool in SAACR_raw2data

Select a quiet time by clicking in the Change in Azimuth per mag graph in the top half of the window. This will
highlight a sample with a vertical line and indicate the data and time of the sample. This process must be repeated
for each ShapeArray™ instrument in the project with magnetometers. Each instrument's magnetometer data will
be presented in its own tab labeled with the instrument's serial number. To cancel your selection, right-click on
the vertical line, and selection Cancel.

Once you have configured the quiet times for each ShapeArray™ instrument with magnetometers, click the Done
button to save the configuration. This will save new roll offsets for the data conversion and will prompt you to re-
run SAACR_raw2data with the new offsets. Click the Yes button to continue.

For more information on using the Magtool to configure magnetometer settings, please refer to the Using the
SAACR_raw2data Magtool guide.

Completing the Conversion

Once the instrument settings, data export settings, and, if required, magnetometer settings have been saved, click
the OK button to perform the data conversion. Once the conversion is complete, a message indicating the
conversion process is done will be displayed in the Progress tab.

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Figure 10: A message in the Progress tab will indicate when the conversion is complete

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Visualizing ShapeArray™ Data

Measurand provides the SAAView application within SAASuite for viewing ShapeArray™ data. SAAView is capable
of displaying many views of the data collected from ShapeArray™ instruments installed in many different
orientations, including horizontal, vertical, and convergence. To view ShapeArray™ data in SAAView, it must first
be processed by the SAACR_raw2data utility.

Figure 1: Measurand's SAAView

Opening Data Files

SAACR_raw2data will generate a multi_saa_allcart.mat file containing the data from the ShapeArray™ instrument
converted to standard engineering units. To open this data file for viewing, click the Open Project button
and navigate to the multi_saa_allcart.mat file in your project folder, and click the Open button.

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Figure 2: Opening a multi_saa_allcart.mat data file in SAAView

Viewing Data
When you first open the multi_saa_allcart.mat file, you will be presented with two previews of the deformation
data from the ShapeArray™ instrument, as shown in Figure 1 above: an unfiltered view of the data and a filtered
view of the data. You can see a more detailed view of the data by clicking on the View Unfiltered or View
Filtered buttons. Clicking on either of these buttons will open the respective Data View window where the data
can be manipulated and viewed in more detail.

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Figure 3: The Data View window in SAAView: (A) X axis data, (B) Y axis data, (C) X vs. Y @ Selected Elevations, and (D)Variables vs. T @
Selected Vertex Elevations

In the Data View windows, data from the ShapeArray™ instrument is primarily presented in four separate graphs:

X axis data - Graphs X-axis data for the selected view of data (Figure 3.A)

Y axis data - Graphs Y-axis data for the selected view of the data (Figure 3.B)

X vs. Y @ Selected Elevations - Graphs data for the selected vertices in an XY plane (Figure 3.C)

Variables vs. T @ Selected Vertex Elevations - Graphs the changes in X and Y data over time (Figure 3.D)
The data displayed in these graphs changes based on the visualization selected for the data from the View menu.
Cumulative Displacement is the default visualization shown when you first open the Data View window. The
following visualizations for the data can be selected from the View menu.

Cumulative Displacement - Cumulative Displacement is also referred to as Deformation. Displacement is

calculated from the difference between a vertex’s initial deviation in a baseline reading and the deviation at
the time of the new reading. Cumulative displacement is the sum of all displacements of all segments from the
zero position to the current elevation. This X and Y graphs shows the distance each vertex has moved from the
baseline position.

Absolute Shape (Cumulative Deviation) - Cumulative Deviation is also known as Absolute Shape.
Cumulative Deviation is the sum of all deviations of all segments from the zero position to the current
elevation. This effectively provides you with a view of the ShapeArray™ instrument’s shape within the
borehole.

Incremental Deviation - Each vertex’s deviation is a plot point on the X and Y graphs. This shows the
distance from an absolutely vertical position to the segment’s top vertex at each elevation.

Magnitude - The magnitude of deformation, regardless of direction, is plotted in the X graph.

Incremental Displacement - Displacement is calculated from the difference between a vertex’s initial

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deviation in a baseline reading and the deviation at the time of the new reading. The X and Y graphs shows the
displacement of each vertex.

Temperature - The temperature measured at each temperature sensor.

Working with Data

When you are viewing data in the Unfiltered or Filtered Data View windows, you can affect how the data is
displayed in the X vs. Y at Selected Elevations and the Variables vs. T at Selected Vertex Elevations graphs. Data
displayed in these graphs are controlled by the elevations selected in the X and Y graphs by dragging the dotted
yellow lines from the top and bottom of the Y and Y graphs to desired elevations. The dotted yellow line will snap
to the nearest vertex when you release it.

Figure 4: The dotted yellow lines in the X and Y data graphs are used to select elevations of interests

Right-clicking on the dotted yellow lines in the X and Y graphs will provide options for limiting the view limits of
the data, changing the reference vertex, or placing user lines along the sides of the graphs. More information
about the context menu options is available in the SAAView Manual.

Two dotted yellow lines also appear at each end of the Variables vs. T at Selected Vertex Elevations graph. These
lines can be used to highlight two specific samples in the X and Y graphs. Right clicking on the dotted yellow lines
will present options for limiting the data displayed to a specific range (Time Subset), adding polynomial fit lines to
the graph, or configure sparse settings. More information about the context menu options is available in the
SAAView Manual.

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Figure 5: The dotted yellow lines in the Variables vs. T @ Selected Vertex Elevations graph are used to highlight specific data samples,
select time subsets, and configure sparse settings

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Installing SAAV Extend

Measurand's SAAV Extend allows for continuous deformation monitoring during the raising of tailings dams. It
utilizes an initial SAAV Extend base array and top assembly, plus additional SAAV Extend lift extension segments
to extend the casing as required.

Figure 1: Typical SAAV Extend Installation Steps

The main consideration for extending the casing is ensuring that there is sufficient casing stickup to allow access
to the top assembly connection during future dam lift operations. If the required casing stickup is not maintained,
manual excavation or ShapeArray™ instrument reinstallation may be required. The required casing stickup can
be reduced by minimizing the length of fiberglass extension used.

Installation of SAAV Extend Base Array

The initial SAAV Extend base array is installed using the standard SAAV with Springbox installation method. It is
not required to record the fiberglass extension cut length as this can be read off the scale on the side of the
extension tube.

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As an initial step, it’s important to plan the casing and ShapeArray™ instrument lengths to obtain a minimum
casing stickup of between 1m to 1.5m. You should allow for SAAV cyclical installation compression of
approximately 0.8% into an 85 mm casing and 0.5% into a 70 mm casing.

To begin, measure the depth from the bottom of the casing to the top lip to get the total casing length (TCL).
Measure the casing stickup amount from the ground surface to the top lip of the casing and subtract this value
from the TCL to get the “In Ground Casing Length”. Multiply the In Ground Casing Length by the cyclical
compression factor (1.008 or 1.005, depending on the casing size) and add 0.5 m. Round this amount up to the
nearest 0.5 m. This is the SAAV Extend “sensorized length.” The added 0.5 m will ensure that the connector is
accessible above ground and allow room for a casing repair coupling when it is time to do a dam lift, adding more
SAAV Extend segments.

Sensorized length = (TCL - casing stickup amount) * 1.008 (for a 85 mm casing) + 0.5

Sensorized length = (TCL - casing stickup amount) * 1.005 (for a 70 mm casing) + 0.5

NOTE: When ordering an SAAV Extend for a new borehole, the sensorized length will be based
on your planned “In Ground Casing Length,” measured from bottom of casing to ground
surface. Install the casing to the planned depth with a minimum 0.5 m stickup. Allow the grout
to set. Verify the measurements before installing.

Plan to add more casing after the SAAV Extend base array is inserted and pumped to make up a full 1 m to 1.5 m
stickup. To add casing you will need a casing repair kit, as per the casing manufacturer's recommendations.

NOTE: If casing is too shallow for the purchased SAAV Extend the casing can be extended and
a berm installed to access the top of the new casing. If there is a Silent Segment assembly on
the SAAV Extend far end there would be opportunity to shorten this. Conversely, if the casing is
too deep a Silent Segment assembly can be added to the bottom of the SAAV Extend.

Performing a SAAV Extend Lift Operation

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Figure 2: SAAV Extend Diagram, showing casing lengths

WARNING: Care should be taken throughout the lift process to avoid disturbing the SAAV
Extend base array already installed in the casing as much as possible. While it will not be
completely possible to avoid moving the already installed array, preventing large disturbances
will improve the results of the monitoring after each lift.

Step 1: Remove Casing Cap

Remove the casing cap lid, then loosen the cable gland. Release the compression bolt and remove the casing cap
screws. Lift off the casing cap and put it aside. Observe and record the Fiberglass Cut Length (FCL) using the
scale marked on the fiberglass tube.

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Figure 3: Removal of the Casing Cap

Step 2: Calculate Casing Cut Length (CCL) and Remove

Calculate the Casing Cut Length (CCL = FCL + 670 mm) and measure the CCL from top lip of the casing
downward, marking the cut location. Cut, using a cutting wheel type pipe cutter. Lift off cut casing to expose the
connection between the top assembly and the base array (or top of last lift assembly). Avoid pulling or twisting on
the installed segments or electrical cable.

NOTE: If FCL is greater than 150 mm there is opportunity to shorten it to reduce the final
stickup.

Figure 4: Calculating and Cutting the CCL

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Step 3: Disconnect Top Assembly

Have an assistant support the top assembly. Disconnect the top assembly by holding the lower connector steady,
preventing twisting of the installed segments, and unscrew the brass nut. Place caps on lower section connector
and top assembly connector to protect from debris.

Figure 5: Disconnecting the Top Assembly

Step 4: Install Casing Repair Kit

Install a Casing Repair kit using the Casing Alignment Tool to ensure the orientation grooves are aligned. Allow
the cement to cure and remove the alignment tool.

Figure 6: Installation of Casing Repair Kit

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Step 5: Measure and Cut Casing Extension Length (CEL)

Prepare a length of casing to add on. Cut a length of casing to the Casing Extension Length (CEL), which is
calculated using the following formula:

CEL = CCL (from Step 2) - 152 mm (length of the repair kit) + lift extension length

Measure and cut casing to the CEL, excluding the reduced diameter portion on the lower end of the casing in the
measurement.

Step 6: Connect Lift and Top Assemblies

Add a fresh fiberglass extension tube onto the Top Assembly.

Connect the Lift Assembly to the Top Assembly and feed into the top of the casing extension, exposing the
connector through the bottom end.

Figure 7: Connection of Lift and Top Assembly

Remove the connector caps, align the X-Markings and connect the extended top section to the installed section,
taking care not to disturb the installed section. Hold the lower connector steady and screw on the brass nut.

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Figure 8: Connection of Top Extend Section to Installed Section

Step 7: Install the Extend Casing and Complete Extension

Install the extend casing into the pre-installed Casing Repair kit.

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Figure 9: Installing Casing Extension

Carefully complete the dam lift/backfill. Once the dam lift operation at the casing is complete, reinstall the Casing
Cap (inspect bronze compression screw and replace it if worn).

Follow the normal Casing Cap procedure but do not perform the pumping operation. If an azimuth offset was
previously measured, check the azimuth offset using the X-mart protractor and compare the value to the last
installation. If necessary, make small azimuth adjustment to prevent the azimuth drifting over the life of the dam.

WARNING: At this point, you must connect a computer running Measurand's SAARecorder
software to the extended ShapeArray™ instrument in order to generate a new calibration file
and site file. These files will be required for properly recording and converting data from the
extended array. This process is described in more detail in step 5 of the Collecting SAAV Extend
Data section of the manual.

Figure 10: Replacing the Casing Cap

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Collecting SAAV Extend Data

Measurand’s SAAV Extend is a unique type of SAAV that can be lengthened in the field by adding segments to the
top of a base array as required to extend the sensorized length. This primarily facilitates monitoring dams and
other structures that will be raised or extended repeatedly over the lifetime of the monitoring program.

Due to the unique extendable nature of the SAAV Extend, the collection and conversion of raw readings is slightly
different from traditional Measurand ShapeArray™ instruments. In general, a base SAAV extend is installed and
monitored in the same manner as a regular SAAV. As each new sensorized extension is added to the base array, it
is treated as a new separate instrument for the purpose of monitoring and recording data. However, displacement
observed at each stage of extension can be added to the current displacement results as an offset to provide an
accurate historical picture of the instrument’s movement throughout the installation.

The following set of steps outlines the general process for collecting and converting SAAV Extend data.

Figure 1. An outline of collecting and converting data from SAAV Extend

1. Install base array.

2. Create logger program.

3. Collect and convert data.

4. Add extension to the base array.

5. Generate new calibration files.

6. Generate new logger program.

7. Collect and convert data.

Each of these steps is described in more detail in the sections below.

1. Install base array

The first step in working with SAAV Extend is to physically install the base array. This is described in more detail
in the Installation of SAAV Extend Base Array section of the manual. This process follows the same procedures
described in the Installing SAAV Extend and Installing SAAV Into an Existing Inclinometer Casing sections of the
manual.

2. Create logger program

After installing the base array, a logger program must be created with the File Generator application in
Measurand’s SAASuite in the same manner as any other vertically installed ShapeArray™ instrument. This is

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described in more detail in the Generating CR Logger Programs section of the manual.

3. Collect and convert data

Once you have collected raw data from the data logger, it must be converted into Cartesian Engineering Units
using the Raw2Data conversion software. The initial conversion of the base array data is handled the same as any
other vertical ShapeArray™ instrument and is described in more detail in the Converting SAAV Data section of the
manual.

NOTE: Measurand highly recommends keeping the table names from the data logger in the
filenames of the files collected to the project folder (e.g. SAA1_DATA). As extensions are added
to the SAAV Extend, the name of the data table containing the raw readings will change
appropriately (e.g. SAA1_DATA_EXTEND1). Retaining these table names in the filenames will
make identifying data from each era of monitoring much easier.

NOTE: Measurand recommends selecting the Raw Filenames option in the DIY Output
section of the Export Settings. By default, exported DIY output files will be named based on
the serial number of the topmost segment of the ShapeArray™ instrument. As the topmost
segment will change as extensions are added to the SAAV Extend, this serial number will also
change. Selecting the Raw Filenames option will change the DIY output filenames to match
the names of the raw data files, which, if the default naming scheme is maintained, will make it
easier to identify the output data from each extension of the base ShapeArray™ instrument (e.g.
SAA1_DATA for the base array, SAA1_DATA_EXTEND1 for the first extension,
SAA1_DATA_EXTEND2 for the second extension, etc).

4. Add extension to the base array

When it comes time to lengthen the base SAAV, you can add sensorized extensions. Details for physically
extending the base array are provided in the Performing a SAAV Extend Lift Operation section of the manual.

5. Generate new calibration files

Once an extension has been added to the SAAV Extend base array, a new calibration file and site file must be
generated to facilitate the collection and conversion of data from the newly combined segments. These files will be
built by combining information from the calibration file for the base array and the separate calibration files for any
attached extensions.

WARNING: Before connecting to the ShapeArray™ instrument to generate the required

calibration file and site file, you must ensure you have downloaded the latest set of calibration
files for the base array and any attached extensions to the computer. This can be accomplished
using the Get Calibration Files option in SAASuite while your computer is connected to the
Internet.

To generate the new calibration and site files, you must first physically connect a computer running the
SAARecorder software to the ShapeArray™ instrument using one of the following interfaces.

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SAA232-PC cable and an SAA232

SAA232-PC cable and an SAA232-5

SAA Field Power Unit (SAAFPU)

Portable Diagnostics Unit (PDU)

SAAUSB

Once connected, start SAARecorder from SAASuite by clicking on the Manual Data Collection button and then
the Connect SAA button.

Figure 2. Launch SAARecorder from SAASuite

When the connect screen appears, SAARecorder will attempt to communicate with any connected ShapeArray™
instruments. When it detects that an extended ShapeArray™ instrument is connected and no combined calibration
file already exists for that array, it will prompt you to create and save a new calibration file and site file. Click on
the Continue button.

Figure 3. New extension detected

By default, a new calibration file for the SAAV Extend base array and any connected extensions will be saved in
the C:Measurand IncSAARecorderCalibrationsArrays folder. A site calibration file defining the serial numbers of
all parts of the complete SAAV Extend array, and the order in which they are physically connected, will also be
generated. You must select a location to save these files as they will be required to generate a new logger
program to monitor the extended array. The site file created can also be used to rebuild the combined calibration

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file in the event it is lost.

Click on the Browse button next to the Folder field to select a location to save the site calibration file. Measurand
recommends saving this file to the project folder where raw data files from the SAAV Extend were previously
saved and converted. Once you have selected the folder and filename for the site file, click on the Save button.

Figure 4. Select a location to save the new combined calibration file and the site file

NOTE: Measurand recommends using the default name for the site file so that it is easily
identifiable. By default, this file will have the prefix SAAVExtendsite and will contain the serial
number of the base array.

Clicking the Save button will save two new files in the selected location: a site file with the filename specified and
a combined calibration file for the extended array.

Figure 5. Combined calibration file and site file saved to the project folder

The combined calibration file’s filename will have the following format.

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SAALift_[serial_number]_[number_segments]_[segment_length]

SAALift_: The SAALift prefix identifies the calibration file as one for an SAAV Extend with at least one
extension installed onto the base array.

[serial_number]: The serial number of the new top segment of the SAAV Extend after the extension has been
added

[number_segments]: The total number of segments in the extended array

[segment_length]: The length of the segments in the array measured in millimetres

WARNING: Care must be taken to preserve the combined calibration file and the site file.
These files are integral to properly converting the raw data collected from the extended
ShapeArray™ instrument.

6. Generate new logger program

Once the combined calibration file and site file have been created, a new logger program must be created with
File Generator to properly record data from the extended ShapeArray™ instrument. Begin by opening the
previously generated program with the Open File button. This will pre-populate many of the fields in the File
Generator interface.

Update the Project Title, Number of Preliminary Samples, and Reading Interval fields as desired. Click on
the SAAV Extend checkbox and the Select button. Navigate to and select the site file created in the previous step
and click on the Open button.

Figure 6. Generate a new program by specifying the newly created site file

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This will automatically update the serial number of the SAAV Extend array in the project with the serial number of
the new topmost segment in the extended array based on the order specified in the site file.

Click on the Generate File button and select a location and filename for the new program before clicking the
Save button.

Upload the new program to your data logger to record data from the newly extended ShapeArray™ instrument.

7. Collect and convert data

After some data has been recorded with the new data logger program, it should be collected from the data logger
into the same project folder where the data from the original base array was collected. The data file names for the
diagnostic tables (SAA_DIAGNOSTICS, LOGGER_DIAGNOSTICS, and SERIAL_ERRORS) should not be changed so
that newly collected readings can be appended to these files.

However, the data table containing raw readings from the extended ShapeArray™ instrument must have a
different filename than the raw data file collected for the base array or any other previous extensions. Ideally the
files containing raw readings from the array would follow the default table naming scheme produced by the File
Generator program for each extension added to the base array (e.g. SAA1_DATA for the base array,
SAA1_DATA_EXTEND1 for the first extension, SAA1_DATA_EXTEND2 for the second extension, etc).

Once new data has been collected to the project folder from the extended array, it must be converted with the
Raw2Data software using a Reset conversion. Open Raw2Data from SAASuite by clicking on the Data Conversion
button. When prompted, select the Reset conversion option. On the Select tab, click on the New Project button,
navigate to the existing project folder, and click the Open button. Raw2Data will scan the folder for new files and
when it detects the new raw data files for the extended array, it will prompt you to add them to the project. Click
the Yes button to add them.

Figure 7. Click Yes to add the new SAAV Extend data files to the project

Once the new data files have been added to the project, they should appear in the listing of files in the Select tab.
You must also specify the SAAV Extend site file that was generated in step 5 above. Click on the Browse button
next to the Site File field near the bottom of the window and select the SAAV Extend site file.

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Figure 8. You must specify the site file when converting data collected after a lift

Click on the OK button to continue. When you reach the Settings tab, you will see multiple ShapeArray™
instruments listed. One represents the data collected from the base array and the others represent data collected
after each extension of that base array. The serial numbers listed represent the serial numbers of the base array
or the topmost segment of the array after each extension was added.

Figure 9. The SAAV Extend base array and each extended data set wil appear as separate entries on the Settings tab

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Care should be taken to ensure that the adjustments applied to data sets collected from extended ShapeArray™
instruments match with the adjustments applied to the base array in the first Reset conversion. By default,
Raw2Data will automatically apply the Cyclical adjustment to the base array in the first Reset conversion;
however, it will not automatically apply any adjustments in subsequent Reset conversions. You will need to
manually enable the Cyclical adjustment on the extended arrays if this adjustment was applied to the base array’s
data.

NOTE: Measurand recommends selecting the Raw Filenames option in the DIY Output
section of the Export Settings. By default, exported DIY output files will be named based on
the serial number of the topmost segment of the ShapeArray™ instrument. As the topmost
segment will change as extensions are added to the SAAV Extend, this serial number will also
change. Selecting the Raw Filenames option will change the DIY output filenames to match
the names of the raw data files, which, if the default naming scheme is maintained, will make it
easier to identify the output data from each extension of the base ShapeArray™ instrument (e.g.
SAA1_DATA for the base array, SAA1_DATA_EXTEND1 for the first extension,
SAA1_DATA_EXTEND2 for the second extension, etc).

Figure 10. Measurand recommends using the Raw Filenames DIY output option

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Viewing SAAV Extend Data

As with any converted ShapeArray™ data, converted SAAV Extend data will be produced in two specific formats
from the Raw2Data program:

1. A multi_saa_allcart.mat file that can be opened and viewed in our ShapeArray™ Data Viewer software

2. DIY export data in the form of plaintext, comma delimited .DAT files with units selected for export during the
Reset conversion

Viewing SAAV Extend Data in ShapeArray™

Data Viewer
To open SAAV Extend data in the ShapeArray™ Data Viewer, launch the software from SAASuite, click the Open
Project button, and select the multi_saa_allcart.mat file in the project folder. This will open a preview of the
unfiltered and filtered data.

Each set of data collected after a lift has been added to an SAAV Extend will appear as a separate entry in the
listing of the arrays in the project. Data sets associated with an extended SAAV will be grouped together by the
base array’s serial number. The base array will be listed at the top and each extension to the array will be listed
listed beneath it in the order in which extensions were added. The orientation of the installation and number of
segments of the array will be displayed after the base array’s serial number. Data from a lifted array will be
identified with the number of extensions that have been added.

Figure 1. Data from the extended base array appears as a separate entry in the list

A detailed visualization of each data set can be opened by selecting one of the options in the array list and clicking
the View Unfiltered or View Filtered buttons. If a lifted SAAV Extend data set is selected, the Lift Offset
checkbox from the ADJUSTMENTS tab can be selected to apply an offset to the data equal to the displacement
observed in data sets recorded before the selected data set.

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Figure 2. The Lift Offset adjustment will apply the deformation measured by the base array and any previous lifts to the current set of
data

Working with SAAV Extend DIY Export Data

The conversion process for SAAV Extend data will also produce DIY export data. DIY export data comes in the
form of plaintext, comma delimited .DAT files. These files will contain data based on the selections made in the
Exports tab in Raw2Data after clicking the Export Settings button.

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Figure 3. Export Settings control the contents of the DIY output file

NOTE: Measurand recommends selecting the Raw Filenames option in the DIY Output
section of the Export Settings. By default, exported DIY output files will be named based on
the serial number of the topmost segment of the ShapeArray™ instrument. As the topmost
segment will change as extensions are added to the SAAV Extend, this serial number will also
change. Selecting the Raw Filenames option will change the DIY output filenames to match
the names of the raw data files, which, if the default naming scheme is maintained, will make it
easier to identify the output data from each extension of the base instrument (e.g. SAA1_DATA
for the base array, SAA1_DATA_EXTEND1 for the first extension, SAA1_DATA_EXTEND2 for the
second extension, etc).

DIY output files will be created in the DIY subfolder in the project folder for each set of data collected throughout
the lifetime of the SAAV Extend. This means a file will exist for each set of raw data collected after each extension
has been added to the base array. Each of these data sets are independent of the others. To track total
displacement over the lifetime of the installation, Measurand recommends calculating the total displacement
measured at the end of each separate data set and then applying those displacement values as offsets to each
subsequent set.

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Troubleshooting ShapeArray™
Instruments
Several of the most common
ShapeArray™ instrument troubleshooting
questions and their recommended
solutions are listed below. For more
information,
visit Measurand's Support website, where
there are five sets of frequently asked
questions to help solve common issues
relating to ShapeArray™ installation and
usage.

1. How do I download and install Measurand

Software?
You first need to download SAASuite. To
do this, navigate to the following URL:

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http://measurand.ftpstream.com/?lid=nt
7t2o2c

Click on the
Measurand.Software.Installer_ver####.
##.exe link and select a location to save
the installer file. Click the Save
button. Once downloaded, run the
Measurand.Software.Installer_ver####.
##.exe file. Click through the installation
wizard to install SAASuite. Measurand
recommends installing to the following
default location: C:Measurand
IncSAASuite.

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Figure 1: After you agree to the licensing

agreement, you can select which components to
install

NOTE: It is very important that

SAASuite and its installed
applications have read and write
access to the folder in which they
are installed.
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After SAASuite is installed, you need to

use it to download the calibrations files
for your ShapeArray™ instruments. Start
SAASuite by double-clicking on the
shortcut on the desktop or the
SAASuite.exe file in the installation
folder.

Figure 2: First launch of SAASuite - Click OK to

close dialog and then click Get Calibration Files

Click the Get Calibration Files menu

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option, as shown in the figure above.

This will open the Calibration Files
window, as shown in the figure below. In
this window, enter the serial number for
your ShapeArray™ instrument into the
Serial Number field and click on the
Get button. Repeat this for each
ShapeArray™ instrument you will be
working with in the software.
Alternatively, click on the Get All
Calibration Files button to download
and install calibration files for all
ShapeArray™ instruments.

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Figure 3: Enter a serial number and click the Get

button or click the Get all Calibration Files
button

After the applications and calibration

files have been downloaded and
installed, you can close the Calibration
Files window by clicking the
Close button.

2. How do I verify that the logger is hooked up

correctly?
First, ensure there are no loose wires and

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that all components are hooked up

according to the appropriate wiring
diagram.

A logger program generated by the

SAACR_FileGenerator (accessed by
clicking on the Configure Logger
Program button in SAASuite) utility
is configured by default to collect 5
preliminary samples as quickly as
possible, immediately after powering up.
Once the initial 5 samples have been
collected, the program is configured to
collect data at the regular defined
sampling interval. If just one
ShapeArray™ instrument is being used,
by cycling power to your logger you
should be able to get those 5 samples in

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5 minutes or less, assuming everything is

hooked up and functioning properly. If
multiple ShapeArray™ instruments are
being monitored, Measurand's SAA232-5
will collect a single sample one
instrument at a time before cycling back
to the first instrument to take the next
sample. A reading from an individual
ShapeArray™ instrument will typically
require 30 seconds or less, depending on
length. If sampling from each instrument
takes longer than 30 seconds, it is
possible that there is a communication
issue between the logger and the
instrument.

A PC running LoggerNet can be used with

a direct cable connection to the logger to

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download the data and check that there

are no communication errors (look at
the SERIAL_ERRORS.dat files section in
SAACR_raw2data) and that the data in
the SAA_DATA.dat files Section is within
normal limits.

3. How do I verify that the logger is collecting

valid data?
Method 1: Use SAACR_DataChecker

SAACR_DataChecker (accessed through

the Advanced -> Check Logger Data
menu option in SAASuite) provides color-
coded graphs of ShapeArray™ data
versus time, which allows you to verify
the dataset and see where any data
anomalies might have occurred during
recording.

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Open the file(s) using

SAACR_DataChecker. Click on the Open
Data File(s) button one or more
SAA#_DATA.dat files and click
the Open button.

Figure 7: The SAACR_DataChecker window.

Examine the raw data counts and verify

that they are between 10000 and 60000.
Each reading is presented as a coloured
block matching the legend shown in the
right side of the window. Any black
blocks within the graph represent a
reading outside of the valid range for

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data counts, which indicates that the

ShapeArray™ instrument could not be
reached for a given sample (i.e. a
communications problem) or that some
damage has occurred to the instrument.

Figure 8: A raw ShapeArray™ data file. Note the

grey and black vertical bars, which
indicate missing or bad readings.

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Click on the Filter button in the Main

Viewing window. To apply the same
filtering settings to all ShapeArray™ data
files that are currently opened, check the
Apply filtering changes to all SAA /
files checkbox at the top of the Filter
Data window. Click the Remove Bad /
Invalid Data button to remove any data
samples that contain raw accelerometer
outputs that are less than 10000 counts
or greater than 60000. Alternatively,
click the Choose Selected Data button
to manually select which samples to
include or exclude from the dataset.
Method 2: Review Diagnostic Files

In the SAA_DIAGNOSTIC.dat file, which

contains voltage and temperature data,

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it is important to note any unusual spikes

and dips in the values. A good way of
reviewing this data is with View Pro in
Campbell Scientific’s LoggerNet. This
application will allow you to graph the
data values and easily identify any
unusual readings. If you find that unusual
readings exist for voltage and
temperatures, then the ShapeArray™
data recorded at those times may need
to be removed from the data files using a
text editor like Notepad before the
conversion process.

The SERIAL_ERRORS.dat File is created

during the communication process
between the logger and the
ShapeArray™ instruments, even if there

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are no errors. Looking at the table below,

row 1 is information about the CS Data
Logger:
Column Description

1 Time Stamp

2 Record Number

3 Serial Number (1,1)

4 Serial Number (2,1)

5 Serial Number (3,1)

6 Number of CRC Errors (1)

7 Number of CRC Errors (2)

8 Number of CRC Errors (3)

9 Number of COM Errors (1)

10 Number of COM Errors (2)

11 Number of COM Errors (3)

Row 2 to 4 are column titles for the data

that follows. Column 1 is the timestamp,
column 2 is the record number
(sequential), the columns after that are
the serial numbers (one column per
serial number), and the following
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columns are for the error counts (one

CRC and COM column per serial number).

If there are numbers other than zero in

any of these columns, there was an error
in communication. The CRC Error
column(s) counts packet errors
(determined using an 8 bit sum of all
data bytes) and COM Error column(s)
counts communication errors.
Communication errors occur when not
enough or no bytes are received.

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If errors occur, then the first step is to

double check all connections and power
sources. Ensure enough power is getting
to the ShapeArray™ instruments, any
other sensors, and the data logger and
that all connections are secure and dry.
Once this is complete, the logger should
be run again. If there are still errors in
the “XX_SAAn_DATA.dat” file then
contact Measurand for assistance.
Method 3: Use ShapeArray™ Viewer (SAAView) to
Examine Total Accelerations

In the ShapeArray™ Viewer (accessed by

clicking the ShapeArray Data Viewer
button in SAASuite), click on View |
Advanced | AccelTotal to see a graph
of the total acceleration for each
ShapeArray™ segment. Each value
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should be close to 1.0 G. If the graph

shows a reading outside of 0.99 to 1.01
G, it is possible that one or more
accelerometer outputs of that segment
have been compromised.

If a segment has a bad total acceleration,

like in the figure below, it cannot be
relied upon for measurements. When
only a single segment is affected and is
known to be within a stable zone, it is
often desirable to straighten or slave the
segment so that it uses the tilt of the
preceding segment (closer to the
reference end) in calculating the
instrument's shape.

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Figure 9: An example of a segment with a bad

total acceleration.

If a number of segments have bad total

acceleration, or if the effected
segment(s) are in a known deformation
zone, it might be preferable to have the

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ShapeArray™ instrument repaired or

replaced. Please contact Measurand or
your local Measurand distributor to
arrange a repair or replacement.

4. How do I diagnose an unresponsive

ShapeArray™ instrument for cable damage?

One of the most common causes of

communication problems with
ShapeArray™ instruments is damage to
the cabling. To diagnose cable damage,
you want to determine if there is a short
or an open between the various wire
pairs within the cabling. Disconnect the
instrument’s cable from the Measurand
interface or data logger and use an
ohmmeter to check the resistance
between the wire pairs as described in
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the table below.

Pin Pairing on 4-Pin Circular
Wire Pairing 5-pin Phoenix Terminal Block
Connector

Black to White Ground to 1

Black to Blue Ground to 2

Black to Red Ground to 3

Black to Shield Not Applicable

Since ShapeArray™ instruments contain

semiconductors, different resistance
results can be produced with different
ohmmeters. When checking the
resistances between wire pairs, you are
looking for a short or an open. These
would correspond to 0 or infinite
resistance if the wires did not have some
impedance, and if measuring tools were
able to read an infinite amount of
impedance.

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NOTE: Because the instruments

used to measure the resistance
are not capable of capturing
infinite impedance, most use the
term of Over Limit (OL) to
represent an open. Similarly, any
readings lower than 1 Ohm
typically indicates a short.
Measurand recommends
consulting your ohmmeter manual
for more information on how over
limit resistances are reported.

If you get the same a resistance value for

any two readings, it can indicate a short
between those two specific wires. The
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resistance between those wires should

then be checked to rule out a short. For
example, if you see the same resistance
between black to blue and black to
white, check the resistance between blue
to white.

If a failure is found with the 4-pin round

connector, inspect the wiring inside the
connector to make sure that no wires
have been broken or have come loose
from the connector.

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Maximum Cable Lengths for SAAV

SAAV500-001
The maximum cable lengths for SAAV500-001 and SAA232 at 16.5 V are given in the table below.
Contact Measurand for maximum cable lengths for SAAV500-001 lengths greater than 100 m.

Measurand Cable: SKUCABU18 (standard) with Measurand Cable: SKUCABU14 (special order)
500 mm Segments with 500 mm Segments

SAAV500-001 m Max Cable Length m SAAV500-001 m Max Cable Length m

12 1200 12 1200

16 1200 16 1200

20 1200 20 1200

24 1200 24 1200

28 1200 28 1200

32 1200 32 1200

36 1114 36 1200

40 1015 40 1200

44 932 44 1200

48 862 48 1200

52 802 52 1200

56 749 56 1200

60 703 60 1200

64 662 64 1200

68 626 68 1200

72 594 72 1200

76 564 76 1200

80 537 80 1200

84 504 84 1200

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88 473 88 1200

92 444 92 1138

96 418 96 1070

100 393 100 1006

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Wiring Diagrams

ShapeArray™ Data Acquisition Systems (DAS)

Below are example wiring diagrams for three types of ShapeArray™ data acquisition systems as recommended
by Measurand. Please note the wiring and equipment shown in these diagrams are examples only, as a data
acquisition system can appear in many different configurations. Each diagram can be clicked on for a larger view.

Figure 1: DAS-5 with CR800

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Figure 2: DAS-1 with CR300

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Figure 3: Mains DAS with CR300

Figure 4: DAS-RSTAR with CR800

Wiring for a 4-pin Circular Connector

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Figure 5: A 4-Pin Circular Connector

Figure 6: Wiring for a 4-Pin Circular Connector

Wiring for a 5-pin Terminal Block

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Figure 7: A 5-Pin Terminal Block Connector

Figure 8: Wiring for a 5-Pin Terminal Block Connector

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Wiring for an SAA232

Figure 9: An SAA232

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Figure 10: Standard Wiring for an SAA232

Figure 11: SAA232 wired to an SAA and PC through an SAA232-USB cable

Wiring for an SAA232-5

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Figure 12: An SAA232-5

Figure 13: Standard Wiring for an SAA232-5

Wiring for an SAAUSB

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Figure 14: SAAUSB Model 2

Figure 15: SAAUSB Wiring

Wiring for an SAA Field Power Unit

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Figure 16: An SAA Field Power Unit (SAAFPU) Model 4

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Figure 17: Model 004 SAA Field Power Unit Interface. (A) 4-pin circular connector wiring design, N.B. The physical connector is external
(not shown here) located on the left side of the SAAFPU, (B) 5-pin terminal block, (C) Battery charge level meter, (D) Auxiliary 4-pin
terminal block

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Sample Calculations for Pipe Deflection

in Horizontal Installations
The PVC conduit used in ShapeArray™ instrument installations are flexible pipes. When they are subjected to the
loads from soil and traffic above them, they flex. The top of the pipe will move down and the sides will bulge out in
response to the load. When the PVC is buried, the soil will provide some resistance against the deflection. The
resistance depends on soil stiffness of the material surrounding the PVC conduit. An in depth discussion
describing pipe deflection and maximum burial depth can be found in the Technical Bulletin on Depth of Burial for
PVC Pipe by JM Eagle. The technical document gives one example for shallow burial with highway traffic loading,
and one for deep burial. The example provided below is for shallow burial with very high live loads, as can be
found for mining sites. If you have any questions regarding calculating pipe deflection, please contact Measurand.

NOTE: The sample calculations given below are provided only as an example of how to
determine the pipe size, and burial required. This exercise should be done using the appropriate
values for your specific site. Minimum acceptable pipe size (after deflection) is 25 mm ID.
Maximum pipe deflection is recommended at 5% +/- 1%.

Problem:
I want to measure road deflection for a mine haul road using ShapeArray™ instruments. Can a ShapeArray™
instrument be used and what is the minimum depth of burial?

The truck used on site is a CAT 797F mining truck. This vehicle has the following properties:

Two axle truck with 2 front tires, 4 back tires

(Loaded truck carries 33% weight in front and 67% weight in back)

Tire pressure is 600 kPa, but can spike to 900 kPa (131 psi)

Assume same pressure in all tires

Tire footprint: 1.68 sq. m

Load per tire = 93 mt

Tire width = 1.4 m = 55.1 in.

Assume surface course for mine road is made crushed rock compacted to >95% of Proctor

E’=20685 kPa = 3000 psi

Use Modified Iowa Equation to select pipe. We want the conduit to carry the load so that the instrument is safe.
Since this is a large tire load, try using Schedule 80. Modified Iowa Equation is given below:

% Deflection= 0.1(LL+DL)100/(0.149(PS)+0.061E')

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Where:

LL = Live load from tires (psi)

DL = Dead load from soil (psi)
PS = Pipe stiffness (psi)
E’ = Modulus of soil reaction (psi)

Option 1:
Assume 1.5” Schedule 80 PVC electrical conduit: (from manufacturer specifications)

OD = 48.3 mm = 1.9 in.

ID = 37.5 mm = 1.48 in.
Pipe stiffness = 20070 kPa = 2911 psi
Acceptable deflection = 5%

Assume ShapeArray™ conduit is within the surface course (i.e. max depth corresponds with top of base course),
and maximum live load (LL) is combination of 2 back tires at the top of base course. If the conduit is located
buried 1 m below the surface, the dead load (DL) is approximately 3 psi:

% Deflection=(0.1 (131×2+3)100)/(0.149(2911)+0.061(3000))=4.3%±1%

Max deflection is 5.3% which is slightly more than 5% recommended for electrical conduit, but ok. Deflection in
mm = 2.6 mm, hence does not impact a ShapeArray™ instrument.

Option 2:
Assume 1.25” Schedule 80, and the same live load and dead load as above:

OD = 42.2 mm = 1.67 in.

ID = 32.5 mm = 1.28 in.
PS = 27096 kPa = 3930 psi

% Deflection=(0.1 (131×2+3)100)/(0.149(3930)+0.061(3000))=3.4%±1%

Max deflection = 4.4% < 5%, deflection = 1.9 mm, does not impact a ShapeArray™ instrument.

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Reel Dimensions
Measurand ShapeArray™ instruments are shipped on specially designed wooden reels from the factory. The
instrument should always be placed on the reel when not installed for monitoring purposes. Should the factory
reel not be available when retrieving or moving a ShapeArray™ instrument, a new one can be constructed using
the dimensions and materials list provided below.

NOTE: A reel stand should always be used when working with a ShapeArray™ reel. Reel stands
should be at least 87 cm (34 inches) high to accommodate all types of ShapeArray™ reels.

SAAV Reel

Figure 1: SAAV reel for 500 mm segments - all dimensions are in millimetres

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Rung Length
The length of the rungs between the square ends of the reel will vary based on the length of your SAAV. The
required length for the rungs can be calculated using the following equation.

Rung Length in mm = (# of SAAV Segments + Silent Segments) / 5 * 21 mm + 50 mm

Materials
The materials required to build an SAAV reel are as follows.

3/4” plywood reel ends

Ten “2x4” rungs cut to length, glued and screwed

Twenty #10-3.5” wood screws and washers

Pad rungs with Water-Resistant Rubber Flange-Mount Seals (e.g. McMaster-Carr part # 1141A4)

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Materials Used in SAA Install Kit for 27

mm ID Conduit
The materials required to produce a top stack similar to what is included in the SAA Install Kits for installing
SAAV in 27 mm ID conduit are outlined below. It is possible to create an in-house install kit specific to the PVC
conduit using the list of materials as a guide. The fittings used in the SAA Install Kits are available at most
hardware stores or electrical contractor supply stores.

For instructions on how to use the SAA Install Kit, go to the 'Finishing the installation process with the SAA Install
Kit' section in the Installing SAAV in 27 mm ID Conduit section of the manual.

Figure 1: Materials included in an SAA Install Kit

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SAA Install Kit Materials

1/4-20 SS screw, O-ring, length 1/2", 2 places

Schedule 40 PVC Male Terminal Adapter 1"

Schedule 40 PVC Pipe 1" trade size, length 6"

Schedule 40 PVC Coupling 1"

Schedule 40 PVC End Cap

Gland 1/2" NPT

Reducing Bushing, NPT 3/4" reduced to 1/2"

Schedule 40 PVC Female Adapter 3/4"

Schedule 40 PVC Coupling 1"

Schedule 40 PVC pipe 1" trade size, length 3"

Schedule 40 PVC Female Adapter 1"

Pipe Hanger 1"

3/4" PEX Tube Cutter

Step-by-step instructions for creating your own SAA Install Kit can be found in the How to Create and Use a
Custom SAAF Install Kits Using Couplers and Set Screws guide on our support web site.

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ShapeArray™ Lightning Protection

Lightning can destroy instruments in the ground or on the surface. For specific recommendations on lightning
protection for ShapeArray™ instruments, please refer to 'Using an SAASPD for Surge Protection' support article.

If lightning strikes nearby, large currents can flow in the ground and will tend to take the most conductive path,
which can be a cable between a ShapeArray™ instrument and its data acquisition system (enclosure typically
containing a logger, battery, solar panel, interfaces, and modem). Current can flow toward either end of the cable.

The interface devices are intended to prevent modest surges from destroying the data acquisition system
components. It is important that the enclosure of the data acquisition system be properly grounded to conductive
earth and that the interface devices are bonded electrically to this ground.

The ShapeArray™ instrument should be protected by a Measurand SPD (surge protection device) near where the
cable enters the instrument. The interface device in the data acquisition system will not do the job of the SPD.

More elaborate protection is possible. This involves large amounts of carefully placed copper conductors. The
more elaborate the protection, the more costly, but it does approach being able to protect against a very nearby
strike. However, huge currents are delivered by lightning, so 100% protection is not really possible.

Nearby High Voltage Power Conductors

ShapeArray™ instruments have been designed and tested to meet and exceed electromagnetic interference EMI
susceptibility and emissions standards. The entire instrument is enclosed in metal shielding and all signals are
digital. Also, ShapeArray™ interface devices (SAA232, SAA232-5) include galvanic isolation. Galvanic isolation
between the logger, the instrument, and its cable prevents ground loops that could cause problems from power
line magnetic field pickup and earth ground potential differences. We have never had a case of interference from
nearby high-current conductors or radio frequency sources.

Remember to consult your local electrical codes that cover the proper routing of power cables and signal cables.

Sample Lightning Protection Configurations

The ShapeArray™ interfaces (SAA232, SAA232-5, SAAUSB, and the SAAFPU) must be grounded to minimize the
risk of damage by voltage transients associated with power surges and lightning induced transients. Earth
grounding is required to form a complete circuit for voltage clamping devices internal to the device. The following
diagrams provide sample configurations for lightning protection for ShapeArray™ instruments installed in 27 mm
ID (1" trade dimension) PVC conduit. These configurations must be tailored to your specific installation
environment and local standards and regulations.

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Figure 1: Lightning diversion system and protective ground system

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Figure 2: Lightning diversion system and protective ground system Optical Fiber or Radio Link

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Figure 3: Lightning diversion system and protective ground system local only

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SAAV Casing Cap

Measurand's SAAV Casing Cap provides a simple, clean, and efficient way to complete an SAAV installation in
standard inclinometer casings. The SAAV Casing Cap consists of a weather-resistant enclosure with two
interchangeable collars to fit the most common inclinometer casing sizes (70 mm and 85 mm). The SAAV Casing
Cap is used to compress the SAAV joints inside the casing. It also helps prevent outside forces and moments from
being applied to the ShapeArray™ instrument. The SAAV Casing Cap is recommended for use with vertical
installations. The SAAV Casing cap consists of the following parts.

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Figure 1. SAAV Casing Cap parts

SAAV Casing Cap Parts

Item Number Description Quantity

1 Casing Cap Enclosure (Lid, Box, Gasket, and Screws) 1

2 Extension Tube Mount Plate 1

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Item Number Description Quantity

3 Extension Tube Anchor Assembly 1

4 Aluminium Collar for 85mm SI Casing (only one sized collar is 1

included)

5 1/2" 6-32 Cap Screw 2

6 3/4" 6-32 Cap Screw 2

7 Bronze Hex Head Screw, 1/4"-20 Thread Size, 3" Long 1

8 Customer Supplied SI Casing 0

9 3/4" 1/4-20 Self-Threading Cap Screw 4

10 5.5-12mm Cable Grommet 1

11 Aluminium Collar for 70 mm SI Casing (only one sized collar is 1

included)

Casing cap dimensions are shown in the figure below.

Figure 2. Casing cap Dimensions

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SAAV Casing Alignment Tool

RST Snap Seal Casing that was previously damaged or cut can be repaired or extended using RST repair
couplings. This process is typically done using an RST Coupling Tool. In the case where the user hopes to leave a
ShapeArray™ instrument within the borehole, and extend or repair the casing without the need to remove the
SAAV, the SAAV Casing Alignment Tool has been developed.

Recommendations for using the casing alignment tool are outlined below:

Step 1
Ensure that the top of the inclinometer casing is as square as possible and remove all burrs. This can be done
using a hacksaw.

Step 2
Insert the casing alignment tool into the RST repair coupling by the non-lip end. Ensure the grooves are aligned.
Leave roughly one inch of space between the coupler and the lip end of the casing alignment tool.

Figure 1: SAAV Casing Alignment Tool

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Figure 2: The SAAV Casing Alignment Tool, inserted into the RST repair coupling

Step 3
Apply ABS 771 Cement to the inclinometer casing, following the dimensions shown in Figure 3. Extra caution is
recommended to leave the top ¼” inch free from cement.

Figure 3: Casing Preperation, using ABS Cement

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Step 4
Slide the casing alignment tool (with the repair coupling attached) into the inclinometer casing, making sure that
the communication cable is inserted and run through the casing alignment tool beforehand. The repair coupler
will slide over top of the inclinometer casing, where the cement was applied. Ensure grooves are aligned.

NOTE: Do not install the tool all the way up to the 'lip' in the RST repair coupler, as the 'lip' will
facilitate the easy removal of the tool after the ABS cement has 'set up' and the tool has to be
removed.

Step 5
Allow the cement to cure, as per the directions specific to the cement used.

Step 6
Remove the casing alignment tool by pulling upwards and install the next section of Snap Seal casing as usual
(directions provided by RST Instruments). Ensure that the keys and keyways are aligned.

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